People v. Gutierrez

Filed 6/1/17

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, )

) S224724

Plaintiff and Respondent, )

) Ct.App. 5 F065984

v. )

)

RENE GUTIERREZ, JR., ) Kern County

) Super. Ct. No. BF137853C

Defendant and Appellant. )

)

____________________________________)

THE PEOPLE, )

) S224724

Plaintiff and Respondent, )

) Ct.App. 5 F065481

v. )

)

GABRIEL RAMOS, ) Kern County

) Super. Ct. No. BF137853A

Defendant and Appellant. )

)

____________________________________)

THE PEOPLE, )

) S240419

Plaintiff and Respondent, )

) Ct.App. 5 F065288

v. )

)

RAMIRO ENRIQUEZ, ) Kern County

) Super. Ct. No. BF137853B

Defendant and Appellant. )

)

____________________________________)

SEE CONCURRING OPINION

Civil litigants and criminal defendants are guaranteed the right to trial by

jury under the state and federal Constitutions. Because of this, California‘s system

of justice depends on jurors. The mix of Californians who report for jury service

across the state changes nearly every day, but the responsibility of courts to assure

integrity in the selection of jurors does not. We have long held that discrimination

in jury selection based on race, ethnicity, or similar grounds offends constitutional

guarantees –– and so has the United States Supreme Court. (People v. Wheeler

(1978) 22 Cal.3d 258 (Wheeler); Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79

(Batson).) It is not only litigants who are harmed when the right to trial by

impartial jury is abridged. Taints of discriminatory bias in jury selection — actual

or perceived –– erode confidence in the adjudicative process, undermining the

public‘s trust in courts. (Miller-El v. Dretke (2005) 545 U.S. 231, 238; Powers v.

Ohio (1991) 499 U.S. 400, 412.)

During jury selection proceedings at trial, defendants Rene Gutierrez, Jr.,

Gabriel Ramos, and Ramiro Enriquez (collectively, defendants) joined in a

Batson/Wheeler motion, contending that the prosecutor had improperly excluded

prospective jurors on account of Hispanic ethnicity, after the prosecutor exercised

10 of 16 peremptory challenges to remove Hispanic individuals from the jury

panel. The trial court found that defendants had established a prima facie case, but

denied defendants‘ motion after finding the prosecutor‘s reasons to be neutral and

nonpretextual. The Court of Appeal affirmed defendants‘ convictions in all

respects.

This case offers us an opportunity to clarify the constitutionally required

duties of California lawyers, trial judges, and appellate judges when a party has

raised a claim of discriminatory bias in jury selection. What we conclude is that

the record here does not sufficiently support the trial court‘s denial of the

Batson/Wheeler motion with respect to one prospective juror. The error is

2

structural, damaging the integrity of the tribunal itself. In addition, the Court of

Appeal erred in refusing to conduct comparative juror analysis. Defendants‘

resulting convictions must be reversed.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Overview

Around midnight on July 30, 2011, defendant Ramos became involved in

an altercation with Clarence Langston in the parking lot of the Western Nights

Motel in Bakersfield. Ramos asked defendants Gutierrez and Enriquez, who had

been observing from a balcony, to come down. Ramos said he was going to

retrieve a gun to defend himself, and he left the motel on foot. Langston rode

away on his bicycle.

Gabriel Trevino testified that after Ramos and Langston left the motel

premises, he, along with Enriquez and Gutierrez, got into an SUV driven by Kyle

Fuller. At a stop sign, Enriquez said, ―Look, there he is, there he is,‖ identifying

Langston. Gutierrez exited the vehicle, brandished his firearm, and fired three

rounds. Langston was hit with multiple shotgun pellets and suffered nonfatal

wounds to his upper body.

The prosecution‘s gang expert testified that defendants were Sureño gang

members, and that the shooting was gang-related. According to the expert, Ramos

was a member of the Varrio Bakers, a Sureño gang subset based in Bakersfield.

Gutierrez and Enriquez, according to the expert, were members of Varrio West

Side Shafter, a different Sureño gang subset based in Shafter. And Trevino

testified that he himself was member of Varrio Wasco Rifas, a Sureño gang subset

based in Wasco.

3

On June 6, 2012, a jury convicted Gutierrez and Enriquez of attempted

premeditated murder (Pen. Code, §§ 664 & 187, subd. (a));1 assault with a firearm

(§ 245, subd. (a)(2)); and active participation in a criminal street gang (§ 186.22,

subd. (a)). As to those two defendants, the jury found applicable a firearm

enhancement (§ 12022.53, subds. (d) & (e)(1)) as to attempted premeditated

murder, and a gang enhancement (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)) as to attempted

premeditated murder and assault with a firearm. The jury deadlocked in deciding

whether Ramos committed attempted premeditated murder and assault with a

firearm, so the court declared a mistrial as to those counts. Ramos was found

guilty of active participation in a criminal street gang, and he thereafter pleaded no

contest to making criminal threats and admitted prior convictions. Following a

bifurcated court trial, the court found true the prior strike conviction allegations as

to Enriquez and Gutierrez.

Gutierrez was sentenced to prison for 30 years to life, plus 27 years.

Enriquez was sentenced to prison for 14 years to life, plus 25 years. Ramos was

sentenced to prison for 5 years. The Court of Appeal consolidated the appeals for

Gutierrez, Ramos, and Enriquez. It unanimously affirmed the judgments in all

respects.

B. Batson/Wheeler Motion

All three defendants are Hispanic, and they joined in a Batson/Wheeler

motion toward the end of voir dire proceedings. The motion was brought on the

basis of asserted discriminatory exclusion of Hispanic individuals. Although

counsel for Gutierrez also commented that a disproportionate number of strikes

had been against females, he did not do so until after the prosecutor tendered his

1 All further unmarked statutory references are to the Penal Code.

4

neutral explanations for panelists identified as Hispanic. Even assuming that

defendants properly made a motion challenging the prosecutor‘s exclusion of

females, the issue is not preserved for appeal because counsel did not obtain a

ruling from the trial court. The court did not determine whether defendants

established a prima facie case based on gender discrimination. (See People v.

Lewis (2008) 43 Cal.4th 415, 481–482 [it was ―incumbent on counsel‖ to secure a

trial court ruling on additional Batson/Wheeler grounds].)

By the time the motion was made, the People had exercised 16 peremptory

strikes –– 10 of them against individuals identified as Hispanic, either based on

appearance or surname.2 The court observed that four of the prosecutor‘s

challenges against Hispanics were consecutive. There were two Hispanic

prospective jurors seated on the panel at the time of the motion.

2 The People remarked that one of the prospective jurors at issue, Prospective

Juror No. 2647624, had white skin and red hair, and did not ―appear to be

Hispanic.‖ The court noted that she had a Hispanic surname, and that ―we‘re not

in a position to determine whether she might be Hispanic.‖ In response to the

court‘s invitation, the prosecutor put on the record his neutral reasons for

removing this prospective juror. In addition, the court commented that

Prospective Juror No. 2732073 did not have a Hispanic surname, but discerned

that she appeared to be Hispanic; the prosecutor tendered a neutral reason for

striking this panelist.

We have held that Spanish surnames may identify Hispanic individuals,

who are members of a cognizable class for purposes of Batson/Wheeler motions.

(People v. Trevino (1985) 39 Cal.3d 667, 686, disapproved on other grounds by

People v. Johnson (1989) 47 Cal.3d 1194.) ―Where . . . no one knows at the time

of challenge whether a particular individual who has a Spanish surname is

Hispanic, a showing that jurors are being excluded on the basis of surname alone‖

may nonetheless constitute a prima facie case of impermissible strikes based on

association with a cognizable group. (Ibid.) ―Although the correlation between

surname and group membership is not exact, such precision is unnecessary.‖

(Ibid.)

5

The People do not dispute that the prosecutor‘s pattern of challenges

showed ―a disproportionate number of . . . peremptory challenges against

Hispanics.‖ After finding that defendants had established a prima facie case under

the Batson/Wheeler framework, the court asked the prosecutor to explain the

reasons for his challenges. The prosecutor did so for each removed Hispanic

panelist. The court individually reviewed eight out of 10 proffered justifications.

The court did not individually review the strikes of Prospective Jurors Nos.

2468219 and 2547226.3 Thereafter, the court made a global finding that the

prosecutor‘s strikes were neutral and nonpretextual. It also found that the

prosecutor ―paid the same attention to all the jurors in terms of questioning‖ and

―asked appropriate questions‖ of all prospective jurors. The court denied

defendants‘ motion.

