administrative remedies were unavailable where evidence showed prisoner timely submitted a concern form that received no response and where prison officials subsequently refused to collect the prisoner’s grievance forms
How later courts described this case
- administrative remedies were unavailable where evidence showed prisoner timely submitted a concern form that received no response and where prison officials subsequently refused to collect the prisoner’s grievance forms
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
JUN 23 2017
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JODY R.O. CARR, No. 14-35855
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 1:13-cv-00380-REB
v.
MEMORANDUM*
HIGGINS, Sgt.; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Idaho
Ronald E. Bush, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted May 15, 2017
Seattle, Washington
Before: HAWKINS, GOULD, and PAEZ, Circuit Judges.
Jody R.O. Carr is an inmate in the custody of the Idaho Department of
Correction (“IDOC”). In 2013, Carr filed pro se a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against
four IDOC employees—Sergeant Tim Higgins, Corporal Randy Hartnett,
Correctional Officer Crystal Fleming, and Correctional Officer Kathy Davidson
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
(collectively, “Defendants”)—in their individual and official capacities. He
alleged First and Eighth Amendment claims against Hartnett, Fleming, and
Davidson on the basis that they contaminated his food with feces in retaliation for
Carr’s filing of grievances; a Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause claim
against Higgins for Carr’s prolonged assignment to restrictive housing; and a First
Amendment retaliation claim against Higgins related to Carr’s transfers between
facilities. The district court granted summary judgment to Defendants, and denied
Carr’s motions for leave to file an amended complaint and for the appointment of
counsel.
Carr appeals. We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary
judgment. Albino v. Baca, 747 F.3d 1162, 1168 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc). We
review for abuse of discretion the denial of a motion to amend the complaint,
Zivkovic v. S. Cal. Edison Co., 302 F.3d 1080, 1087 (9th Cir. 2002), and the denial
of an inmate’s request for appointment of counsel, Palmer v. Valdez, 560 F.3d 965,
970 (9th Cir. 2009). We affirm in part, and reverse in part.
1. As to Carr’s First and Eighth Amendment claims against Hartnett,
Fleming, and Davidson, the district court granted summary judgment on the basis
that Carr failed to exhaust IDOC’s grievance procedure. The Prison Litigation
Reform Act (“PLRA”) requires a prisoner to exhaust the administrative remedies
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“as are available” within the prison before filing a complaint. 42 U.S.C.
§ 1997e(a). Defendants carry the burden of “prov[ing] that there was an available
administrative remedy and that the prisoner did not exhaust that available remedy.”
Williams v. Paramo, 775 F.3d 1182, 1191 (9th Cir. 2015). If shown, “the burden
shifts to the plaintiff, who must show that there is something particular in his case
that made the existing and generally available administrative remedies effectively
unavailable to him.” Id. “The ultimate burden of proof, however, remains with the
defendants.” Id.
Defendants established that IDOC’s three-step grievance procedure, which
required Carr to file a grievance “[w]ithin 30 days of the incident,” provided a
generally available administrative remedy. Carr, however, demonstrated that the
grievance procedure was unavailable to him in this instance. Carr’s discovery that
he suffered from Clostridium Difficile Colitis, possibly caused by an ingestion of
feces, served as an “incident” that triggered the duty to file a grievance within
thirty days. He timely submitted a “concern form” within twelve days of that
incident, but IDOC officials did not respond, and subsequently refused to collect
his grievance forms.
Because Carr timely attempted to grieve the incident, but was precluded
from doing so by prison officials, he established that the administrative remedies
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were “unobtainable” in this instance. Id. Accordingly, Hartnett, Fleming, and
Davidson were not entitled to summary judgment on the basis of Carr’s failure to
exhaust. See Ross v. Blake, 136 S. Ct. 1850, 1859 (2016) (“[A]n inmate is required
to exhaust those, but only those, grievance procedures that are ‘capable of use’ to
obtain ‘some relief for the action complained of.’”) (quoting Booth v. Churner, 532
U.S. 731, 738 (2001)).
