stating that substantial differences in curriculum, discipline, student management, and teaching focus were enough to reject a replication application
How later courts described this case
- stating that substantial differences in curriculum, discipline, student management, and teaching focus were enough to reject a replication application
- noting that “[t]he brevity of the State Board’s final order frustrates appellate review; however, the statute does not expressly require the State Board to provide findings of fact and conclusions of law”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FOURTH DISTRICT
SCHOOL BOARD OF INDIAN RIVER COUNTY,
Appellant,
v.
SOMERSET ACADEMY, INC. and SOMERSET ACADEMY MIDDLE
SCHOOL VERO BEACH,
Appellees.
Nos. 4D16-1227 & 4D16-1228
[ October 4, 2017 ]
Consolidated appeal from the Florida Department of Education; Pam
Stewart, Commissioner, DOE Nos. 2015-3257-A-FOI and 2015-3257-B-
FOI.
Erin J. O’Leary and Suzanne D’Agresta of Garganese, Weiss &
D’Agresta, P.A., Orlando, for appellant.
Jack J. Aiello of Gunster, Yoakley & Stewart, P.A., West Palm Beach,
for appellees.
TAYLOR, J.
The School Board of Indian River County (“School Board”) appeals from
decisions of the Florida State Board of Education (“State Board”) that
reversed the School Board’s denial of two charter school applications filed
by Somerset Academy, Inc. (“Somerset”). Both applications were high-
performing replication charter school applications. One was for a middle
school and the other was for an elementary school. The School Board
urges us to reverse the State Board’s decisions because clear and
convincing evidence supported the School Board’s denial of Somerset’s
applications. The applications, the School Board argues, failed to comply
with the statutory requirements for replication of high-performing charter
schools. We agree and reverse. 1
1 We have consolidated both appeals for purposes of this opinion.
In August 2015, Somerset filed two applications with the Indian River
School Board to replicate high-performing charter schools it was operating
in Miami, pursuant to section 1002.331, Florida Statutes (2015). One
application was for Somerset Academy Middle School Vero Beach
(“Somerset Middle”) and the other for Somerset Academy Vero Beach
(“Somerset Academy”). Somerset Middle was purportedly a replication of
high-performing Somerset Academy Charter Middle School South Miami
Campus, and Somerset Academy was purportedly a replication of high-
performing Somerset Academy Elementary School South Miami Campus.
In September 2015, the School Board interviewed members of
Somerset’s governing board regarding the applications. After the
interviews, the Executive Director of Exceptional Student Education and
Student Services for the School Board completed an evaluation of each of
Somerset’s applications. The evaluation was performed using the Florida
Charter School Application Evaluation Instrument, pursuant to Florida
Administrative Code Rule 6A-6.0786. Both evaluations noted multiple
deficiencies with Somerset’s applications and resulted in a
recommendation that the School Board deny the applications.
The School Board held a business meeting in October 2015 to address
Somerset’s applications. At the meeting, Somerset representatives spoke
and answered questions regarding their applications. School Board
members expressed their support for charter schools and interest in
having high-performing schools in the Indian River School District.
However, they had concerns about deficiencies in Somerset’s applications
and the applications’ failure to meet statutory requirements.
The School Board voted to deny both applications. It issued two
separate letters, accompanied by supporting documentation, detailing
specific reasons for the School Board’s decisions. In sum, the School
Board concluded that the applications did not meet the standard for
replication under section 1002.33(6)(b)3.b., Florida Statutes (2015), in
several ways, including:
(1) Each application failed to demonstrate that it substantially
replicated the educational program of Somerset’s high-
performing charter school that it was intended to replicate,
thus failing to meet the requirements of section
1002.33(6)(b)3.b.(III), Florida Statutes.
(2) Each application failed to demonstrate that it complied with
all civil rights requirements (including a federal desegregation
order under which the School Board must operate its schools),
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thus failing to meet the requirement of section
1002.33(6)(b)3.b.(II), Florida Statutes, that a proposed high-
performing charter school application materially comply with
all applicable state and local health, safety, and civil rights
requirements as described in section 1002.33(9)(a)-(f), Florida
Statutes.
(3) Each application failed to contain a balanced financial plan
and sufficient safeguards regarding internal controls as
described in section 1002.33(6)(a)5., Florida Statutes, and
therefore, failed to meet the statutory requirements set forth
in section 1002.33(6)(b)3.b.(I), Florida Statutes; and
(4) Each application’s education plan failed in the following
respects:
(A) Failed to “meet the statutory requirement for
demonstrating how the school will use the guiding
principles and meet the statutorily defined purpose of a
charter school as required by section 1002.33(6)(a)1.,
Florida Statutes.”