Thereafter, the People struck three more panelists. Defendants individually

exercised further peremptory challenges, with counsel for Gutierrez removing one

prospective juror previously identified as Hispanic. The final jury included one

Hispanic individual. After additional voir dire, two alternate jurors were selected.

Defendants did not renew their Batson/Wheeler motion. We granted review on the

limited issue of whether the Court of Appeal erred in upholding the trial court‘s

denial of defendants‘ joint Batson/Wheeler motion.4

3 In the record, the names of all panel members were redacted and replaced

with seven-digit identifying numbers.

4 Defendants‘ cases came before this court as a single cause denominated

People v. Enriquez, et al., S224724. Defendants submitted separate briefing and

each joined in the others‘ arguments. Prior to oral argument, the court ordered

People v. Enriquez (F065288) severed and redocketed as S240419, due to

circumstances reflected in the docket. The other two matters — People v.

Gutierrez (F065984) and People v. Ramos (F065481) — were captioned People v.

Gutierrez, et al. and proceeded as a single cause, S224724, to oral argument.

Counsel for Enriquez subsequently requested that People v. Enriquez be

(footnote continued on next page)

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II. DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard

Peremptory challenges are a longstanding feature of civil and criminal

adjudication. But the exercise of even a single peremptory challenge solely on the

basis of race or ethnicity offends the guarantee of equal protection of the laws

under the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution. (Batson, supra, 476

U.S. 79; United States v. Martinez-Salazar (2000) 528 U.S. 304, 315.) Such

conduct also violates a defendant‘s right to trial by a jury drawn from a

representative cross-section of the community under article I, section 16 of the

state Constitution. (Wheeler, supra, 22 Cal.3d 258, 276–277.)

At issue in a Batson/Wheeler motion is whether any specific prospective

juror is challenged on account of bias against an identifiable group distinguished

on racial, religious, ethnic, or similar grounds. (People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th

491, 549 (Avila).) Exclusion of even one prospective juror for reasons

impermissible under Batson and Wheeler constitutes structural error, requiring

reversal. (People v. Silva (2001) 25 Cal.4th 345, 386 (Silva).)

When a party raises a claim that an opponent has improperly discriminated

in the exercise of peremptory challenges, the court and counsel must follow a

three-step process. First, the Batson/Wheeler movant must demonstrate a prima

facie case by showing that the totality of the relevant facts gives rise to an

inference of discriminatory purpose. The moving party satisfies this first step by

(footnote continued from previous page)

consolidated with People v. Gutierrez, et al. for purpose of opinion. Both counsel

in People v. Enriquez waived oral argument and agreed to submit on the briefs.

The court granted the unopposed request to consolidate. Accordingly, in this

opinion, we resolve the matters of all three defendants.

7

producing ― ‗evidence sufficient to permit the trial judge to draw an inference that

discrimination has occurred.‘ ‖ (Avila, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 553, quoting

Johnson v. California (2005) 545 U.S. 162, 170.)

Second, if the court finds the movant meets the threshold for demonstrating

a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the opponent of the motion to give an

adequate nondiscriminatory explanation for the challenges. To meet the second

step‘s requirement, the opponent of the motion must provide ―a ‗clear and

reasonably specific‘ explanation of his ‗legitimate reasons‘ for exercising the

challenges.‖ (Batson, supra, 476 U.S. at p. 98, fn. 20.) In evaluating a trial

court‘s finding that a party has offered a neutral basis — one not based on race,

ethnicity, or similar grounds — for subjecting particular prospective jurors to

peremptory challenge, we are mindful that ― ‗[u]nless a discriminatory intent is

inherent in the prosecutor‘s explanation,‘ ‖ the reason will be deemed neutral.

(Purkett v. Elem (1995) 514 U.S. 765, 768 (per curiam) (Purkett).)

Third, if the opponent indeed tenders a neutral explanation, the trial court

must decide whether the movant has proven purposeful discrimination. (See

Johnson v. California (2005) 545 U.S. 162, 168.) In order to prevail, the movant

must show it was ― ‗more likely than not that the challenge was improperly

motivated.‘ ‖ (People v. Mai (2013) 57 Cal.4th 986, 1059.) This portion of the

Batson/Wheeler inquiry focuses on the subjective genuineness of the reason, not

the objective reasonableness. (People v. Reynoso (2003) 31 Cal.4th 903, 924.) At

this third step, the credibility of the explanation becomes pertinent. To assess

credibility, the court may consider, ― ‗among other factors, the prosecutor‘s

demeanor; . . . how reasonable, or how improbable, the explanations are; and . . .

whether the proffered rationale has some basis in accepted trial strategy.‘ ‖

(People v. Lenix (2008) 44 Cal.4th 602, 613 (Lenix), quoting Miller-El v. Cockrell

(2003) 537 U.S. 322, 339 (Miller-El I).) To satisfy herself that an explanation is

8

genuine, the presiding judge must make ―a sincere and reasoned attempt‖ to

evaluate the prosecutor‘s justification, with consideration of the circumstances of

the case known at that time, her knowledge of trial techniques, and her

observations of the prosecutor‘s examination of panelists and exercise of for-cause

and peremptory challenges. (People v. Hall (1983) 35 Cal.3d 161, 167–168

(Hall).) Justifications that are ―implausible or fantastic . . . may (and probably

will) be found to be pretexts for purposeful discrimination.‖ (Purkett, supra, 514

U.S. at p. 768.) We recognize that the trial court enjoys a relative advantage vis-à-

vis reviewing courts, for it draws on its contemporaneous observations when

assessing a prosecutor‘s credibility. (See Lenix, at p. 613.)

We review a trial court‘s determination regarding the sufficiency of

tendered justifications with ― ‗great restraint.‘ ‖ (See People v. Ervin (2000) 22

Cal.4th 48.) We presume an advocate‘s use of peremptory challenges occurs in a

constitutional manner. (See People v. Fuentes (1991) 54 Cal.3d 707, 721 (conc.

opn. of Mosk, J.).) When a reviewing court addresses the trial court‘s ruling on a

Batson/Wheeler motion, it ordinarily reviews the issue for substantial evidence.

(People v. McDermott (2002) 28 Cal.4th 946, 970.) A trial court‘s conclusions are

entitled to deference only when the court made a ―sincere and reasoned effort to

evaluate the nondiscriminatory justifications offered.‖ (People v. Burgener (2003)

29 Cal.4th 833, 864.) What courts should not do is substitute their own reasoning

for the rationale given by the prosecutor, even if they can imagine a valid reason

that would not be shown to be pretextual. ―[A] prosecutor simply has got to state

his reasons as best he can and stand or fall on the plausibility of the reasons he

gives. . . . If the stated reason does not hold up, its pretextual significance does not

fade because a trial judge, or an appeals court, can imagine a reason that might not

have been shown up as false.‖ (See Miller-El v. Dretke (2005) 545 U.S. 231, 252

(Miller-El II).)

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B. Overview of Strikes

The prosecutor provided justifications for strikes of 10 Hispanic

individuals. As to four of these prospective jurors — Prospective Jurors Nos.

2647624, 2408196, 2732073, and 2632053 — the prosecutor cited as at least one

reason the fact that they were each either previously affiliated with gangs or had

family members who were at some point involved in gang activity. The

prosecutor struck Prospective Jurors Nos. 2852410 and 2291529 because they

recounted negative experiences with law enforcement. Prospective Juror No.

2468219 (Juror 2468219) was removed because she testified about ―living in an

area with a lot of gang activity, but that she had not specifically seen,‖ her brother

had been accused of a crime, and she previously served as a juror in a criminal

case that resulted in a hung jury. Below we describe in more depth the

circumstances surrounding the strikes of the remaining three Hispanic panelists

who were the subject of defendants‘ Batson/Wheeler motion.

1. Prospective Juror No. 2723471

A teacher from the City of Wasco, Prospective Juror No. 2723471 (Juror

2723471) was divorced and without children. Her former husband was a

correctional officer. She had other relatives in law enforcement positions,

including an uncle who worked for California Highway Patrol. Neither she nor

anyone close to her had any connections to gangs.

The prosecutor‘s colloquy with Juror 2723471, in its entirety, was as

follows:

―[The prosecutor]: And starting with Ms. 2723471, are you gangs [sic] that

are active in the Wasco area?

―[Juror 2723471]: No.

―[The prosecutor]: Do you live in the Wasco area?

―[Juror 2723471]: Yes.

10

―[The prosecutor]: In Wasco itself?