2. Defendants argue that Hartnett, Fleming, and Davidson were
nonetheless entitled to summary judgment because no reasonable jury could have
found in favor of Carr. Defendants are correct that Carr’s claims against Hartnett
and Davidson cannot be sustained; Carr failed to submit evidence demonstrating
their personal participation in the alleged constitutional violations. See Jones v.
Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002) (“In order for a person acting under
color of state law to be liable under section 1983 there must be a showing of
personal participation in the alleged rights deprivation . . . .”). However, a genuine
dispute of material fact exists as to whether Fleming fed or conspired to feed Carr
feces. Accordingly, the grant of summary judgment to Fleming cannot be affirmed
on the alternative basis proposed by Defendants.
3. The district court correctly determined that Higgins was entitled to
qualified immunity with regard to Carr’s Fourteenth Amendment claim against
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him. The district court accurately observed that “there is no clearly established law
that protective custody inmates must be afforded procedural due process rights
when the prisoner has not contested his protective custody status.” Indeed, Carr
never sought to alter his protective custody status, and “a prisoner does not have a
constitutional right to be housed at a particular institution, [or] to receive a
particular security classification.” Neal v. Shimoda, 131 F.3d 818, 828 (9th Cir.
1997) (citations omitted).
4. The district court also correctly granted summary judgment to Higgins
on Carr’s First Amendment retaliation claim. We apply the elements of a
prisoner’s First Amendment retaliation claim, as outlined in Brodheim v. Cry, 584
F.3d 1262, 1269 (9th Cir. 2009). Here, Carr failed to demonstrate that Higgins
possessed the authority to transfer Carr between facilities, and Higgins thus did not
take the requisite “action against” Carr. See id. Carr further failed to demonstrate
that Higgins acted in retaliation “because of” Carr’s protected conduct. See id.
5. In the same order granting Defendants summary judgment, the district
court denied Carr’s pending motion for leave to file an amended complaint.
Generally, a party may amend its pleading “once as a matter of course within . . .
21 days after service of a responsive pleading.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1)(B). Carr
moved for leave to file an amended complaint within twenty-one days after service
5
of Defendants’ answer. Under the PLRA, however, district courts must “screen[]”
complaints filed by prisoners. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915A(a)–(b), prior to docketing or as soon as practicable after docketing, the
court must review prisoners’ civil complaints to “identify cognizable claims or
dismiss the complaint.” Id. § 1915A(b).
The district court determined that one of the additional claims in Carr’s
proposed amended complaint—the retaliation claim against Sergeant
Mechtel—was cognizable. Because Carr timely sought to amend the complaint “as
a matter of course,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1)(B), and because he sought to assert a
cognizable claim, the district court abused its discretion in denying Carr’s motion
to add a retaliation claim against Sergeant Mechtel. The district court determined
that Carr’s other claims in the amended complaint were not cognizable, and thus
did not abuse its discretion in denying Carr’s motion as to those claims.
6. In light of our disposition, we vacate the district court’s order denying
Carr’s motion for the appointment of counsel. On remand, Carr may renew his
request for appointment of counsel. We express no views on whether there are
exceptional circumstances that warrant appointment of counsel. See Agyeman v.
Corrs. Corp. of Am., 390 F.3d 1101, 1103 (9th Cir. 2004) (“A finding of the
exceptional circumstances . . . requires at least an evaluation of the likelihood of
6
the plaintiff’s success on the merits and an evaluation of the plaintiff’s ability to
articulate his claims in light of the complexity of the legal issues involved.”)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
7. In sum, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
Higgins, Hartnett, and Davidson, and reverse the district court’s grant of summary
judgment to Fleming. We reverse the district court’s denial of Carr’s motion for
leave to file an amended complaint to the extent he sought to add a retaliation
claim against Sergeant Mechtel, but affirm the denial in all other respects. We
vacate the district court’s order denying Carr’s motion for appointment of counsel.
AFFIRMED IN PART, AND REVERSED IN PART.
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