"Because those exams reasonably suggested to [Dr.] Talbot that the keloids were cosmetic problems only, [plaintiff] could not persuade a rational jury that surgery was medically advisable, let alone that a serious condition had been ignored."
How later courts described this case
- "Because those exams reasonably suggested to [Dr.] Talbot that the keloids were cosmetic problems only, [plaintiff] could not persuade a rational jury that surgery was medically advisable, let alone that a serious condition had been ignored."
- noting plaintiff was “allowed to litigate . . . without prepayment of filing fees, but those fees are nonetheless due”
- failing to sever mis-joined claims prejudices the United States Treasury
- district court should have severed unrelated and improperly joined claims or dismissed one of them
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted March 8, 2017*
Decided June 5, 2017
Before
WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge
FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge
ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge
No. 15-‐‑3325 Appeal from the United
States District Court for the
ANTHONY WHEELER, Central District of Illinois.
Plaintiff-‐‑Appellant,
v. No. 12-‐‑2281
David G. Bernthal, Magistrate
PAUL A. TALBOT, KEITH ANGLIN, Judge.
and YOLANDE JOHNSON,
Defendants-‐‑Appellees.
Order
In this action under 42 U.S.C. §1983, Anthony Wheeler contends that two defendants
violated the First Amendment by threatening to punish him if he continued to file
grievances and mail letters about “some of the day-‐‑to-‐‑day activity” at the prison, and
that a third violated the Eighth Amendment by refusing to treat his keloids. The claims
* We have concluded that the briefs and record adequately present the issues and that oral argument
is unnecessary. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 15-‐‑3325 Page 2
are unrelated and were improperly joined; the district court should have severed them
or dismissed one claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 18; George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605 (7th Cir.
2007). Instead of doing that, the court (acting through a magistrate judge on the parties’
consent, see 28 U.S.C. §636(c)) granted summary judgment to both sets of defendants.
Resolving both claims in a single suit did not prejudice anyone other than the United
States Treasury, which has been deprived of an extra filing fee, and is not a jurisdiction-‐‑
al problem, so we turn to the merits.
We start with the claim under the First Amendment. After arriving at Danville Cor-‐‑
rectional Center, Wheeler began filing intra-‐‑prison grievances and writing letters to
state and federal officials. He related that he complained about the food, which he says
led to swelling, pain, dizziness, and vomiting. Construed in the light favorable to him,
evidence shows that Keith Anglin (the prison’s warden) and Yolande Johnson (deputy
director for the Department of Corrections’ central district) summoned Wheeler to a
meeting and threatened to punish him or confiscate his typewriter if he continued filing
grievances and writing to public officials. After this meeting, Wheeler filed a grievance
against both Anglin and Johnson. Wheeler tells us that he has continued to file griev-‐‑
ances and send letters and that, so far, Anglin and Johnson have not carried out their
threats. Wheeler contends that, despite the lack of action, the threats cause him emo-‐‑
tional distress, for which he seeks damages.
In the world outside of prison, threats to penalize speech are usually understood as
attempts by the government to exercise prior restraint, a classic violation of the First
Amendment. See, e.g., Surita v. Hyde, 665 F.3d 860, 878 (7th Cir. 2011); Fairley v. Andrews,
578 F.3d 518, 525 (7th Cir. 2009). But prisoners’ rights to speak are subject to restrictions
to promote legitimate public interests. See, e.g., Saxbe v. Washington Post Co., 417 U.S.
843 (1974); Hammer v. Ashcroft, 570 F.3d 798 (7th Cir. 2009) (en banc). The propriety of
some limitations on prisoners’ speech also means that damages are unavailable unless
caselaw clearly establishes that particular limitations have become excessive. See, e.g.,
White v. Pauly, 137 S. Ct. 548 (2017) (describing qualified-‐‑immunity doctrine). Wheeler’s
narration implies that Anglin and Johnson were more concerned by the volume of
Wheeler’s grievances than by their contents. Wardens and other administrators may try
to conserve their time by cutting down the flux of repetitious complaints in order to fo-‐‑
cus on new and potentially serious ones.