―[Juror 2723471]: Yes, I live in Wasco.‖

The prosecutor indicated that his decision to challenge Juror 2723471 was

―a tough one.‖ The reason for the strike, he said, was that ―[s]he‘s from Wasco

and she said that she‘s not aware of any gang activity going on in Wasco, and I

was unsatisfied by some of her other answers as to how she would respond when

she hears that Gabriel Trevino is from a criminal street gang, a subset of the

Surenos out of Wasco.‖ The prosecutor did not specify which of her ―other

answers‖ caused him dissatisfaction, nor do the People identify any such responses

bearing on her possible reaction to Trevino‘s testimony. We have found no other

answers in the record to support the People‘s position on this point.

The prosecutor had broached the Wasco-related justification a few minutes

earlier, during his explanation of his strike of a different Hispanic female,

Prospective Juror No. 2408196 (Juror 2408196). He said that that panelist‘s

unawareness of Wasco gang activity ―causes a moment of pause when she‘s going

to hear . . . Mr. Trevino freely admits that he‘s a member of the Varrio Wasco.‖

But the prosecutor struck Juror 2408196 because she also had an uncle who was in

a gang and had a cousin who had been murdered.5

5 The prosecutor articulated multiple reasons for striking Juror 2408196:

―Ms. 2408196 has also an uncle who is in a gang, and she lives in Wasco. This is

important, Your Honor, Gabriel Trevino is going to testify under the immunity

agreement in this case. And, although, he is a Sureno like the three defendants or

at least the People‘s evidence wouldn‘t [sic] show that. [¶] He is specifically a

member of the Varrio Wasco Rifas. And I think that Ms. 2408196 in addition to

saying that her uncle was in a gang, she also indicated that she was unaware of any

gang activity in Wasco which is -- causes a moment of pause when she‘s going to

hear -- if she left [sic] on this jury, Mr. Trevino freely admits that he‘s a member

of the Varrio Wasco. And she also had a cousin murder [sic] in 2004. And for

those reasons, the People issued the peremptory challenge.‖

11

Regarding Juror 2723471, the court stated: ―I checked again, and [the

prosecutor] did pass several times with Ms. 2723471 still on the panel.‖ The court

noted that ―Ms. 2723471 was excused as a result of the Wasco issue and also lack

of life experience.‖ Defendants argue, and the People concede, that the court was

partially mistaken: the prosecutor had not enumerated lack of life experience as a

reason for striking Juror 2723471. Accordingly, the sole basis relied upon by the

prosecutor for striking this particular panelist was the ―Wasco issue.‖

2. Prospective Juror No. 2547226

Prospective Juror No. 2547226 (Juror 2547226) lived in southwest

Bakersfield and worked as a service coordinator for mentally disabled individuals.

She had two children, and her significant other was a self-employed truck driver.

She had been selected to serve on a jury a couple years earlier, but parties reached

a plea agreement. She had no gang experience, nor any close relations with gang

members.

The prosecutor asked this prospective juror several questions about the jury

deliberation process and her understanding of a juror‘s role. Their exchange

included the following excerpt:

―[The prosecutor]: And that‘s sort of the functions of these deliberations.

You talk to each other, and you hear what people hear about the evidence, and you

see where everyone is, and then ultimately you try to reach a verdict as best you

can, do you understand that?

―[Juror 2547226]: Yes.

―[The prosecutor]: As one of 12 jurors, you would have a vote, do you

understand that?

―[Juror 2547226]: Yes.

―[The prosecutor]: Okay. You also understand that your vote is yours, you

have a duty to listen to and talk to other jurors, but how you vote if you‘re

12

impaneled on this jury is yours, it‘s your responsibility, and it‘s what you believe

the law that the judge gives you and the facts and the evidence that you heard in

court indicated as the truth, do you understand that?

―[Juror 2547226]: Yes.

―[The prosecutor]: Would you be able to do that? Would you be able to

participate in deliberations and listen to everyone else in speaking your mind?

―[Juror 2547226]: Yes.

―[The prosecutor]: You don‘t think that there‘s anything about you that‘s

differential [sic] or, you know, want to sit in the background or listen to other

people?

―[Juror 2547226]: No, I don‘t think so.

―[The prosecutor]: Okay. You have no problem with speaking your mind

and listening to other people at the same time?

―[Juror 2547226]: I think I do better at listening than speaking my mind

out.

―[The prosecutor]: What happens if you don‘t agree?

―[Juror 2547226]: Then the vote is mine. So I just -- what I‘m not in

agreement with and decide what I want to say.

―[The prosecutor]: Would you have any problem letting other people on

the panel know that you don‘t agree and here‘s why?

―[Juror 2547226]: I don‘t think so.‖

At first, the prosecutor could not recall why he struck this panelist. Later,

consulting a single note, he stated, ―I believe I asked her about 12 votes, each

independent of the others and her being able to, you know, take on the task which

is obviously the difficult task of any juror of both standing their own ground where

they believe they are right, and also listening to other people. And I was

concerned about her articulation about that role. I was concerned about her

13

understanding of that and her ability to -- quite frankly if she felt strongly to be

heard in the course of jury deliberations.‖

The trial court did not make any individualized finding with respect to the

removal of this prospective juror. In upholding this strike on direct appeal, the

Court of Appeal explained, ―When questioned during voir dire, Juror 2547226

indicated she was better at ‗listening than speaking my mind‘ and expressed that

she did not know how many jurors had to agree to a verdict in a criminal case. [¶]

. . . Juror 2547226 gave equivocal answers to some questions and expressed a lack

of understanding of the jury process in a criminal case. The prosecutor‘s stated

reasons reflect that, based upon Juror 2547226‘s equivocal answers to voir dire

questions, he had doubts about her being able to engage fully in the deliberative

process and fulfill her role as a juror.‖ We note that the prosecutor did not cite as

a reason for striking Juror 2547226 her unawareness of the necessary unanimity of

a verdict.

When the prosecutor asked Juror 2547226, ―Would you be able to

participate in deliberations and listen to everyone else in speaking your mind?‖ she

answered, unequivocally, ―Yes.‖ Yet the prosecutor continued to probe her on

this point, asking whether she considered herself deferential or prone to ―sit in the

background.‖

The prosecutor did not cite Juror 2547226‘s demeanor as a reason for

exercising a strike against her. The People argue that the precise phrasing of ―I

don‘t think so‖ in response to a question asking whether this panelist may wish to

sit in the background and listen to other people ―reasonably could make the

prosecutor question her ability to deliberate and state her opinion to others when

necessary.‖ During the same panel round in which the prosecutor individually

questioned Juror 2547226, the prosecutor engaged Prospective Juror No. 2570137

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(Juror 2570137), a non-Hispanic female. The following colloquy transpired

between the prosecutor and Juror 2570137:

―[The prosecutor]: And, Ms. 2570137, I asked the other potential jurors if

you are impaneled on this jury you‘re going to be in deliberation with 11 other

people, they are going to want and need your input, and you are very soft spoken,

would you be able to speak your mind?

―[Juror 2570137]: I hope so.

―[The prosecutor]: Would you be able to listen to other people as well?

―[Juror 2570137]: Yes, definitely that if I can hear them.

―[The prosecutor]: Thank you, Ms. 2570137.‖

As the record demonstrates, the prosecutor perceived Juror 2570137 to be

soft-spoken. Despite her arguably noncommittal answer of ―I hope so‖ in

response to the prosecutor‘s inquiry as to whether she could speak her mind during

jury deliberations, the prosecutor did not further press this panelist on her ability to

voice her opinions, as he had done with Juror 2547226. Instead, he shortly

thereafter thanked Juror 2570137 and moved on to question another prospective

juror.

3. Prospective Juror No. 2510083

An elementary school instructional aide, Prospective Juror No. 2510083

(Juror 2510083) lived in southwest Bakersfield. She was unmarried and had no

children. She had no prior jury experience. One of her cousins was in the

California Highway Patrol and another cousin worked for the highway patrol in

Arizona. A third cousin was a workers‘ compensation paralegal at a local law

office.

During the first week of voir dire proceedings, Juror 2510083 informed the

court of a potential hardship due to a job interview scheduled the morning of the

upcoming Friday. The court advised her to request that the interview be

15

rescheduled to another time. The next day, Juror 2510083 reported that her

interview had been rescheduled for 4:00 p.m. on Friday. In the presence of

counsel, the court agreed to make arrangements so that she could attend her

interview. She returned the following week for the continuation of voir dire.

