Palmer v. United States

OR~GINAL

3Jn tbe Wniteb ~tates C!Court of jfeberal C!Claitn5-

11-4s6c Fl LED

Filed: November 17, 2017

NOT FOR PUBLICATION NOY 17 2017

U.S. COURT OF

) FEDERAL CLAIMS

BRUCE PALMER, ) Rule 12(b)(l); Subject-Matter

) Jurisdiction; Statute of Limitations; 28

Plaintiff, ) U.S .C. § 2501; Defamation Of Character;

) Due Process; Jn Forma Pauperis.

V. )

)

THE UNITED STATES, )

)

Defendant. )

~~~~~~~~~~-)

Bruce Palmer, Altoona, IA, plaintiff prose.

Jessica R. Toplin, Trial Attorney, Deborah A. Bynum, Assistant Director, Robert E.

Kirschman, Jr., Director, Chad A. Readier, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Commercial

Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC; LCDR

Jonathan Dowling, JAGC, USN, General Litigation Division, Office of the Judge Advocate

General, United States Department of the Navy, for defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

GRIGGSBY, Judge

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff pro see, Bruce Palmer, brings this military pay action against the United States

seeking to recover back pay because the United States Navy (the "Navy") allegedly failed to

properly discharge him from military service. See generally Compl. Plaintiff also alleges that he

has suffered defamation of character as a result of his alleged unlawful discharge and that the

Navy has violated his right to due process. Id. at 2. As relief, plaintiff seeks to recover back pay

for the period September 1975 to the present, an advancement in rank, and other monetary relief.

Id. at 5.

The government has moved to dismiss this action for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction

upon the grounds that plaintiff's claims are either untimely or sound in tort, pursuant to Rule

12(b)( l) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims ("RCFC"). See generally

7017 1450 DODD 1346 0836

Def. Mot. Plaintiff has also moved to proceed in this matter informa pauperis, and to amend the

complaint pursuant to RCFC 15. See generally Pl. Mot.; Pl. Mot. to Am. For the reasons set

forth below, the Court GRANTS the government's motion to dismiss; GRANTS plaintiffs

motion to amend the complaint; and GRANTS plaintiffs motion to proceed informa pauperis.

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 1

A. Factual Background

Plaintiff prose, Bruce Palmer, is a former enlisted service member in the Navy. See

Comp!. Ex. 1at1-3; Def. Mot. at Al-A7; Pl. Resp. at 2-3, 5. In this military pay action, plaintiff

alleges that he is entitled to back pay because the Navy failed to lawfully separate him from

active duty service, by failing to provide plaintiff with his original DD Form 214. Comp!. at 1,

4; Pl. Resp. at 2-3.

In addition, plaintiff alleges that he has been denied due process, because the Navy

spoliated evidence and tampered with his official military records. See Comp!. at 2, 4; Pl. Resp.

at 9-11, 16-21. Plaintiff also alleges that he has suffered defamation of character as a result of

his alleged unlawful discharge from the Navy. See Comp!. at 1-2, 5. As relief, plaintiff seeks to

recover $2,700,000.00 in back pay for the period September 1975 to the present, an advancement

in rank from E-2 to E-9, and other monetary relief. See id. at 5.

The relevant facts in this case are without dispute. Plaintiff enlisted in the Navy on

November 22, 1974. See Comp!. Ex. 1at1-3; see also Def. Mot. at Al-A2. On October 8,

1975, plaintiff was discharged from the Navy. See Comp!. Ex. 1at1-3; see also Def. Mot. at

Al-A3. Plaintiff has not served in the Navy since October 8, 1975. See Comp!. at 5; Def. Mot.

at Al-A3; Pl. Resp. at 3, 17, 20-21, 25.

On the day that plaintiff was to be discharged from service, another sailor signed

plaintiffs DD Form 214 due to apparent human error. See Comp!. Ex. 1 at 1-3; Def. Mot. at A4-

A5. Plaintiff also signed this sailor's DD Form 214. See Def. Mot. at A4.

1 The facts recited herein are taken from the complaint ("Comp!."); the government's motion to dismiss

("Def. Mot."); plaintiff's response thereto ("Pl. Resp."); and the government's reply in suppmt of its

motion to dismiss ("Reply"). Unless otherwise stated, the facts herein are undisputed.

2

On April 9, 2004, the Board for Correction of Naval Records (the "BCNR")

administratively corrected and reissued plaintiffs DD Form 214. Id. at Al, A4. The BCNR

stated that plaintiffs DD Form 214 had been reissued because plaintiffs "original DD Form 214

was lost when [his] service record was closed after separation or purged from [his] record when

