The opinion
09/26/2017
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs September 13, 2017
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CHRISTIAN DEVON McDUFFIE
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Montgomery County
No. 41300827 John H. Gasaway III, Judge
Jill Bartee Ayers, Judge
No. M2017-00103-CCA-R3-CD
The Defendant, Christian Devon McDuffie, was found guilty by a Montgomery County
Circuit Court jury of three counts of aggravated child abuse, a Class A felony. See T.C.A. §
39-15-402 (2014) (amended 2016). The trial court sentenced the Defendant to concurrent
terms of fifteen years for each conviction. On appeal, the Defendant contends that the
evidence is insufficient to support his convictions. We affirm the judgments of the trial
court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed
ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN
EVERETT WILLIAMS and ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JJ., joined.
Gregory D. Smith (on appeal) and Wayne Clemmons (at trial), Clarksville, Tennessee, for
the appellant, Christian Devon McDuffie.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Leslie E. Price, Senior Counsel; John
W. Carney, District Attorney General; and Kimberly Lund, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
In this case, the Defendant was indicted for the aggravated child abuse of his two-
month-old son after bone fractures to his ribs and humerus were discovered in June 2013. At
the trial, Dr. Christina Cruz, an expert in pediatric medicine, testified that on June 21, she
treated the victim for the first time at his two-month well visit. Dr. Cruz said that the
victim’s parents were present and that the Defendant reported the victim had not moved his
arms in the previous two days. Dr. Cruz noted that the victim was fussy and had a high-pitch
cry that was indicative of pain and observed that the victim was not moving his arms and
legs like a healthy two-month-old infant. Dr. Cruz said that x-rays were taken, that she
conferred with a radiologist, that the victim had multiple bone fractures, and that the victim
was taken to Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital.
Clarksville Police Detective Candace Rundle testified that she responded to the
hospital, that she questioned the Defendant about the victim’s bone fractures, and that the
Defendant had no explanation for the injuries. Dr. Cruz said that she later spoke to the
Defendant at the police station and that the Defendant still did not know how the injuries
occurred. She said the Defendant mentioned that he slept on a couch and a bed with the
victim and that he could have rolled over on the victim but was unsure. She said the
Defendant also stated it was possible he injured the victim when placing the victim in a car
seat.
Detective Rundle testified that the Defendant and Jessica McDowell, the Defendant’s
wife, were the victim’s only caregivers. Detective Rundle said that she went to the family
home on the same day she responded to the hospital. Photographs of the home were
received as exhibits, reflecting the outside of the home and a bassinette beside the Defendant
and his wife’s bed.
Dr. Verna Brown, an expert in child abuse pediatrics, testified that on July 8, 2013,
she treated the victim after his initial treatment on June 21. She noted that the victim’s bone
fractures had multiple stages of healing. She said that a social worker, the victim’s parents,
and the victim’s foster mother were present. Dr. Brown had the victim’s laboratory and
skeletal survey results from June 21 but ordered a follow-up skeletal survey to ensure the
first survey captured all of the fractures. She said new bone fractures did not show well on
an x-ray, especially rib and limb fractures.
Dr. Brown testified that the laboratory tests did not indicate any genetic disorders and
that the Defendant stated that he had held the victim’s chest and arms too tight. She said that
the skeletal surveys showed “nine different fractures, eight of them were of the ribs and [one]
of them [was] of the left humerus.” She said that the victim had fractures to the fifth, sixth,
and seventh left ribs, that the fractures to the fifth and sixth ribs were acute and visible on the
initial survey, and that the fracture to the seventh rib “was seen later on.” She said that the
victim had fractures to the right fifth and sixth ribs, which were visible on the initial survey,
and that the follow-up survey showed fractures to the right second, third, fourth, fifth, and
sixth ribs.