When questioned by defense counsel, Juror 2510083 agreed that although

people can be trained to make fewer mistakes, nobody is perfect and everyone is

capable of making mistakes, even police officers. The prosecutor‘s individual voir

dire of this panelist proceeded as follows:

―[The prosecutor]: You‘re an instructional aide at an elementary school; is

that correct?

―[Juror 2510083]: Hmm-hmm.

―[The prosecutor]: Where generally is the elementary school?

―[Juror 2510083]: It‘s over close to where I live on the Southwest part of

town.

―[The prosecutor]: Okay. And what age students do you usually deal with?

―[Juror 2510083]: They are fourth graders.

―[The prosecutor]: About 10 years old?

―[Juror 2510083]: Yeah, about nine, 10.

―[The prosecutor]: Have you held any work prior to that or is this full-time

work?

―[Juror 2510083]: Before I started working there?

―[The prosecutor]: Yes.

―[Juror 2510083]: Yeah, I worked somewhere else full-time.

―[The prosecutor]: What was the name of that place?

―[Juror 2510083]: It was customer service.

―[The prosecutor]: Any type of business in particular or just --

―[Juror 2510083]: For that job?

16

―[The prosecutor]: Yes.

―[Juror 2510083]: It was a phone company.

―[The prosecutor]: Okay.‖

In explaining why he struck Juror 2510083, the prosecutor stated, ―Ms.

2510083, like I was asking to Mr. 2868617 and Ms. 2478882, I was concerned

about her life experience. She‘s an instructional aid[e] at an elementary school

and she has no jury experience and she came across of being quite young. And,

although, her youth is not a reason for exclusion, I thought there was a lack of

sophistication in some of her answers. And, I believe, she had also asked for

release due to a hardship because of her situation. [¶] . . . [I]t just didn‘t seem to

me that she had -- again, she had the life experience necessary to consider some of

the charges.‖ The prosecutor acknowledged that this strike was a ―tough call‖

because this panelist had relatives in law enforcement. In addition, the prosecutor

regarded with favor the fact that she had a cousin working as a paralegal ―so she

had some idea of the nature and the purpose of these proceedings.‖

The prosecutor incorrectly stated that this panelist ―had also asked for

release due to a hardship because of her situation.‖ Juror 2510083‘s potential job

interview conflict was resolved, in the prosecutor‘s presence, during the first week

of voir dire proceedings: she successfully rescheduled her interview and the court

agreed to make accommodations so that she could attend. At no time did Juror

2510083 ask to be excused. In this respect, the Court of Appeal erroneously

affirmed the trial court‘s ruling as to Juror 2510083 on the hardship ground alone.

On review, the People contend — for the first time — that the prosecutor‘s

proffered hardship reason was based on a mistake of fact. Voir dire lasted from

Monday, May 7 through part of Wednesday, May 16. Along with the court, four

attorneys — the prosecutor and the three defense attorneys — engaged in separate

lines of questioning during the jury selection process. Several days, including an

17

intervening weekend, elapsed between the resolution of the panelist‘s potential

interview conflict (on Thursday, May 10, the day before her interview) and the

defendants‘ Batson/Wheeler motion (on Tuesday, May 15). The People argue that

the prosecutor made a genuine mistake regarding this point of hardship.

In individually reviewing the tendered rationale for striking Juror 2510083,

the court remarked, ―Another juror indicated he excused for the purposes of -- or

excused as a result of primarily life experience, and I think it was Ms. 2510083,

and both of those jurors are young. The only juror similarly situated that --

obviously we still have -- we haven‘t finished the challenges, but Mr. 2861675 is

young. He‘s the only one that I find similarly situated perhaps to Ms. 2723471

and Ms. 2510083 in terms of perhaps having a lack of life experience, but there

were other reasons as he gave to those jurors as well, not just the lack of life

experience.‖

The prosecutor commented that this panelist‘s ―youth [was] not a reason for

exclusion.‖ It appears that the trial court found Juror 2510083 and Prospective

Juror No. 2861675 (Juror 2861675) to be comparable in terms of relative youth

and lack of life experience, such that the decision to strike one but not the other

might require further examination — if those had been the only reasons proffered.

But the court apparently found credible the prosecutor‘s ―other reasons‖ for

striking Juror 2510083, i.e., a request for release due to hardship and a lack of

sophistication. The court did not correct the prosecutor‘s erroneous assertion that

this panelist asked to be excused due to a hardship.

C. Analysis

1. Claim of Error Regarding Prospective Juror No. 2723471

a. Neutrality of Explanation

When they assess the viability of neutral reasons advanced to justify a

peremptory challenge by a prosecutor, both a trial court and reviewing court must

18

examine only those reasons actually expressed. (People v. Jones (2011) 51

Cal.4th 346, 365 (Jones).) Defendants argue that the prosecutor‘s explanation

regarding his removal of Juror 2723471 was inadequate because it did not explain

why her unawareness of gang activity where she lived made her a bad or

undesirable juror. But Batson and Wheeler do not prescribe such an exacting

standard at the second step. We find the reason here to be ―clear and reasonably

specific,‖ particularly considering that the prosecutor had previously, with respect

to another prospective juror, introduced the notion of this Wasco-related rationale

and provided somewhat more insight into the logic underlying it. (See Jones, at

pp. 358, 367 [prosecutor‘s explanation that he was ― ‗troubled‘ ‖ by potential

juror‘s ― ‗body language and his response‘ ‖ to questioning about being falsely

accused held to be ―clear and reasonably specific‖ even though prosecutor did not

describe exactly what the body language was].)

Defendants also contend that the prosecutor‘s reasoning was not neutral,

because he was effectively using an individual‘s residence in Wasco as a proxy for

Hispanic ethnicity. According to 2010 census data, Wasco is a city of

approximately 25,000 residents, 76.7% of whom identify as Hispanic or Latino.

(See U.S. Census Bureau, Data for 2010 Census

<http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/0683542> [as of June 1,

2017].) Defendants cite United States v. Bishop (9th Cir. 1992) 959 F.2d 820

(Bishop) for the proposition that equal protection principles prohibit the utilization

of residence as a surrogate for racial stereotypes during jury selection. In Bishop,

the prosecutor explained that he felt an eligibility worker who lived in Compton

was likely to be hostile to law enforcement and desensitized to violence. (See id.

at p. 822.) The court found discriminatory intent to be inherent in these generic

―group-based presuppositions‖ that ―one who lives in an area heavily populated by

poor black people could not fairly try a black defendant.‖ (Id. at p. 825.)

19

The prosecutor‘s justification here is distinguishable from the justification

at issue in Bishop. True: in some ways, the purported basis of unawareness of

gang activity in one‘s neighborhood was particular to Wasco, a city whose

population is mostly Hispanic or Latino. After all, the prosecutor did not exercise

a strike, for example, against non-Hispanic Prospective Juror No. 2581907, a

longtime resident of Tehachapi who was unaware of gang problems in his

neighborhood.6 But such a discrepancy is not altogether inconsistent, given the

prosecutor‘s articulated basis referencing Trevino‘s Wasco gang affiliation. The

reason was thus not inherently based on stereotypical views of Wasco residents.

We find the Wasco reason to be facially neutral. Our conclusion is

compelled by the high court‘s decision in Purkett, which held that the second stage

of the Batson/Wheeler framework ―does not demand an explanation that is

persuasive, or even plausible. ‗ . . . [T]he issue is the facial validity of the

prosecutor‘s explanation.‘ ‖ (Purkett, supra, 514 U.S. at p. 768.) Accordingly, we

proceed to the third step of the Batson/Wheeler inquiry, in order to assess the

credibility of the explanations provided. (Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 613.)

b. Credibility of Explanation

At the third step of the Batson/Wheeler analysis, the trial court evaluates

the credibility of the prosecutor‘s neutral explanation. Credibility may be gauged

by examining factors including but not limited to ― ‗the prosecutor's demeanor; by

how reasonable, or how improbable, the explanations are; and by whether the

proffered rationale has some basis in accepted trial strategy.‘ ‖ (Jones, supra, 51

Cal.4th at p. 360.)