the Board for Correction of Naval Records (BCNR) considered [his] application in April 2000

which was subsequently denied." Id. at A4; see also id. at Al.

B. Procedural History

Plaintiff filed the complaint in this matter on April 6, 2017. See generally Comp!. On

that same date, plaintiff filed a motion for leave to proceed in this matter in forma pauperis. See

generally Pl. Mot.

On September 12, 2017, the government filed a motion to dismiss this matter for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction, pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(l). See generally Def. Mot. On September

25, 2017, plaintiff filed a response and opposition to the govermnent's motion to dismiss. See

generally Pl. Resp. On October 10, 2017, the government filed a reply in support of its motion

to dismiss. See generally Reply. On October 24, 2017, plaintiff filed a sur-reply by the Court's

leave. See generally Sur-reply.

On November 1, 2017, plaintiff filed a motion styled as a "motion to add further military

evidence to the complaint," which the Court construes to be a motion to amend the complaint

pursuant to RCFC 15. See generally Pl. Mot. to Am. On November 8, 2017, the govermnent

filed a response to plaintiffs motion to amend the complaint. See generally Def. Resp.

These matters having been fully briefed, the Court resolves the pending motions.

III. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Pro Se Litigants

Plaintiff is proceeding in this matter pro se, without the benefit of counsel. And so,

plaintiff is "not expected to frame issues with the precision ofa common law pleading." Roche

v. US. Postal Serv., 828 F.2d 1555, 1558 (Fed. Cir. 1987). When determining whether a

complaint filed by a pro se plaintiff is sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss, this Court affords

more leeway under the rules to pro se plaintiffs than to plaintiffs who are represented by counsel.

See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972) (holding that prose complaints, "however

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inartfully pleaded," are held to "less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by

lawyers"); Matthews v. United States, 750 F.3d 1320, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2014). The Court applies

the pleading requirements leniently. But, there "is no duty on the part of the trial comt to create

a claim which [the plaintiff] has not spelled out in his [or her] pleading." Lengen v. United

States, 100 Fed. Cl. 317, 328 (2011) (first set of brackets existing) (internal quotation marks

omitted) (quoting Scogin v. United States, 33 Fed. Cl. 285, 293 (1995)).

In addition, although "a prose plaintiff is held to a less stringent standard than that of a

plaintiff represented by an attorney, ... the pro se plaintiff, nevertheless, bears the burden of

establishing the Comt'sjurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence .... " Riles v. United

States, 93 Fed. Cl. 163, 165 (2010) (citations omitted). And so, the Court may excuse

ambiguities in the plaintiffs complaint, but the Court does not excuse the complaint's failures.

See Henke v. United States, 60 F.3d 795, 799 (Fed. Cir. 1995); see also Demes v. United States,

52 Fed. Cl. 365, 368 (2002) (citation omitted) ("[T]he leniency afforded prose litigants with

respect to mere formalities does not relieve them of jurisdictional requirements.").

B. Jurisdiction And RCFC 12(b)(l)

When deciding a motion to dismiss upon the ground that the Court does not possess

subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(l), this Comt must assume that all

undisputed facts alleged in the complaint are true and must draw all reasonable inferences in the

non-movant's favor. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); see also RCFC 12(b)(l). But,

plaintiff bears the burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction, and plaintiff must do so by a

preponderance of the evidence. Reynolds v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 748

(Fed. Cir. 1988). And so, should the Comt determine that "it lacks jurisdiction over the subject-

matter, it must dismiss the claim." Matthews v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 274, 278 (2006)

(citations omitted); see also RCFC 12(h)(3).

In this regard, the United States Court of Federal Claims is a comt oflimited jurisdiction

and "possess[es] only that power authorized by Constitution and statute .... " Kokkonen v.

Guardian Life Ins. Co. ofAm., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). The Tucker Act grants the Comt