Dr. Brown testified that infant bones began healing within seven to fourteen days and
that she determined that some of the fractures had occurred as recently as within the last
seven days. She said that none of the fractures were expected of a two-month-old infant, that
she did not know the amount of force used to cause the fractures, and that, based upon the
literature, children’s ribs were difficult to break because children’s bones were pliable. She
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said that the victim’s fractures were not self-inflicted or the result of “normal play” and that
the fractures were caused by blunt force trauma to the chest or “any” type of squeezing
mechanism. She concluded that the fractures to the fifth, sixth, and seventh left ribs were
non-accidental. Her conclusions was based upon the victim’s lack of medical issues, no
reported “accidental mechanism,” and the victim’s having healthy bones, but for the
fractures. Relative to the right rib fractures, she concluded that the fifth and sixth ribs were
older fractures because they were healing. She said that no medical explanation existed for
easily broken bones and that the right rib fractures were “inflicted injury.”
Dr. Brown testified that the victim’s eight rib fractures, only some of which were
healing, indicated more than one trauma. She noted that the victim’s humerus, or upper arm,
fracture was healing, indicating the injury occurred “on another occasion.” She was unable
to determine whether the rib and humerus fractures occurred in a single incident or occurred
separately. She determined that at least two stages of healing were visible. She stated that
broken bones in infants caused pain, which diminished as bones healed. She said it could be
difficult to determine from an external examination if an infant had broken or fractured
bones because an infant might not present with swelling or bruising. She stated that the
humerus fracture was not a common injury for a two-month-old infant because of the
immobility of an infant who could not crawl, walk, or jump, and she determined that the
fracture was non-accidental.
Dr. Brown testified that a fracture could occur if the victim had been grabbed
forcefully from his car seat while his arm was trapped in the car seat strap. She agreed the
victim’s arm fracture could have been caused by someone leaning over the victim if the
victim’s arm was forcefully moved above the victim’s head while being held tight. She
stated that the victim’s rib fractures could have resulted if the victim were picked up and
squeezed by his torso, causing the victim’s cry to change and the victim to cough upon being
released. She said the victim’s injuries were consistent with the victim’s being “snatched”
out of his crib by his torso or left arm. She said that the victim’s bones were generally
healthy and that children who had genetic disorders causing brittle bones did not have
healthy bones but rather “ghostly” looking bones. She said that although a car accident
might cause bone fractures consistent with the victim’s fractures, she did not receive any
information indicating the victim had been in a car accident.
On cross-examination, Dr. Brown testified that the victim’s rib fractures had two
different stages of healing, which included a group of fractures with no signs of healing and
another group showing signs of healing. She concluded that the first group of fractures was
new and that the second group was seven to fourteen days old. She said that the humerus
had begun to heal when she became involved in this case and that as a result, a cast was
unnecessary. She said that ribs and humerus fractures were rarely caused during childbirth
and that if fractures were caused during childbirth, those fractures would have been healed at
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two months of age. Dr. Brown stated that the Defendant reported his grandfather had brittle
bone disease and that the victim was tested for the disease but was negative.
On redirect examination, Dr. Brown testified that she excluded all possible accidental
causes for the victim’s bone fractures and that the Defendant did not report any bone
fractures during the victim’s birth. She said that if bone fractures from birth occurred, the
healing fractures would have been “vague while healed” on the June skeletal survey.
United States Army Criminal Investigation Unit Senior Special Agent Janson Teabout
testified that he interviewed the Defendant at Fort Campbell to learn how the victim became
injured. Agent Teabout said that the Defendant initially suggested that the victim’s injuries
could have been caused on June 9, when the Defendant pulled the victim from a car seat.
Agent Teabout said the Defendant reported that the victim’s arm became stuck in the car seat
strap and that the Defendant continued pulling for a couple of seconds. Agent Teabout said
that the Defendant stated he had been frustrated on that day because “they” had been walking
around a shopping mall.
Agent Teabout testified that the Defendant stated that on June 10, he became
frustrated when the victim would not stop crying, that he placed the victim on the sofa and
held the victim’s arms as tight as he could, and that he pushed the victim’s face down into
the sofa, while leaning over and placing weight on the victim. Agent Teabout said the
Defendant asked the victim why the victim would not stop crying and explained he used
enough force to “split open” an orange for about one minute. Agent Teabout said the
Defendant noticed that the victim’s cry changed during the incident and that the victim
coughed.