In evaluating the prosecutor‘s reasons, the court expressly acknowledged

6 This individual was ultimately seated on the jury.

20

the justification for striking Juror 2723471, noting that she ―was excused as a

result of the Wasco issue.‖ It also observed that the prosecutor ―did pass several

times with Ms. 2723471 still on the panel.‖ Moments later, in denying

defendants‘ Batson/Wheeler motion as to all Hispanic panelists, the court made a

global finding that ―in looking at the totality of the circumstances and judging the

reasons given by [the prosecutor], I don‘t find his reasons to be a pretext in this

particular case, and he does appear consistent.‖ The prosecutor cited the ―Wasco

reason‖ for challenging both Jurors 2723471 and 2408196, the only two panelists

who were Wasco residents. This rationale nonetheless applied only to Hispanic

panelists –– so the notion that the prosecutor ―consistently‖ cited this reason

appears minimally probative on the issue of whether the reason offered by the

prosecutor was credible. The court also made a general finding that the prosecutor

had ―paid the same attention to all the jurors in terms of questioning whether they

are Hispanic or not Hispanic, and he‘s asked appropriate questions to all the jurors

. . . .‖ Yet the prosecutor questioned only Hispanic panelists about gang activity in

Wasco, because only Hispanic panelists stated that they lived in Wasco. No

adequate comparison exists between Hispanic and non-Hispanic panelists

regarding the prosecutor‘s questioning specifically about Wasco.

The prosecutor‘s articulated basis for striking Juror 2723471 was derived

solely from three responses to yes/no questions, which established that this

panelist lived in Wasco and was not aware of gangs active in the Wasco area. The

prosecutor may have conveyed the gist of his concern — that he was uncertain

how a prospective juror‘s unawareness of Wasco gang activity might bear on her

response to Trevino — but his explanation left some lucidity to be desired. What

the People argue on review is that Trevino was an ―important witness‖ for the

prosecution, and ―[t]he prosecutor could have reasonably anticipated that Trevino

would testify as to his own gang affiliation and criminal activity in Wasco.‖ They

21

assert, ―The fact that a potential juror is unaware of the activity of gangs in Wasco

could cause that juror to be biased against Trevino who would testify to the

contrary.‖ In consideration of the record of voir dire, such a deduction is tenuous.

It is not evident why a panelist‘s unawareness of gang activity in Wasco would

indicate a bias against a member of a gang based in Wasco. Although it is

possible that a juror unaware of gang activity in Wasco would be discomfited by,

and skeptical of, a witness who claimed to be member of a gang based in her

neighborhood, such a conclusion does not strike us as an obvious or natural

inference drawn from this panelist‘s responses.

It is conceivable — even though the People do not present this argument —

that the prosecutor genuinely believed gang activity to be so rampant in Wasco

that this panelist must have been either untruthful or uninformed in denying her

awareness of Wasco gang activity. If this had been the case, such reasoning

should have been articulated by the prosecutor. ―[A] prosecutor simply has got to

state his reasons as best he can and stand or fall on the plausibility of the reasons

he gives. A Batson challenge does not call for a mere exercise in thinking up any

rational basis.‖ (See Miller-El II, supra, 545 U.S. at p. 252.)7

The questioning of Juror 2723471 provides little aid in elucidating the

reasoning for this strike. The prosecutor asked no follow-up questions to this

7 Even if a prosecutor had justified this strike with the belief that a panelist‘s

professed unawareness of gang activity indicated her dishonesty or ignorance, the

basis for such a belief would compel further scrutiny. Insofar as a prosecutor‘s

challenges might be guided by an ungrounded assumption that Hispanic or Latino

residents of Wasco (a community that is predominantly Hispanic or Latino) should

be aware of gang activity in their neighborhood, a court might query whether this

reasoning is inherently neutral as to race or ethnicity. (See Bishop, supra, 959

F.2d at p. 827 [justification is not race-neutral when ―tainted by impermissible

generalizations regarding racial groups and their environment‖].)

22

prospective juror, certainly none about how she would react if she heard that a

member of a Wasco gang would testify in this case. No further support for the

People‘s argument is found in this panelist‘s dialogue with either the court or any

of the defense attorneys. The prosecutor‘s swift termination of individual voir dire

of this panelist — even though her responses did not evince a manifest

predisposition to disbelieve or dislike Trevino — at least raises a question as to

how interested he was in meaningfully examining whether her unawareness of

gang activity in Wasco might cause her to be biased against the witness for the

People‘s case. (Cf. Miller-El II, supra, 545 U.S. at p. 246 [―[T]he prosecution

asked nothing further about the influence his brother‘s history might have had on

[the prospective juror], as it probably would have done if the family history had

actually mattered. [Citation.] There is no good reason to doubt that the State‘s

afterthought about [the prospective juror]‘s brother was anything but

makeweight.‖].)

In the course of responding to voir dire questioning by the court, Juror

2723471 disclosed that she had relatives in corrections and law enforcement

positions. Her former husband was a correctional officer, and she had other

relatives in law enforcement positions, including an uncle who worked for the

California Highway Patrol. The record demonstrates that this prosecutor viewed

familial relationships with law enforcement members as a generally desirable

characteristic. The prosecutor explained that he considered his strikes of Jurors

2510083 and 2468219 to be a ―tough call‖ because of their relatives in law

enforcement. The prosecutor‘s statements, considered in context, reveal that he

viewed familial ties to law enforcement as an offsetting force against

characteristics he perceived as negative. The fact that the prosecutor struck Juror

2723471 despite her law enforcement ties — though he expressed his tendency to

favor this characteristic with regard to other panelists — is a relevant circumstance

23

in assessing the credibility of the prosecutor‘s reasoning. (See Miller-El II, supra,

545 U.S. at p. 247 [considering fact that challenged black panelist ―should have

been an ideal juror in the eyes of a prosecutor‖ when assessing credibility of

prosecutor‘s reasons].)

Weighing against a finding of discriminatory intent, however, is the fact

that the prosecutor passed on challenges five times while Juror 2723471 remained

on the panel. She lasted through one full panel round and was the first person

struck during the next panel round. These passes may tend to indicate the

prosecutor‘s good faith. (See People v. Snow (1987) 44 Cal.3d 216, 225.) Indeed,

we have found that passes while a specific panelist remains on the panel ―

‗strongly suggest[] that race was not a motive‘ ‖ in challenged strikes. (People v.

Lomax (2010) 49 Cal.4th 530, 576; see Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 629.) We

bear in mind this circumstance, which the trial court recognized. But neither that

acknowledgement nor the prosecutor‘s passes themselves wholly preclude a

finding that a panelist is struck on account of bias against an identifiable group,

when such a strike occurs eventually instead of immediately. (See Avila,

supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 549 [as to a Wheeler motion, ―the issue is whether a

particular prospective juror has been challenged because of group bias‖].)

Some neutral reasons for a challenge are sufficiently self-evident, if

honestly held, such that they require little additional explication. One example:

excusing a panelist because she has previously been victim to the same crime at

issue in the case to be tried. Moreover, a peremptory challenge may be based on a

broad range of factors indicative of juror partiality, even those which are

―apparently trivial‖ or ―highly speculative.‖ (People v. Williams (1997) 16 Cal.4th

153, 191, citing Wheeler, supra, 22 Cal.3d at p. 275.) Yet when it is not self-

evident why an advocate would harbor a concern, the question of whether a

neutral explanation is genuine and made in good faith becomes more pressing.

24

That is particularly so when, as here, an advocate uses a considerable number of

challenges to exclude a large proportion of members of a cognizable group. (See

Jones, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 362 [statistics of strikes constitute ―probative

circumstances‖ in evaluating whether trial court erred in denying Batson/Wheeler

motion].) Out of 16 strikes exercised by the prosecution up to that point, 10 were

used to remove jurors who shared the same ethnicity as defendants. Four of these

challenges against Hispanics were consecutive. And when the motion was made,

10 out of 12 Hispanic panelists (83 percent) who had entered the jury box were

peremptorily struck by the prosecution.

Advocates and courts both have a role to play in building a record worthy

of deference. Advocates should bear in mind the record created by their own

questioning — where the court and opposing counsel have failed to elicit panelist

responses in a certain area of interest — as well as their explanations for

peremptory challenges. In this instance, it is difficult to lend credence to the

prosecutor‘s concern about ―how [Juror 2723471] would respond when she hears

that Gabriel Trevino is from a criminal street gang‖ when his brief questioning of

this panelist failed to shed light on the nature of his apprehension or otherwise

indicate his interest in meaningfully examining the topic, and the matter was far

from self-evident.

The court, too, has its own obligations under the progeny of Batson and

Wheeler. ―[W]hen the prosecutor‘s stated reasons are either unsupported by the

record, inherently implausible, or both, more is required of the trial court than a

global finding that the reasons appear sufficient.‖ (Silva, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p.