jurisdiction over:

[A ]ny claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any

Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive depattment, or upon any express

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or implied contract with the United States, or for liquidated or unliquidated

damages in cases not sounding in tort.

28 U.S.C. § 149l(a)(l).

The Tucker Act is, however, a 'jurisdictional statute; it does not create any substantive

right enforceable against the United States for money damages .... [T]he Act merely confers

jurisdiction upon [the United States Court of Federal Claims] whenever the substantive right

exists." United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976) (citation omitted). And so, to pursue

a claim against the United States under the Tucker Act, a plaintiff must identify and plead a

money-mandating constitutional provision, statute, or regulation; an express or implied contract

with the United States; or an illegal exaction of money by the United States. Cabral v. United

States, 317 F. App'x 979, 981 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Fisher v. United States, 402 F.3d 1167,

1172 (Fed. Cir. 2005)); Norman v. United States, 429 F.3d 1081, 1095 (Fed. Cir. 2005). "[A]

statute or regulation is money-mandating for jurisdictional purposes if it 'can fairly be

interpreted as mandating compensation for damages sustained as a result of the breach of the

duties [it] impose[s]. "' Fisher, 402 F.3d at 1173 (brackets existing) (quoting United States v.

Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 217 (1983)).

Specifically relevant to this matter, the Military Pay Act is a money-mandating source of

law that provides the Court with jurisdiction under the Tucker Act. See Bias v. United States,

131 Fed. Cl. 350 (2017) (citations omitted) ("The Military Pay Act . . . is a money-mandating

source of law that provides the court with jurisdiction."); 37 U.S.C. § 204. The United States

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held that the Military Pay Act is also typically the

applicable money-mandating statue to be invoked in the context of military discharge cases. See

Martinez v. United Stales, 333 F.3d 1295, 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2003) ("In the context of military

discharge cases, the applicable 'money-mandating' statute that is generally invoked is the

Military Pay Act, 37 U.S.C. § 204."). And so, to bring a military discharge case under the

Military Pay Act, a plaintiff must allege that he or she is entitled to money in the fmm of pay,

because of an unlawful discharge. Id.

The Federal Circuit has also held that the Tucker Act explicitly places tort claims beyond

the jurisdiction of this Court. Shearin v. United States, 992 F. 2d 1195, 1197 (Fed. Cir. 1993)

("It is well settled that the United States Court of Federal Claims lacks ... jurisdiction to

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entertain tort claims."); 28 U.S.C. § 149l(a) ("The United States Court of Federal Claims shall

have jurisdiction to render judgment upon any claim against the United States ... not sounding

in tort."); see also Hernandez v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 195, 204 (2010) (citation omitted)

("[T]he Tucker Act expressly excludes to1t claims, including those committed by federal

officials, from the jurisdiction of the United States Court of Federal Claims."). In addition, this

Comt does not possess subject-matter jurisdiction to consider claims based upon the due process

clauses of the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, because these

provisions are not money-mandating provisions oflaw. LeBlanc v. United States, 50 F.3d 1025,

1028 (Fed Cir. 1995) (finding that the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the

Fomteenth Amendment do not constitute "a sufficient basis for jurisdiction because they do not

mandate payment of money by the government"); see also Quailes v. United States, 25 Cl. Ct.

659, 664, ajf'd, 979 F.2d 216 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (quoting Mullenberg v. United States, 857 F.2d

770, 772-73 (Fed. Cir. 1988)) ("This comt does not have jurisdiction ... because neither the due

process or equal protection clauses of the Constitution 'obligate the United States to pay money

damages."'); McCullough v. United States, 76 Fed. Cl. 1, 4 (2006) ("[T]he Fifth Amendment is

not a source that mandates the payment of money to plaintiff.").

C. Statute Of Limitations, 28 U.S.C. § 2501