Agent Teabout testified that the Defendant reported another incident had occurred
later in the evening on June 10. Agent Teabout stated that the Defendant said the victim
began crying when the victim lay face-down in his bassinet. The Defendant stated that he
“snatched” the victim, squeezed the victim, and “threw” the victim in the air to turn the
victim around in order for the victim to face the Defendant. Agent Teabout said the
Defendant reported squeezing the victim with enough force that the Defendant’s fingers were
touching as they were wrapped around the victim’s torso. Agent Teabout said that the
Defendant said he again used enough force to split an orange.
Agent Teabout testified that the Defendant identified another incident on June 10,
during which the victim scratched “his” face. Agent Teabout said that the Defendant
reported grabbing and squeezing the victim’s arms behind the victim’s back. Agent Teabout
said that he learned of another incident during which the Defendant and the victim were in
the living room, that the victim’s mother was in another room, and that the victim began to
cry, prompting the victim’s mother to enter the living room to learn why the victim was
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crying. Agent Teabout said that this frustrated the Defendant, that the Defendant picked up
the victim, squeezed the victim hard, and handed the victim to the victim’s mother, and that
the victim began crying and coughing. On cross-examination, Agent Teabout testified that
he did not interview the victim’s mother and that the Defendant said he did not think he hurt
the victim.
Christina Palmer testified for the defense that she was the victim’s “resource parent”
for six months after the injuries were discovered. She said she knew the Defendant and Ms.
McDowell very well. Ms. Palmer said that generally, she and her husband did not allow
birth parents into their home but that the Defendant and Ms. McDowell earned Ms. Palmer’s
trust quickly. Ms. Palmer said that the Defendant visited the victim twice per week initially
and that toward the end of Ms. Palmer’s time with the victim, the Defendant visited more
frequently. She said that at the time of the trial, she saw “them” biweekly. She said that
“they” were like family and that the victim was like a nephew. Ms. Palmer said that in her
opinion, the Defendant was a truthful person.
On cross-examination, Ms. Palmer testified that she did not know the Defendant
reported forcefully grabbing the victim’s arms, holding the victim tight, and placing weight
on the victim. She agreed, though, that if the Defendant stated doing these things, she
believed the Defendant told the truth. Ms. Palmer acknowledged knowing the Defendant
squeezed the victim but denied knowing the Defendant squeezed the victim with enough
force to split an orange.
Hector Garcia testified that he had known the McDuffie family for about two years
and that the Defendant, Ms. McDowell, and the victim visited his home on the weekends to
watch AMC’s The Walking Dead. Mr. Garcia said that the Defendant was a truthful and
peaceful person, who was not quick to anger or to become frustrated. Mr. Garcia denied
witnessing the Defendant lose his temper.
On cross-examination, Mr. Garcia testified that he knew the victim was abused but
that he did not know the details. Mr. Garcia was surprised and unaware the Defendant stated
that he forcefully grabbed the victim’s arms, held the victim’s arms tight, and leaned on the
victim while placing weight on the victim. Mr. Garcia said the Defendant told the truth if he
made the statement. Mr. Garcia did not know the Defendant squeezed the victim tight
enough to make the Defendant’s fingers touch while holding the victim around the torso.
Mr. Garcia agreed these actions were not those of a peaceful person. On redirect
examination, Mr. Garcia stated that he would believe the Defendant if the Defendant said
someone put “words . . . in his mouth.”
Vickie Patton testified that she was the associate pastor at the Defendant’s church,
that she met the Defendant in 2010 or 2011, and that she met Ms. McDowell later. Ms.
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Patton said that she saw the Defendant and his family at least once per week and sometimes
more. She said that she had been to the Defendant’s home and socialized with him and his
family. She considered the Defendant and Ms. McDowell to be truthful and peaceful people
and denied witnessing the Defendant lose his temper.