Wheeler does not try to show how it has become clearly established that prison offi-‐‑
cials are forbidden to try to prevent prisoners from bombarding the grievance system
and public officials with repetitious protests. Indeed, even though Anglin and Johnson
invoke the doctrine of qualified immunity, Wheeler did not mention it in his opening
brief and did not file a reply brief. But we need not pursue that subject, because he has
No. 15-‐‑3325 Page 3
not established an entitlement to damages. It is not simply that the threats failed to de-‐‑
ter him and were never carried out. It is that he seeks damages for mental distress,
which runs smack into 42 U.S.C. §1997e(e). This statute provides that “[n]o Federal civil
action may be brought by a prisoner confined in a jail, prison, or other correctional facil-‐‑
ity, for mental or emotional injury suffered while in custody without a prior showing of
physical injury”. Wheeler does not say that Anglin’s or Johnson’s threats caused him
physical injury, so he cannot recover compensatory damages for emotional injury.
We held in Calhoun v. DeTella, 319 F.3d 936, 940 (7th Cir. 2003), that despite the open-‐‑
ing clause of §1997e(e)—“[n]o Federal civil action may be brought”—the statute does
not block the filing of actions and permits the physical injury to be shown while the suit
is under way. Moreover, because the statute does not make physical injury a precondi-‐‑
tion to the award of punitive damages, it cannot logically be understood as forbidding
the initiation of suit until physical injury has been demonstrated. But Wheeler has never
tried to show physical injury and could not plausibly claim punitive damages, given the
authority of wardens and other administrators to impose reasonable limits on prisoners’
speech. See, e.g., Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 409–14 (1989); Turner v. Safley, 482
U.S. 78, 91 (1987). Nor has Wheeler established an entitlement to other relief, such as an
injunction. His complaint seeks equitable relief but his appellate brief does not mention
that remedy, which forfeits the issue. Indeed, his appellate treatment of the First
Amendment—about two-‐‑thirds of a single page—is so superficial that it effectively for-‐‑
feits the claim. Because §1997e(e) prevents an award of damages for the First Amend-‐‑
ment claim in this case, we need not discuss the merits of Wheeler’s theory.
Now for the Eighth Amendment claim. Wheeler contends that the prison’s medical
director, Dr. Paul Talbot, refused to remove his keloids surgically. (A keloid is an area
of irregular fibrous tissue formed at the site of a scar or injury.) Wheeler spoke to Talbot
four times between December 2011 and October 2013 about itching, oozing, tenderness,
and pain in his keloids. Before each of these visits, nurses provided Wheeler with oral
and topical treatments to relieve any pain from the keloids.
The subject first arose during a hemorrhoid exam, and Talbot did nothing then. The
second time, Wheeler asked to have a two-‐‑year-‐‑old keloid removed from his chest. Tal-‐‑
bot gave the keloid a “cursory glance” and found intact skin and no signs of infection,
distress, or drainage. The third time, Talbot evaluated Wheeler’s keloids and found no
open wounds or evidence of rubbing; he concluded that the keloids were cosmetic
blemishes that posed no risk of harm. The final time, Talbot found that all of Wheeler’s
keloids were small and had intact skin without redness. He again concluded (and told
Wheeler) that they were purely cosmetic blemishes.
No. 15-‐‑3325 Page 4
In this litigation Talbot attested without contradiction that surgical removal of
Wheeler’s keloids was not advisable because of the “high risk” of their recurrence and
because they appeared smooth and without signs of trauma, discoloration, or infection.