Under Title 28, United States Code, Section 2501, "[ e]very claim of which the United

States Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction shall be barred unless the petition thereon is filed

within six years after such a claim first accrues." 28 U.S.C. § 2501. This statute oflimitations

"is jurisdictional and not susceptible to equitable tolling." Young v. United States, 529 F.3d

1380, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citation omitted); see also John R. Sand & Gravel Co. v. United

States, 552 U.S. 130, 133-34 (2008) (The Supreme Comt "has Jong interpreted the comt of

claims limitations statute" as jurisdictional, setting fo1th a "more absolute, kind of limitations

period" that does not permit equitable tolling.).

With regards to when a claim first accrues, generally, "[a] cause of action cognizable in a

Tucker Act suit accrues as soon as all events have occurred that are necessary to enable the

plaintiff to bring suit." Martinez, 333 F. 3d at 1303 (citations omitted). In other words, such a

cause of action accrues "when 'all events have occurred to fix the Government's alleged liability,

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entitling the claimant to demand payment and sue here for his money."' Id. (quoting Nager Elec.

Co. v United States, 177 Ct. Cl. 234 (1966)).

In the context of a military discharge case, the Federal Circuit has "long held that the

plaintiffs cause of action for back pay accrues at the time of the plaintiffs discharge". Id.

(citations omitted). And so, ifa service member does not file suit within six years of the date of

discharge, the service member "loses all rights to sue for the loss of pay stemming from the

challenged discharge". Id.

IV. LEGAL ANALYSIS

The government has moved to dismiss this military pay matter for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction upon the grounds that plaintiffs claims are untimely or otherwise jurisdictionally

precluded under the Tucker Act. See generally Def. Mot. Specifically, the government argues

that plaintiffs military pay claim is barred by the six-year statute of limitations period under 28

U.S.C. § 2501, because plaintiffs claim accrued at the time of his discharge from the Navy-

several decades ago. Id. at 2, 4. The government further argues that plaintiffs defamation of

character claim sounds in tort and that this claim is also jurisdictionally barred under the Tucker

Act. Id. at 2, 5. And so, the government seeks the dismissal of this matter pursuant to RCFC

12(b)(l). Id.at5.

Plaintiff counters in his response and opposition to the government's motion to dismiss

that the Court may consider his military pay claim, because he has not been lawfully discharged

from the Navy due to certain errors in his original DD Form 214 and other discharge documents.

See PI. Resp. at 2, 8-26. For the reasons set fmih below, the Comi does not possess subject-

matter jurisdiction to consider plaintiffs claims. And so, the Comi GRANTS the government's

motion to dismiss and DISMISSES the amended complaint.

A. The Court Grants PlaintifPs Motion To Amend The Complaint

As an initial matter, the Court grants plaintiffs motion to amend the complaint to add

new evidence. On November 1, 2017, plaintiff filed a motion styled as a "motion to add further

military evidence to the complaint." See generally PI. Mot. to Am. The Comi construes

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plaintiffs motion to be a motion to amend the complaint pursuant to RCFC 15. 2 Plaintiff may

amend the complaint "once as a matter of course" within 21 days after service of the complaint,

or within 21 days after service of the government's answer or a motion under RCFC 12(b), (e),

or (f), whichever is earlier. RCFC 15(a)(I ). In all other cases, plaintiff may amend the

complaint with the written consent of the government, or by leave of the Court, which should be

freely given when justice so requires. RCFC 15(a)(2). Because the government represents that it

does not oppose plaintiff's motion to amend the complaint, the Court GRANTS plaintiff's

motion. See Def. Resp. at 1.

B. The Court Docs Not Possess Jurisdiction To Consider Plaintiff's Claims

1. Plaintiff's Military Pay Claim Is Time-Barred

The Comt does not possess subject-matter jurisdiction to consider plaintiff's military pay

claim, because plaintiff's claim is time-barred under Section 2501. Pursuant to Section 2501,

"[ e]very claim of which the United States Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction shall be

barred unless the petition thereon is filed within six years after such a claim first accrues." 28