On cross-examination, Ms. Patton testified that she met the Defendant before he was
deployed to Afghanistan. She knew the victim had fractured bones but did not know how
the fractures occurred. She said that she would believe the Defendant if he told her that he
squeezed and forcefully grabbed the victim.
James Joshua Wilson testified that he had known the Defendant and his family since
September 2011, and that the Defendant was a member of his Army platoon. Mr. Wilson
said the Defendant was a truthful, compassionate, and gentle person. Mr. Wilson had never
seen the Defendant lose his temper or lash out at anyone.
On cross-examination, Mr. Wilson testified that grabbing and squeezing an infant and
holding the infant’s arms tightly while placing weight on the infant was not peaceful
conduct. He knew the victim had been injured but did not know what occurred.
Army Platoon Sergeant Jason Bochert testified that he had known the Defendant since
May 2012, and that he interacted with the Defendant daily. Sergeant Bochert stated that the
Defendant was truthful and peaceful. He said that although everyone in the Army became
frustrated, he had never seen the Defendant lose his temper. On cross-examination, Sergeant
Bochert stated that squeezing and forcefully grabbing an infant was not peaceful conduct and
that if the Defendant admitted doing these things, Sergeant Bochert would believe the
Defendant.
Jessica McDowell, the Defendant’s wife, testified that she and the Defendant had
been married for almost four years and that she had known him almost ten years. She said
the Defendant was a truthful and peaceful person. She had never seen the Defendant become
angry, lash out at anyone, or become violent with the victim.
On cross-examination, Ms. McDowell testified that about two weeks before taking the
victim to the pediatrician, she saw a rash on the victim’s neck and that the victim had poked
his eye with his fingernail, causing a red mark on the victim’s eye. She said she and the
Defendant treated the rash with ointment and tried to calm the victim by using swaddle
blankets. She said that the ointment and the swaddle blankets calmed the victim, that the
victim slept, and that the victim ate and played upon waking.
Ms. McDowell testified relative to the incident during which the Defendant and the
victim were in the living room that the Defendant became aggravated because he thought she
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felt she could do “more things right” with the victim. She said that she told the Defendant to
give the victim to her, that the Defendant said he could handle it, that she persisted, and that
the Defendant told her to take the victim if she thought she could get the victim to stop
crying. She said the Defendant was upset with her, not the victim. She denied witnessing
the Defendant pull the victim’s arms behind the victim’s back.
Ms. McDowell testified that she thought the Defendant’s statements about placing the
victim on the couch were misconstrued. She said that the Defendant slept on the couch with
the victim, that the victim held his arms up, and that the Defendant held the victim. Ms.
McDowell said she took photographs of the two sleeping together. Ms. McDowell said that
she was present in the room with the Defendant and the victim, except for an occasion on
which she left home for twenty minutes to deliver food to a friend and an occasion on which
she left home to purchase groceries. She said that the victim was asleep when she left for the
grocery store and that the Defendant and the victim were asleep when she returned. Ms.
McDowell stated that she was present when these alleged incidents occurred and that she did
not think the Defendant held the victim too tight or hurt the victim.
On redirect examination, Ms. McDowell testified that she loved the Defendant but
would not protect him if she knew he had done something wrong. She said that she trusted
the Defendant with the victim and that the victim and the Defendant had a strong bond.
Relative to the victim’s arm becoming stuck in the car seat strap, she said that the victim was
small and that they purchased pads to ensure the victim’s safety. She said that the Defendant
tried to remove the victim from the car seat when the victim’s arm became caught in the
strap.
On recross-examination, Ms. McDowell testified that she was present when the
Defendant removed the victim from the car seat on the day they returned from the shopping
mall. She denied the Defendant jerked the victim from the car seat.
Upon this evidence, the Defendant was convicted of three counts of aggravated child
abuse. This appeal followed.
The Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions.
He argues that the State failed to establish an intent to injure the victim. The State responds
that the evidence is sufficient to support three aggravated child abuse convictions. We agree
with the State.