We agree with the district court that no rational jury could conclude that Wheeler’s
keloid condition was a serious medical problem to which Wheeler was deliberately in-‐‑
different. See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994); Petties v. Carter, 836 F.3d 722,
728 (7th Cir. 2016) (en banc). Talbot examined the keloids several times and found no
signs of infection, oozing, bleeding, or trauma. Although Wheeler says that the keloids
bled and oozed at other times, he does not contradict Talbot’s statements that they were
intact during the several exams. Because those exams reasonably suggested to Talbot
that the keloids were cosmetic problems only, Wheeler could not persuade a rational
jury that surgery was medically advisable, let alone that a serious condition had been
ignored. See Petties, 836 F.3d at 733; Pyles v. Fahim, 771 F.3d 403, 409 (7th Cir. 2014).
Wheeler’s pain did require treatment, see Conley v. Birch, 796 F.3d 742, 747 (7th Cir.
2015); Greeno v. Daley, 414 F.3d 645, 655 (7th Cir. 2005), but he received that. Although
Wheeler contends that surgery would have been more efficacious than the medicine the
nurses provided, nothing in the record supports that contention.
Before closing we must discuss Wheeler’s litigation history. He has bombarded the
federal courts as well as prison administrators. Wheeler filed and lost at least 14 federal
suits before this one (which itself is two suits improperly joined). The district court re-‐‑
quired Wheeler to list all of his previous suits and disclose whether any of them is a
“strike” for the purpose of 28 U.S.C. §1915(g), which requires prisoners to prepay the
full docket fees if they have filed and lost three or more frivolous suits. Wheeler did not
answer correctly. He disclosed only 10 of his earlier suits and failed to notify the district
court that in 3 of the 14 the district judge had stated expressly that the suit qualified as a
strike. See Wheeler v. Walker, No. 05 C 4403 (N.D. Ill.) (suit listed but strike not dis-‐‑
closed); Wheeler v. Montes, No. 08-‐‑3035 (C.D. Ill.) (suit not listed; strike not disclosed);
Wheeler v. Merchant, 09-‐‑C-‐‑114 (S.D. Ill.) (suit listed but strike not disclosed). “A litigant
who knows that he has accumulated three or more frivolous suits or appeals must alert
the court to that fact.” Ammons v. Gerlinger, 547 F.3d 724, 725 (7th Cir. 2008). Wheeler
did not do so, and as a result both the district court and this court allowed him to liti-‐‑
gate in forma pauperis.
Had he provided the required information, Wheeler might have contended that the
strike assessed by the district judge in Merchant was improper. A suit can be deemed
frivolous under the statute only when the judge dismisses the entire suit on that ground,
see Turley v. Graetz, 625 F.3d 1005, 1012 (7th Cir. 2010), which did not happen in Mer-‐‑
chant. But by keeping the district judge in the dark, Wheeler thwarted the sort of inquiry
No. 15-‐‑3325 Page 5
that would have revealed whether he is entitled to proceed without prepayment of the
required fees. A litigant must present issues candidly to the judge and may not presume
that, because (in the litigant’s view) a judge should rule in his favor, he is entitled to
keep the judge in ignorance.
Wheeler’s dishonesty has frustrated the administration of §1915 in both the district
court and this court. Wheeler was allowed to litigate this suit, including the appeal,
without prepayment of filing fees, but those fees are nonetheless due. He must now pay
the fees due in both courts. Until he does so, he may not litigate in forma pauperis in any
court of this circuit. And Wheeler must understand—and report to the courts in any fu-‐‑
ture litigation—that he has at least two statutory strikes, and that litigation in forma pau-‐‑
peris will be curtailed by §1915(g) if he acquires a third. He may already have a third: a
frivolous appeal, no less than a frivolous suit, qualifies as a strike. See Coleman v.
Tollefson, 135 S. Ct. 1759 (2015) (discussing the operation of §1915(g)). We have not ana-‐‑
lyzed the appeals in all 14 of Wheeler’s suits, but perhaps one or more of them counts as
a strike. Wheeler must make full disclosure about both his suits and his appeals in any
future litigation.
AFFIRMED