U.S.C. § 2501. This statute of limitations is jurisdictional in nature and the limitations period

under this statute cannot be waived or tolled. John R. Sand & Gravel Co., 552 U.S. at 133-35.

The Federal Circuit has held that, in military pay cases involving a military discharge, a

cause of action for back pay accrues at the time of the plaintiff's discharge from the military.

Martinez, 333 F.3d at 1303. And so, plaintiff's back pay claim in this matter accrued no later

than the date on which he was discharged from the Navy. Given this, plaintiff must bring his

military pay claim within six years of that date. Id. at 1303-04; see also 28 U.S.C. § 2501.

In this case, there can be no genuine dispute that plaintiff's military pay claim is time-

barred. Plaintiff's military records reflect that he was discharged from the Navy on October 8,

1975, more than four decades ago. See Comp!. Ex. I at 1-3; see also Def. Mot. at Al-A3.

Plaintiff does not dispute that he has not served in the Navy since that date. See Comp!. at 5; Pl.

Resp. at 3, 17, 20-21, 25. Given this, plaintiff's military pay claim accrued on the date of his

2

On November 8, 2017, the government filed a response to plaintiff's motion stating that it has no

grounds upon which to oppose the motion under RCFC 15( a) and requesting that the Court treat the

government's motion to dismiss as responsive to plaintiff's amended complaint. Def. Resp. at 1.

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discharge from the Navy-October 8, 1975-and this claim is clearly untimely under Section

2501. Martinez, 333 F.3d at 1303; 28 U.S.C. § 2501.

The Court is also unpersuaded by plaintiffs argument that his military pay claim is

timely, because he was not provided an original DD Form 214 on the date of his discharge from

the Navy. Pl. Resp. at 13-15. The government acknowledges in this action that another sailor

signed plaintiffs DD Form 214 on the day that plaintiff was discharged from the Navy, due to

apparent human error. See Comp!. Ex. 1 at 1-3; Def. Mot. at A4-A5. And so, there is no dispute

that plaintiff did not receive an accurate, original DD Form 214 on October 8, 1975. See Pl.

Resp. at 4-13; Def. Mot. at A4-A5. There is also no dispute that the Board for Correction of

Naval Records subsequently corrected this error on plaintiffs DD Form 214 and reissued this

form on April 9, 2004. See Def. Mot. at A 1, A4; Pl. Resp. at 15.

Plaintiff does not, however, put forward any legal support for his argument that the errors

with respect to his original DD Form 214-and, in particular, the fact that plaintiff did not

receive this form on the date of his discharge-renders plaintiffs discharge from the Navy

ineffective. This Court has also previously held that a service member's discharge from the

military becomes effective when the service member receives notice that a discharge is effective.

Wilkinson v. United States, 27 Fed. Cl. 180, 181 (1992). To that end, the Court has recognized

that notice of discharge typically occurs when the individual learns that his DD Form 214 is

3

"ready for delive1y," and that no actual physical delive1y of the DD F01m 214 is required. Id.

Plaintiff provides no evidence to show that he was unaware of his discharge from the Navy in

1975. And so, the fact that plaintiff did not receive his original DD Form 214 on October 8,

3 Title 10, United States Code, Section 1168 (a) provides that:

A member of an armed force may not be discharged or released from active duty until his

discharge ce1tificate or ce1tificate of release from active duty, respectively, and his final

pay or a substantial part of that pay, are ready for delive1y to him or his next of kin.

10 U.S.C. § 1168. This statute's implementing regulation provides, in relevant pmt, that:

The original DD Form 214 showing separation from a period of active service with a

Milita1y Service ... will be physically delivered to the separate prior to departure from the

separation activity on the effective date of separation; or on the date authorized travel time

commences.

32 C.F.R. § 45.3 (b)(l)(i).

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1975, neither invalidates plaintiff's discharge from the Navy nor impacts the running of the

statute of limitations in this case. Id.

In addition, even ifthe Court were to accept the view that plaintiff's discharge from the

Navy was unlawful-and to adopt the date on which the Navy corrected and reissued plaintiff's

DD Form 214 as the date on which his claim accrued-plaintiff's military pay claim would