In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, the standard of review is “whether,
after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of
fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see State v. Vasques, 221 S.W.3d 514, 521
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(Tenn. 2007). The State is “afforded the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all
reasonable inferences” from that evidence. Vasques, 221 S.W.3d at 521. The appellate
courts do not “reweigh or reevaluate the evidence,” and questions regarding “the credibility
of witnesses [and] the weight and value to be given the evidence . . . are resolved by the trier
of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); see State v. Sheffield, 676
S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984).
“A crime may be established by direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a
combination of the two.” State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 140 (Tenn. 1998); see also State v.
Sutton, 166 S.W.3d 686, 691 (Tenn. 2005). “In the absence of direct evidence, a criminal
offense may be established exclusively by circumstantial evidence.” State v. Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011). “The standard of review ‘is the same whether the conviction
is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.’” Id. (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d
265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)).
In relevant part, “[a] person commits the offense of aggravated child abuse . . . who
commits the offense of child abuse, as defined in § 39-15-401(a) . . . and . . . [t]he act of
abuse . . . results in serious bodily injury to the child.” T.C.A. § 39-15-402(a)(1). Generally,
the offense is a Class B felony, but the offense is a Class A felony if the abused child is eight
years of age or less. Id. § 39-15-402(b). A person commits a form of child abuse “who
knowingly, other than by accidental means, treats a child under eighteen (18) years of age in
such a manner as to inflict injury.” Id. § 39-15-401(a). A person acts “knowingly”
with respect to the conduct or to circumstances surrounding the conduct when
the person is aware of the nature of the conduct or that the circumstances exist.
A person acts knowingly with respect to a result of the person’s conduct when
the person is aware that the conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.
Id. § 39-11-106(a)(20) (2010) (amended 2011, 2014); see id. § 39-11-302(b) (2014).
“‘Serious bodily injury to the child’ includes, but is not limited to, second- or third-degree
burns, a fracture of any bone, a concussion, subdural or subarachnoid bleeding, retinal
hemorrhage, cerebral edema, brain contusion, injuries to the skin that involve severe bruising
or the likelihood of permanent or protracted disfigurement, including those sustained by
whipping children with objects.” Id. § 39-15-402(d).
The record reflects that the two-month-old victim had nine bone fractures, consisting
of eight rib fractures and one humerus fracture. The bone fractures showed different stages
of healing, and laboratory testing ruled out genetic causes. The victim’s bones were healthy
aside from the nine fractures. Fractures to two left ribs were visible in the initial x-rays, and
a fracture to a third left rib was visible in the subsequent x-rays. Factures to two right ribs
were visible in the initial x-rays, and fractures to five right ribs were visible in the
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subsequent x-rays. Dr. Brown concluded that the victim’s bone fractures were the result of
blunt force trauma to the chest or any type of squeezing mechanism. She excluded normal
play and parenting as causes for the fractures. She, likewise, excluded car accidents and
trauma during childbirth as causes for the fractures because no car accidents had been
reported and because fractures during childbirth would have healed before the victim was
two months old. Although Dr. Brown could not determine the specific number of traumas
the victim experienced, she concluded that the different stages of healing indicated more than
one trauma. She determined that the fractures showing signs of healing were seven to
fourteen days old and that the fractures not showing signs of healing were newly inflicted.
The Defendant reported various incidents during which the victim’s bones could have
been fractured, and Dr. Brown testified that the incidents reported by the Defendant were
consistent with the victim’s injuries. The first incident described by the Defendant occurred
on June 9, when the Defendant pulled the victim from the car seat. The Defendant said the
victim’s arm became stuck in the car seat strap and that the Defendant continued pulling for
a couple of seconds. He admitted being frustrated because “they” had been to a shopping
mall.