(B) Failed to “meet the statutory requirement for describing the
educational foundation of the school and the teaching and
learning strategies that will be employed as required by
section 1002.33(7)(a)2., Florida Statutes.”
(C) Failed to “meet the statutory requirement for explaining
not only what the school will teach but also how and why,
as well as proving a detailed curriculum plan that
illustrates how students will be provided services to attain
the Florida Standards as required by section
1002.33(6)(a)2., Florida Statutes.”
(D) Failed to “meet the statutory requirement for describing
how the school will address transportation services for its
student body as required by section 1002.33(20)(c), Florida
Statutes.”
In November 2015, Somerset appealed the School Board’s decisions to
the State Board of Education. After hearing arguments from both sides,
the State Board voted to overturn the School Board’s decision to deny
Somerset’s charter school applications and granted both of Somerset’s
appeals.
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On March 3, 2016, in almost identical written opinions issued by
Commissioner Pam Stewart, the State Board reversed the School Board’s
denial of Somerset’s applications and set forth its reasons for granting
Somerset’s appeals. In pertinent part, the opinions stated that the
proposed charter schools and the Miami-Dade high-performing schools
that Somerset sought to replicate would have the same mission,
philosophy of student expectations, code of excellence, requirement for
parental commitment, governance, and management. The opinions
further noted that the State Board rejected the School Board’s arguments
regarding the financial management practices, safeguards for internal
controls, the sufficiency of the educational plans, and the obligations
pursuant to the desegregation order.
The School Board appealed the State Board of Education’s decisions.
As a preliminary matter, we reject the School Board’s argument that
the State Board’s final orders should be reversed because they contain
findings and conclusions that do not appear to have been approved by the
members of the State Board but reflect only the views of Commissioner
Pam Stewart, or because nothing in the record of proceedings held before
the State Board indicates that the State Board made those findings. Here,
the State Board’s votes to grant Somerset’s appeals occurred during a
public meeting where arguments propounded by Somerset were heard,
and the State Board’s final orders, which were issued by Commissioner
Pam Stewart “on behalf of the State Board of Education Chair,” reflect the
legal arguments advanced by Somerset in in its briefs. See § 286.011(1),
Fla. Stat. (2015); § 1002.33(6)(c), Fla. Stat. (2015); Sch. Bd. of Polk Cty.
Fla. v. Renaissance Charter Sch., Inc., 147 So. 3d 1026, 1028–29 (Fla. 2d
DCA 2014) (noting that “[t]he brevity of the State Board’s final order
frustrates appellate review; however, the statute does not expressly require
the State Board to provide findings of fact and conclusions of law”).
The standard of review in an appeal from the State Board of Education’s
decision affirming or denying a high-performing replication charter
application has been the subject of two recent Florida district court
opinions. In School Board of Seminole County v. Renaissance Charter
School, Inc., 113 So. 3d 72, 76 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013), the Fifth District noted
that in similar appeals under section 1002.33, Florida Statutes, courts
usually review the State Board of Education’s decisions to determine
“whether its factual findings are supported by competent, substantial
evidence and whether it erroneously interpreted the law.” The court went
on to say:
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[h]owever, high-performing school applications involve a
negative—the State Board must find the School Board failed
to present clear and convincing evidence to deny the
application. This Court’s standard of review thus appears to
involve the virtually incomprehensible standard of whether
there is competent substantial evidence to support the State
Board’s decision that there is an absence of clear and
convincing evidence supporting the School Board’s denial of
the application.
Id.
In the end, the Fifth District based its holding to reverse the State Board
of Education’s rejection of the School Board’s decision upon its conclusion
that the School Board had before it “clear and convincing” evidence that
the substantial replication requirement had not been met, and that the
State Board erred in finding otherwise. Id. at 77. Thus, the court appears
to have applied the following standard of review: whether the record is
sufficient to demonstrate that the School Board’s decision to deny the
high-performing replication charter application is supported by clear and
convincing evidence.
Similarly, in School Board of Polk County, the Second District applied
this standard of review in reversing an order of the State Board of
Education that overruled the Polk County School Board’s decision to deny
a high-performing replication charter application. 147 So. 3d at 1029. In
holding that “the record is sufficient to demonstrate that the School
Board’s decision to deny Renaissance’s charter application is supported
by clear and convincing evidence,” the court noted:
It is the School Board’s burden to prove by clear and
convincing evidence that the high-performing charter school
application does not comply with the statutory requirements,
including substantial replication. Section
1002.33(6)(b)(3)(b)(III) provides that the School Board may
deny the charter application if “[t]he proposed charter school’s
educational program does not substantially replicate that of
the applicant or one of the applicant’s high-performing charter
schools.”