remain untimely. Plaintiff's military records show that the BCNR corrected and reissued

plaintiffs DD Form 214 on April 9, 2004. See Def. Mot. at 2, Al, A4; Pl. Resp. at 13-15.

Plaintiff filed the complaint in this matter on April 6, 2017, more than six years after the

reissuance of his DD Form 214. And so, plaintiff's military pay claim is untimely and the Comi

must dismiss this claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. See John R. Sand & Gravel Co.,

552 U.S. at 133-35; RCFC 12(b)(l).

2. The Court May Not Consider Plaintiff's Defamation Of Character Claim

The Court also does not possess subject-matter jurisdiction to consider plaintiff's

defamation of character claim, because this claim sounds in tmi. In the complaint, plaintiff

alleges that he has suffered the defamation of his character because his discharge from the Navy

was unlawful. See Comp!. at 1, 5. This Court has recognized that such a claim sounds in tmi.

See Golden v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl. 764, 769 (2014) (citations omitted) ("An allegation of

defamation is a tort claim and thus is outside [the Court of Federal Claim's] jurisdiction.").

It is well-established that the Tucker Act explicitly places tort claims beyond the

jurisdiction of this Court. 28 U.S.C. § 149l(a); Hernandez, 96 Fed. CL at 204 (citation omitted)

("[T]he Tucker Act expressly excludes tmi claims, including those committed by federal

officials, from the jurisdiction of the United States Court of Federal Claims."). And so, the Court

must also dismiss plaintiff's defamation of character claim for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction. 4 RCFC 12(b)(l).

4 To the extent that plaintiff alleges that his due process rights under the United States Constitution have

also been violated, the Court is similarly without jurisdiction to ente1iain this claim. See Comp!. at 2, 5.

It is well-established that this Court does not possess subject-matter jurisdiction to consider such a claim,

because the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fomieenth Amendments are not money-mandating

provisions of law. LeB/anc v. United States, 50 F.3d I 025, 1028 (Fed Cir. 1995) (finding that the Due

Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fomieenth Amendment do not constitute "a sufficient basis

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C. The Court Grants Plaintiff's Motion To Proceed In Forma Pauperis

As a final matter, plaintiff has moved for leave to proceed in this matter in forma

pauperis upon the ground that he lacks sufficient resources to pay the Court's filing fee. See

generally Pl. Mot. This Court may authorize commencement of a suit without prepayment of

fees when a plaintiff submits an affidavit including a statement of all assets such plaintiff

possesses, a declaration that he or she is unable to pay the fees, and a statement of the nature of

the action and a belief that he or she is entitled to redress. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(l). Because

of the Court's summary disposition of this case upon jurisdictional grounds, and plaintiff's pro

se status, the Court finds that plaintiff satisfies the statutory requirements to proceed in forma

pauperis for the purpose of resolving the government's motion to dismiss. And so, the Comi

GRANTS plaintiff's motion to proceed in forma pauperis.

V. CONCLUSION

In sum, when read in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the amended complaint makes

clear that all of plaintiffs claims are either time-barred or otherwise jurisdictionally precluded

under the Tucker Act. And so, the Comi must dismiss this action for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction. Because the Comi finds that plaintiff satisfies the statutory requirements to proceed

informa pauperis, the Comi also grants plaintiffs motion to proceed informa pauperis.

r or the foregoing reasons, the Comt:

(1) GRANTS plaintiffs motion to amend the complaint;

(2) GRANTS the government's motion to dismiss;

(3) GRANTS plaintiff's motion to proceed informa pauperis; and

(4) DISMISSES the amended complaint.

The Clerk is directed to ENTER final judgment in favor of the government and to

DISMISS the amended complaint.

for jurisdiction because they do not mandate payment of money by the government"); see also

McCullough v. United States, 76 Fed. Cl. I, 4 (2006).

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No costs.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

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