The Defendant reported additional incidents occurring on June 10. The Defendant
stated that he became frustrated when the victim would not stop crying, that he placed the
victim on the sofa, held the victim’s arms as tight as he could, pushed the victim’s face down
into the sofa, and leaned over the victim, placing weight on the victim. The Defendant said
that the victim’s cry changed and that the victim coughed. Relative to the second incident on
June 10, the Defendant stated that the victim began to cry, that the Defendant snatched the
victim from his bassinet, squeezed the victim, and threw the victim in the air to turn around
the victim. The Defendant stated that he squeezed the victim with enough force that the
Defendant’s fingers touched while his hands were around the victim’s torso. A third incident
occurred on June 10 when the Defendant grabbed and squeezed the victim’s arms behind the
victim’s back.
Agent Teabout testified that he learned of another incident during which the victim
and the Defendant were in the living room and Ms. McDowell was in the kitchen. The
victim cried, prompting Ms. McDowell to walk to the living room from the kitchen to
determine why the victim was crying. The Defendant became frustrated with Ms.
McDowell, and the Defendant picked up and squeezed the victim and handed the victim to
Ms. McDowell.
The Defendant does not dispute that his conduct caused the victim’s bone fractures.
He argues, rather, that he did not intend to injure or to hurt the victim and that the evidence
does not show the bone fractures were intentionally inflicted. The Defendant’s arguments
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are misplaced. Aggravated child abuse, in relevant part, requires that a defendant commit the
offense of child abuse and that the abuse result in serious bodily injury. T.C.A. § 39-15-
402(a)(1). It is not disputed that the victim’s bone fractures constitute serious bodily injury.
Id. § 39-15-402(d). Relative to the required mental state, “child abuse is a ‘nature-of-
conduct’ offense,” and the State is not required to “prove that the defendant intended to
cause injury to the child.” State v. Toliver, 117 S.W.3d 216, 230 (Tenn. 2003) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). The State is required to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that the Defendant knowingly treated the victim in an abusive manner and that the
treatment resulted in serious bodily injury. Id. § 39-11-106(a)(20). The evidence
sufficiently established that the Defendant knowingly engaged in the conduct that resulted in
the victim’s bone fractures. Therefore, the evidence is sufficient to support the convictions.
Although the Defendant’s argument focuses on his lack of intent to injure the victim,
he appears to argue in his brief as an aside that insufficient evidence exists showing the jury
reached a “unanimous verdict on a single act that injured [the victim’s] ribs.” This is the
extent of the Defendant’s argument, and he does not cite to legal authority supporting this
claim. We have reviewed the transcript, and it reflects that an extensive discussion was held
regarding the State’s obligation to make an election of the offenses based upon the evidence
of multiple incidents presented during the trial. During the trial court’s final jury
instructions, the court stated the following:
To ensure a unanimous verdict, the law requires the state to elect which
alleged act testified to the state is relying upon for your consideration in
deciding whether or not the defendant is guilty of this offense or any lesser
included offense. . . .
In this case, the state had elected to submit for your consideration as to
Count One the allegation that the defendant squeezed the torso of the child
while carrying the child from one room to another.
In this case, the state has elected to submit for your consideration as to
Count Two the allegation that the defendant snatched the child from the
child’s bassinet, tossed the child in the air and then squeezed the torso of the
child until the defendant’s fingertips touched.
In this case, the state has elected to submit for your consideration as to
Count Three the allegation that the defendant grabbed the child’s arm and
pushed the child face down into the sofa.
Members of the jury, you are to consider only this alleged act in
deciding whether or not the defendant has been proven guilty behold a
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reasonable doubt of the offenses charged and included in Counts One, Two
and Three.
Based upon the evidence presented at the trial, the election of the offenses is sufficient to
ensure the jury rendered a unanimous verdict on each count of the indictment. See, e.g.,
State v. Adams, 24 S.W.3d 289, 294 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Walton, 958 S.W.2d 724, 727
(Tenn. 1997); State v. Shelton, 851 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tenn. 1993); State v. Brown, 762
S.W.2d 135, 137 (Tenn. 1988). The court’s instructions prevented any patchwork verdict
and ensured jury unanimity on each count of the indictment. The jury was provided the
factual basis for each count in order to differentiate among the various incidents presented
during the State’s case-in-chief. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on this basis.
In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, we affirm the judgments
of the trial court.
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ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JUDGE
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