Id. at 1028.
We adopt the standard of review in School Board of Seminole County
and School Board of Polk County, and conclude that the record in this case
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is sufficient to demonstrate that the School Board’s decision to deny
Somerset’s charter applications is supported by clear and convincing
evidence. As shown by the School Board, the Somerset Middle and
Somerset Academy applications did not comply with the statutory
requirements for replication of a high-performing charter school in that,
among other things, they failed to: (1) address the means by which
Somerset intends to comply with the requirements of the federal
desegregation order under which all public schools in the School District
of Indian River County must operate; (2) show that their proposed
educational programs substantially replicate those of Somerset’s Miami
middle and elementary charter schools; (3) show that the proposed
Somerset Middle and Somerset Academy are substantially similar to the
Miami middle and elementary charter schools; and (4) contain either a
balanced financial plan or sufficient safeguards regarding internal controls
for the financial management practices.
Clear and convincing evidence has been defined as “evidence that is
precise, explicit, lacking in confusion, and of such weight that it produces
a firm belief or conviction without hesitation about the matter in issue.”
See Standard Jury Instructions—Civil Cases (No. 98-3), 720 So. 2d 1077,
1079 (Fla. 1998). Here, the School Board articulated specific objections to
the applications submitted by Somerset and provided documents to
support their determination that the applications did not materially
comply with statutory requirements.
Under section 1002.33(6)(b)3.b., a School Board may deny an
application for replication of a high-performing charter school if there is
clear and convincing evidence of any of the following deficiencies:
(I) The application does not materially comply with the
requirements in paragraph (a);
(II) The charter school proposed in the application does not
materially comply with the requirements in paragraphs (9)(a)-
(f);
(III) The proposed charter school's educational program does
not substantially replicate that of the applicant or one of the
applicant's high-performing charter schools;
(IV) The applicant has made a material misrepresentation or
false statement or concealed an essential or material fact
during the application process; or
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(V) The proposed charter school's educational program and
financial management practices do not materially comply with
the requirements of this section.
Section 1002.33(6)(b)3.b.(II), Florida Statutes (2015), requires a
replication charter application to materially comply with all applicable civil
rights requirements, pursuant to sections 1002.33(9)(e), Florida Statutes
(2015). Here, that would include complying with the federal desegregation
order under which all public schools, including charter schools, in the
Indian River School District must operate. Although Somerset stated in
its applications that its proposed schools would be open to all students in
Indian River County, Somerset failed to sufficiently specify how it would
comply with the requirements of the desegregation order to achieve racial
balance reflective of the community or otherwise offer a viable student and
employee recruitment plan to address the federal desegregation order
requirements. For example, the recruitment plans submitted by Somerset
failed to address the type of transportation needed to achieve diversity.
Further, the School Board received evidence that Somerset had been
unable to achieve appropriate demographic balance at the Miami schools.
Despite several outreach strategies outlined in the applications for
achieving the racial balances required by the desegregation order, and
Somerset’s pledged commitment to compliance with the order (given
enough time and opportunity), the record sufficiently supports the School
Board’s finding by clear and convincing evidence that Somerset’s
applications failed to satisfy this statutory requirement of compliance with
civil rights legislation.
The record also contains clear and convincing evidence that the
proposed Somerset schools are not substantially similar to the high-
performing charter schools that they would purportedly replicate. To be
considered “substantially similar” within the meaning of section
1002.33(6)(b)3.b., Florida Statutes (2015), a charter application “must
have the same characteristics and be alike in substance or essentials to
the school it is replicating.” Sch. Bd. of Seminole Cty., 113 So. 3d at 75;
accord Sch. Bd. of Polk Cty. Fla., 147 So. 3d at 1027.
In its applications, Somerset alleged that it was modelling the proposed
charter schools after the two Miami charter schools that it operated.