386.) The court here acknowledged the ―Wasco issue‖ justification and deemed it

neutral and nonpretextual by blanket statements. It never clarified why it accepted

the Wasco reason as an honest one. Another tendered basis for this strike, the

reference to the prospective juror‘s ―other answers‖ as they related to an

25

expectation of her reaction to Trevino, was not borne out by the record — but the

court did not reject this reason or ask the prosecutor to explain further. In

addition, the court improperly cited a justification not offered by the prosecutor: a

lack of life experience. On this record, we are unable to conclude that the trial

court made ―a sincere and reasoned attempt to evaluate the prosecutor‘s

explanation‖ regarding the strike of Juror 2723471. (Hall, supra, 35 Cal.3d at p.

167.) The court may have made a sincere attempt to assess the Wasco rationale,

but it never explained why it decided this justification was not a pretext for a

discriminatory purpose. Because the prosecutor‘s reason for this strike was not

self-evident and the record is void of any explication from the court, we cannot

find under these circumstances that the court made a reasoned attempt to

determine whether the justification was a credible one.

Though we exercise great restraint in reviewing a prosecutor‘s explanations

and typically afford deference to a trial court‘s Batson/Wheeler rulings, we can

only perform a meaningful review when the record contains evidence of solid

value. Providing an adequate record may prove onerous, particularly when jury

selection extends over several days and involves a significant number of potential

jurors. It can be difficult to keep all the panelists and their responses straight.

Nevertheless, the obligation to avoid discrimination in jury selection is a pivotal

one. It is the duty of courts and counsel to ensure the record is both accurate and

adequately developed.

Excluding by peremptory challenge even ―a single juror on the basis of race

or ethnicity is an error of constitutional magnitude.‖ (Silva, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p.

386.) The trial court‘s ruling — its finding that defendants had not met their

burden of proving intentional discrimination with respect to the prosecutor‘s

exclusion of Juror 2723471 — was unreasonable in light of the record of voir dire

proceedings. Our conclusion renders it unnecessary to determine whether the trial

26

court erred in denying the Batson/Wheeler motion as to other Hispanic panelists.

Because the court‘s denial of defendants‘ motion is unsupported, at least regarding

Juror 2723471, we conclude that defendants were denied their right to a fair trial

in violation of the equal protection clause of the federal Constitution and their

right to a trial by a jury drawn from a representative cross-section of the

community under the state Constitution. (Batson, supra, 476 U.S. at pp. 84–89;

Wheeler, supra, 22 Cal.3d at pp. 276–277.) Such error is structural and requires

reversal of defendants‘ resulting convictions. We can ― ‗neither indulge a

presumption of regularity nor evaluate the resulting harm,‘ ‖ for racial

discrimination in jury selection ― ‗undermines the structural integrity of the

criminal tribunal.‘ ‖ (People v. Turner (1986) 42 Cal.3d 711, 728.)

2. Comparative Analysis

When a court undertakes comparative juror analysis, it engages in a

comparison between, on the one hand, a challenged panelist, and on the other

hand, similarly situated but unchallenged panelists who are not members of the

challenged panelist‘s protected group. (See Miller-El II, supra, 545 U.S. at p.

241.) In this case, a comparative analysis would ask whether the prosecutor‘s

justification for striking one Hispanic individual applies just as well to an

otherwise similarly situated non-Hispanic individual who is permitted to serve on

the jury. The high court has held that comparative analysis may be probative of

purposeful discrimination at Batson‘s third stage. (See Miller-El II, at p. 241.)

The individuals compared need not be identical in every respect aside from

ethnicity: ―A per se rule that a defendant cannot win a Batson claim unless there

is an exactly identical white juror would leave Batson inoperable; potential jurors

are not products of a set of cookie cutters.‖ (Miller-El II, at p. 247, fn. 6.)

27

a. Trial Court’s Comparisons

In its review of the prosecutor‘s justifications, the trial court engaged in

some comparative juror analysis. Regarding removed Hispanic female Juror

2510083, the court pointed out a similarly situated non-Hispanic male who was

still on the panel (and who would sit on the jury), Juror 2861675. The court

commented, ―Mr. 2861675 is young. He‘s the only one that I find similarly

situated perhaps to . . . Ms. 2510083 in terms of perhaps having a lack of life

experience, but there were other reasons as he gave to those jurors as well, not just

the lack of life experience.‖

The court endeavored to identify nonchallenged jurors who were similarly

situated to challenged jurors in other respects. For the most part, it found no

adequate comparisons. The court noted that the prosecutor had been consistent in

excusing jurors who had ―grown up in gang areas‖ or whose relatives ―have been

involved in criminal gang activities.‖ The court also found that the prosecutor had

been consistent in excusing prospective jurors who mentioned being upset about

negative experiences with law enforcement. In other words, the court did not

identify any panelists similarly situated as to those gang-related life experiences or

as to negative encounters with law enforcement who had avoided a peremptory

challenge by the prosecutor.

b. Court of Appeal’s Reasoning

On direct appeal, defendants urged the Court of Appeal to engage in

comparative juror analysis. The court declined, stating that ―[w]e do not engage in

a comparative analysis of various juror responses to evaluate the good faith of the

prosecutor‘s stated reasons for excusing a particular juror ‗because comparative

analysis of jurors unrealistically ignores ―the variety of factors and considerations

that go into a lawyer‘s decision to select certain jurors while challenging others

that appear to be similar.‖ ‘ ‖

28

Defendants argue that the Court of Appeal erred in refusing to undertake

comparative juror analysis. We agree. By avoiding comparative juror analysis in

this context, the Court of Appeal went against the grain of established holdings

from both our court and the high court, which recognize comparisons between

panelists who are challenged and those who are not to be valuable tools in

determining the credibility of explanations. (See, e.g., Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at

p. 622 [comparative juror analysis relevant to issue of intentional discrimination];

Foster v. Chatman (2016) ___ U.S. ___, ___ [136 S.Ct. 1737, 1750] [explanations

―difficult to credit because the State willingly accepted white jurors with the same

traits that supposedly rendered Garrett an unattractive juror‖]; Snyder v. Louisiana

(2008) 552 U.S. 472, 483 [implausibility of explanation for removing African

American prospective juror ―reinforced by the prosecutor's acceptance of white

jurors who disclosed conflicting obligations that appear to have been at least as

serious‖]; Miller-El II, supra, 545 U.S. at p. 241 [―More powerful than these bare

statistics, however, are side-by-side comparisons of some black venire panelists

who were struck and white panelists allowed to serve‖].)

The appellate court reached its erroneous conclusion by relying on an

excerpt from People v. Johnson (1989) 47 Cal.3d 1194, 1220, which suggested

that comparative analysis performed by a reviewing court is disfavored as

impractical and insufficiently deferential to the trial court. But our subsequent

decisions have superseded Johnson in this respect. What we held in Lenix is that

―evidence of comparative juror analysis must be considered in the trial court and

even for the first time on appeal if relied upon by defendant and the record is

adequate to permit the urged comparisons.‖ (Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 622,

italics added.) We are mindful that comparative analysis is subject to inherent

limitations, especially when performed for the first time on appeal. (Ibid.) But it

was error for the Court of Appeal to categorically conclude that a court should not

29

undertake a comparative analysis for the first time on appeal — regardless of the

adequacy of the record. The Court of Appeal also erred in declining to review the

panelist comparison that had been made by the trial court, the comparison between

Jurors 2510083 and 2861675. We overrule People v. Johnson (1989) 47 Cal.3d

1194 to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.

30

III. CONCLUSION

Counsel have a role to play in ensuring that the record of proceedings

sufficiently supports neutral, credible justifications for strikes of prospective

jurors. But the ultimate responsibility of safeguarding the integrity of jury

selection and our justice system rests with courts. (Wheeler, supra, 22 Cal.3d at p.

272.) For at least one excluded panelist in this case, the record does not permit us

to find that the trial court met its obligations to make ― ‗a sincere and reasoned

attempt to evaluate the prosecutor‘s explanation‘ ‖ and ―clearly express its

findings.‖ (Silva, supra, 25 Cal.4th 345 at p. 385.) In light of the voir dire record,

we conclude that the trial court erred in denying defendants‘ Batson/Wheeler

motion. In addition, the Court of Appeal erred in refusing to conduct comparative

juror analysis. We reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeal and remand for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

CUÉLLAR, J.

WE CONCUR:

CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.

WERDEGAR, J.

CHIN, J.

CORRIGAN, J.

LIU, J.

KRUGER, J.

31

CONCURRING OPINION BY LIU, J.