However, the applications instead indicated that Somerset would be
implementing the education program of the Indian River School Board: the
School Board’s student progression plan, approved instructional
materials, curriculum, curriculum pacing guides, code of student conduct,
and digital classroom plan. In other words, rather than showing a
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substantial replication of the Miami charter schools, the applications
proposed to replicate the educational programs of the School Board’s
traditional schools. Although Somerset argues that it provided examples
of the planned similarities between its proposed schools and the Miami
schools, those similarities are not enough to overcome the School Board’s
reasons for denying the replication applications under section
1002.33(6)(b)3.b., Florida Statutes (2015). See Sch. Bd. of Seminole Cty.,
113 So. 3d at 75 (stating that substantial differences in curriculum,
discipline, student management, and teaching focus were enough to reject
a replication application).
We next address the School Board’s argument that the record contains
clear and convincing evidence that the proposed charter schools’
educational plans do not comport with the statutory requirements for
high-performing charter school replications, as set forth in section
1002.33(7)(a)2., Florida Statutes (2015). This section explains that the
mission and vision of a charter school are the core foundation and primary
guiding principles upon which the charter school is based. It provides, in
relevant part, as follows:
(a) The charter shall address and criteria for approval of the
charter shall be based on:
1. The school’s mission, the students to be served, and the
ages and grades to be included.
2. The focus of the curriculum, the instructional methods
to be used, any distinctive instructional techniques to be
employed, and identification and acquisition of appropriate
technologies needed to improve educational and
administrative performance which include a means for
promoting safe, ethical, and appropriate uses of technology
which comply with legal and professional standards.
Specifically, the School Board contends that while the mission and
focus of the Miami middle and elementary charter schools are dual
language programs, the applications for Somerset’s proposed schools in
Indian River County do not present the same mission and vision for dual
language programs. Rather, the applications describe world language
programs which do not replicate Miami’s dual language programs.
The School Board contends that a dual language program is a
specifically-defined educational program. It uses the Miami Dade County
School District’s description of dual-language programs to provide insight
8
into the dual-language program described by the model Miami schools,
and contrasts this with the proposed schools’ applications, which refer to
cross-cultural issues, bilingualism, and a language program that consists
of selecting Spanish or Mandarin as an elective.
According to the Miami Dade School District, a dual-language program
distributes instruction between two languages, as seen where the district
developed a Bilingual School Organization (BISO) program and an
Extended Foreign Language (EFL) program, both of which are aimed
toward a 60/40 percent distribution of instruction in English and Spanish,
respectively. Thus, the School Board argues that the model schools have
a dual-language instruction plan, while the applications for the proposed
schools include just a foreign language studies plan.
In many other respects, the School Board demonstrated by clear and
convincing evidence that the educational programs set out in Somerset’s
applications do not replicate the programs of the model Miami schools.
Further, in several instances, the language in the applications for the
proposed school is generic and does not adequately describe the proposed
high-performing replication educational plans.
Finally, we address the School Board’s argument that the record
contains clear and convincing evidence that Somerset’s applications failed
to comply with the financial requirements in sections 1002.33(6)(b)3.b.(I)
and (6)(a)5., Florida Statutes (2015). Section 1002.33(6)(b)3.b.(I) requires
a replication charter school application to include a balanced plan and a
description of controls that will safeguard finances as described in section
10202.33(6)(a)5. The School Board painstakingly pointed out how
Somerset’s applications patently showed that Somerset’s intended budget
was financially unrealistic and untenable. Furthermore, Somerset’s
bookkeeping structure allowing educational service providers to approve
their own vouchers for payment and to sign checks to themselves failed to
adhere to statutory requirements. The applicable statutory provision
states as follows:
(a) A person or entity wishing to open a charter school shall
prepare and submit an application on a model application
form prepared by the Department of Education which:
...
5. Contains an annual financial plan for each year requested
by the charter for operation of the school for up to 5 years.
This plan must contain anticipated fund balances based on
revenue projections, a spending plan based on projected
9
revenues and expenses, and a description of controls that will
safeguard finances and projected enrollment trends.
§ 1002.33(6)(a)5., Fla. Stat. (2015) (emphasis added).
Although Somerset’s applications included projected budgets, the
School Board found their figures unworkable in that the calculated
salaries for some positions were unrealistic and below market value.
Furthermore, Somerset completely failed to account for some job positions
in its budget. Additionally, by giving multiple conflicting job roles to the
employees for which Somerset budgeted, the financial organization of the
proposed schools would be problematic and likely fail to afford the
safeguards required by statute.
In sum, the record supports the School Board’s finding by clear and
convincing evidence that Somerset’s applications failed to satisfy more
than one statutory requirement for replicating a high-performing charter
school. Accordingly, we reverse the orders of the State Board rejecting the
School Board’s decisions and approving Somerset’s applications.
Reversed.
MAY and CIKLIN, JJ., concur.
* * *
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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