I agree that the trial court erred in rejecting defendants‘ claim of racial

discrimination in jury selection under Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79

(Batson) and People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258 (Wheeler). Today‘s

decision is the first time in 16 years, and the second time in over 25 years, that this

court has found a Batson/Wheeler violation. (People v. Silva (2001) 25 Cal.4th

345, 385 (Silva); People v. Fuentes (1991) 54 Cal.3d 707, 720 (Fuentes); see

People v. Harris (2013) 57 Cal.4th 804, 885, 892–898 (conc. opn. of Liu, J.).)

The occasion provides an opportunity to review key principles of Batson/Wheeler

analysis and to make a few observations about the nature of the legal inquiry.

I.

In applying the three-stage Batson/Wheeler inquiry, our court and the

United States Supreme Court have set forth several important precepts. First,

―[a]lthough we generally ‗accord great deference to the trial court‘s ruling that a

particular reason is genuine,‘ we do so only when the trial court has made a

sincere and reasoned attempt to evaluate each stated reason as applied to each

challenged juror.‖ (Silva, supra, 25 Cal.4th at pp. 385–386, italics added; see

Fuentes, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 720 [―[A] truly ‗reasoned attempt‘ to evaluate the

prosecutor‘s explanations [citation] requires the court to address the challenged

1

jurors individually to determine whether any one of them has been improperly

excluded.‖].)

Second, ―when illegitimate grounds like race are in issue,‖ a prosecutor‘s

decision to strike a juror must ―stand or fall on the plausibility of the reasons he

gives.‖ (Miller-El v. Dretke (2006) 545 U.S. 231, 252 (Miller-El).) It does not

matter if ―a trial judge, or an appeals court, can imagine a reason that might not

have been shown up as false‖; a court‘s ―substitution of a reason‖ not given by the

prosecutor ―does nothing to satisfy the prosecutor[‘s] burden of stating a racially

neutral explanation for [his] own actions.‖ (Ibid.)

Third, at the final stage of Batson/Wheeler analysis, courts must consider

― ‗ ―all relevant circumstances‖ ‘ ‖ in determining whether a strike was improperly

motivated, and this requires a careful ―review of the entire record.‖ (People v.

Lenix (2008) 44 Cal.4th 602, 616 (Lenix); see Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan

Housing Development Corp (1988) 429 U.S. 252, 266 [―Determining whether

invidious discriminatory purpose was a motivating factor demands a sensitive

inquiry into such circumstantial and direct evidence of intent as may be

available.‖], quoted in Foster v. Chatman (2016) 578 U.S. __, __ [136 S.Ct. 1737,

1748] (Foster).)

Fourth, comparative juror analysis is an important tool in ferreting out

improper discrimination (see Foster, supra, 578 U.S. at p. __ [136 S.Ct. at

p. 1750]; Snyder v. Louisiana (2008) 552 U.S. 472, 483 (Snyder); Miller-El,

supra, 545 U.S. at p. 241), and the mandate to consider all relevant circumstances

means a court must undertake comparative juror analysis even if it is raised for the

first time on appeal (Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 622).

Today‘s opinion explains how the trial court and the Court of Appeal ran

afoul of these principles in evaluating the prosecutor‘s strike of Prospective Juror

No. 2723471 (Juror 2723471). The trial court did not discharge its duty to make a

2

sincere and reasoned attempt to evaluate the prosecutor‘s reason for striking this

juror. In upholding the strike, the trial court relied on a reason (―lack of life

experience‖) that the prosecutor did not give. The Court of Appeal accorded

deference to the trial court‘s ruling even though no deference was warranted.

Neither the trial court‘s ruling nor the Court of Appeal‘s opinion provided the

careful and thorough examination of the record that today‘s opinion does in

determining whether the prosecutor‘s stated reason was credible. And the Court

of Appeal improperly refused to conduct the comparative juror analysis urged by

defendants.

The trial court and the Court of Appeal committed similar errors in

evaluating the prosecutor‘s strikes of Prospective Juror No. 2547226 (Juror

2547226) and Prospective Juror No. 2510083 (Juror 2510083). Today‘s opinion

identifies these errors but does not decide whether the trial court should have

granted defendants‘ Batson/Wheeler motion with respect to these strikes. I would

hold that these two strikes were improper as well.

As the court recounts (maj. opn., ante, at pp. 12–15), the prosecutor initially

could not recall why he had struck Juror 2547226. After consulting his notes, he

said: ―I believe I asked her about 12 votes, each independent of the others and her

being able to, you know, take on the task which is obviously the difficult task of

any juror of both standing their own ground where they believe they are right, and

also listening to other people. And I was concerned about her articulation about

that role. I was concerned about her understanding of that and her ability to —

quite frankly if she felt strongly to be heard in the course of jury deliberations.‖

The trial court gave no indication that it examined this strike at all; its global

ruling on the Batson/Wheeler motion did not mention this juror. In according

deference to the trial court‘s ruling on this strike, the Court of Appeal erred.

3

The Court of Appeal relied on two reasons in upholding the strike of Juror

2547226. The first was that she ―expressed that she did not know how many

jurors had to agree to a verdict in a criminal case.‖ But the prosecutor did not rely

on this reason, so it cannot be a valid basis for upholding the strike. (Maj. opn.,

ante, at p. 14.) Second, the Court of Appeal said, ―The prosecutor‘s stated reasons

reflect that, based upon Juror 2547226‘s equivocal answers to voir dire questions,

he had doubts about her being able to engage fully in the deliberative process and

fulfill her role as a juror.‖ But the juror‘s responses to whether she would have

problems voicing disagreement with others (―I think I do better at listening than

speaking my mind out‖ and ―I don‘t think so‖) were not understood by the

prosecutor at that time to signal equivocation. As today‘s opinion notes, the

prosecutor inferred no equivocation from similar answers given by Prospective

Juror No. 2570137 (Juror 2570137), a non-Hispanic female juror whom the

prosecutor described as ―very soft spoken.‖ (Maj. opn., ante, at pp. 14–15.) In

addition, immediately after questioning Juror 2547226, the prosecutor sought to

confirm the independent-mindedness of Prospective Juror No. 2758066 (Juror

2758066) by reference to the answers given by Juror 2547226:

―Q. You‘ve heard what some of the things that Ms. 2547226 and I have

been talking about. And is there anything that you disagree with as far as what

she’s been saying?

―A. No.

―Q. As far as yourself being a member, a possible member on this jury, or

on any jury, would you have any difficulty speaking your mind?

―A. No, none whatsoever.

―Q. Would you have any difficulty listening to other people hearing what

they have to say and taking that into serious consideration?

4

―A. I can listen to other people and make up my own mind.‖ (Italics

added.)

If the prosecutor had thought Juror 2547226‘s answers expressed

equivocation, why would the prosecutor have used that juror‘s answers as a

reference point for assessing the next juror‘s ability to speak and make up his own

mind? It was only after the prosecutor reviewed his notes, after initially saying he

did not know why he struck Juror 2547226, that the prosecutor mentioned

concerns about her independence. In light of the consistent answers Juror

2547226 gave and the prosecutor‘s voir dire of Jurors 2758066 and 2570137, the

credibility of the stated reason for this strike does not find support in the record.

A careful review of the record also casts doubt on the credibility of the

prosecutor‘s reasons for striking Juror 2510083. The prosecutor said he was

concerned about this juror‘s lack of life experience and the lack of sophistication

in her answers, and because she had asked for a hardship release. (Maj. opn., ante,

at p. 17.) The trial court noted that one of the non-Hispanic jurors still on the jury

at the time of the Batson motion was ―similarly situated‖ to Juror 2510083 with

respect to life experience. It therefore declined to credit that reason. But the trial

court found ―other reasons‖ given by the prosecutor — presumably Juror

2510083‘s hardship request and lack of sophistication — to be credible. The

Court of Appeal affirmed on the hardship ground alone.

But the Court of Appeal erred in relying on that ground because any

hardship had been resolved, in the prosecutor‘s presence, by the time he stated this

reason for striking Juror 2510083. (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 17.) The Attorney

General argues, for the first time before this court, that the prosecutor made a

mistake of fact regarding Juror 2510083‘s hardship. Although ―an isolated

mistake or misstatement that the trial court recognizes as such is generally

insufficient to demonstrate discriminatory intent,‖ we have said ―it is another

5

matter altogether when . . . the record of voir dire provides no support for the

prosecutor‘s stated reasons for exercising a peremptory challenge and the trial

court has failed to probe the issue.‖ (Silva, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 385, italics

added.) Here, the trial court did not recognize the discrepancy and did not probe

the issue. Because we have no basis for concluding that the prosecutor made a

mistake, the hardship ground cannot serve as a valid basis for upholding the strike.

The only other reason given by the prosecutor was that he ―thought there

was a lack of sophistication in some of her answers.‖ But it is not evident from

the record what answers the prosecutor was referring to. The prosecutor‘s voir

dire of Juror 2510083, which is reprinted in today‘s opinion (maj. opn., ante, at

pp. 16–17), did not include any questions that could reasonably be understood to

probe the juror‘s sophistication. The trial court also questioned this juror:

―Q. Ms. 2510083, how are you this morning?

―A. Good.

―Q. If we can get your information please.

―A. I‘m an instructional aide at an elementary school and I‘m not married

and I don‘t have any children. I live in the southwest part of town and I have no

jury experience.

―Q. All right. The questions we asked the other jurors, any of those

questions relate to you, ma‘am?

―A. Just a couple. I have a cousin that‘s CHP here in Bakersfield. I have

another cousin in Yuma, Arizona and he‘s highway patrol. And then my cousin

— they are all older, older cousins. She‘s a paralegal for an attorney here.

―Q. Here in town?

―A. Yeah.

―Q. Do you know what kind of law that attorney practices?

―A. Worker‘s comp.

6

―Q. Go ahead.

―A. That‘s it.

―Q. That was it?

―A. Yeah.

―Q. All right. Anything else . . . that leads you to believe that you would

not be able to be a fair juror in this case?

―A. No.‖

In addition, the defense questioned Juror 2510083 as follows:

―Q. Ms. 2510083, do you think that people can be trained not to make any

mistakes?

―A. No.

―Q. They can be trained to do some mistakes or less mistakes?

―A. Yeah. If they — yeah.

―Q. But there‘s no perfection?

―A. No.

―Q. So you think that perhaps sometimes even police officers can make

mistakes?

―A. Yeah, everybody makes mistakes.‖

From this record, I am unable to discern which of Juror 2510083‘s answers

signaled a lack of sophistication. The prosecutor did not point to any specific

answer, and the trial court did not inquire. It is possible that the juror‘s demeanor

or intonation affected the prosecutor‘s perception of her answers; the prosecutor

said, ―she came across of [sic] being quite young.‖ But because the trial court

made no findings in that regard, our reliance on the juror‘s demeanor would be

speculative. (Cf. Snyder, supra, 552 U.S. at p. 479.) In any event, it is not clear

how any of the prosecutor‘s questions or other questions directed at Juror 2510083

7

served to gauge her level of sophistication. In sum, none of the prosecutor‘s

reasons for striking Juror 2510083 withstands scrutiny.

II.

As noted, the last time this court found a Batson/Wheeler violation was in

Silva in 2001 and, before that, in Fuentes in 1991. In those cases, as in this one,

the trial court did not meet its obligation to carefully examine each reason given

for each strike and to make an adequate record that clearly explained the basis of

its rulings. (Maj. opn., ante, at pp. 25–26, 31; see Silva, supra, 25 Cal.4th at

p. 385 [trial court did not ―make ‗a sincere and reasoned attempt to evaluate the

prosecutor‘s explanation‘ ‖ or ―clearly express its findings‖]; Fuentes, supra, 54

Cal.3d at p. 716, fn. 5 [same].) No deference may be accorded to such

unexplained rulings when the reason for a strike is not ―self-evident‖ (maj. opn.,

ante, at p. 24); a reviewing court must undertake its own thorough inquiry, with no

presumption in favor of the trial court‘s ruling. Today‘s opinion reinforces the

teaching of Silva and Fuentes that reviewing courts may find it ―difficult to lend

credence to the prosecutor‘s concern‖ when neither the prosecutor nor the trial

court has made an adequate record. (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 25.)

I offer a few additional observations to put today‘s decision in context. As

the high court has explained, ―the adjudication of a Batson claim is, at bottom, a

credibility determination.‖ (Foster, supra, 578 U.S. at p. __ [136 S.Ct. at

p. 1765].) In some cases, the inquiry turns up information that directly reveals the

improper use of race. In Foster, the high court noted that ―[t]he sheer number of

references to race in [the prosecution‘s] file is arresting‖ and that ―[a]n ‗N‘ [for

‗No‘] appeared next to each of the black prospective jurors‘ names on the jury

venire list‖ and ―next to the name of each black prospective juror on the list of the

42 qualified prospective jurors.‖ (Id. at p. __ [136 S.Ct. at p. 1755].) In Miller-El,

the high court observed that ―for decades leading up to the time this case was tried

8

prosecutors in the Dallas County office had followed a specific policy of

systematically excluding blacks from juries . . . .‖ (Miller-El, supra, 545 U.S. at

p. 263.) A manual ― ‗outlining the reasoning for excluding minorities from jury

service‘ ‖ had been distributed to prosecutors (id. at p. 264), and the prosecutors in

Miller-El ―took their cues‖ from this manual ―as shown by their notes of the race

of each potential juror‖ (id. at p. 266).

But Foster and Miller-El involved trials that took place over 30 years ago.

(See Foster, supra, 578 U.S. at p. __ [136 S.Ct. at p. 1755] [trial occurred just

months after Batson was decided in 1986]; Miller-El, supra, 545 U.S. at pp. 235–

236 [trial occurred just months before Batson].) I would surmise and hope, though

I do not know for sure, that such brazenly unlawful practices are rare today.

More typical are the circumstances in Snyder, supra, 552 U.S. 472, which

involved a 1996 capital trial. The prosecutor gave two reasons for striking a black

juror, Jeffrey Brooks. As to the prosecutor‘s first reason — ― ‗he looked very

nervous to me throughout the questioning‘ ‖ — the high court said ―we cannot

presume that the trial judge credited the prosecutor‘s assertion that Mr. Brooks

was nervous‖ because the trial court made no ―specific finding on the record

concerning Mr. Brooks‘ demeanor.‖ (Id. at pp. 478, 479.) The prosecutor‘s

second concern was that Mr. Brooks had a teaching obligation that might cause

him to try ― ‗to go home quickly‘ ‖ by returning ― ‗a lesser verdict so there

wouldn‘t be a penalty phase.‘ ‖ (Id. at p. 478.) The high court found this reason

―suspicious‖ and ―highly speculative‖ because (among other reasons) Mr. Brooks‘

―dean stated that he did not think that [Mr. Brooks‘ jury service] would be a

problem‖ and ―the record contains no suggestion that Mr. Brooks remained

troubled after hearing the report of the dean‘s remarks.‖ (Id. at pp. 482, 483.)

Further, the high court said ―[t]he implausibility of this explanation is reinforced

by the prosecutor‘s acceptance of white jurors who disclosed conflicting

9

obligations that appear to have been at least as serious as Mr. Brooks‘.‖ (Id. at

p. 483.)

The nature of the case before us is closer to Snyder than to Foster or Miller-

El. Our finding of improper discrimination as to Juror 2723471 is not based on

any conduct that is particularly egregious or any evidence that approximates a

smoking gun. Instead, the analysis in today‘s opinion involves a careful and

comprehensive review of the record, highlighting the lack of comparable

questioning of non-Hispanic jurors (maj. opn., ante, at p. 21), the lack of any

indication that the prosecutor thought the juror was untruthful or uninformed (id.

at p. 22), the prosecutor‘s lack of interest in ―meaningfully examining‖ the Wasco

issue with the juror (id. at p. 23), and the fact that the prosecutor struck Juror

2723471 despite her law enforcement ties ―though he expressed his tendency to

favor this characteristic with regard to other panelists‖ (id. at pp. 23–24).

Today‘s decision is an apt illustration of the ― ‗sensitive inquiry‘ ‖ (Foster,

supra, 578 U.S. at p. __ [136 S.Ct. at p. 1748]) and ―review of the entire record‖

(Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 616) that Batson/Wheeler analysis demands. Rarely

does a record contain direct evidence of purposeful discrimination. More often, as

in this case and in Snyder, the inquiry calls on courts to assess the credibility of

reasons given for a strike by drawing inferences from ― ‗such circumstantial . . .

evidence of intent as may be available,‘ ‖ including comparative juror analysis.

(Foster, at p. __ [136 S.Ct. at p. 1748].) As today‘s opinion demonstrates, this

requires a searching review of the record as well as sensitivity to the

disproportionate effect that certain reasons — such as the gang-related reasons in

this case — may have in excluding members of cognizable groups.

In most cases, courts cannot discern a prosecutor‘s subjective intent with

anything approaching certainty. But the issue is not whether the evidence of

improper discrimination approaches certainty or even amounts to clear and

10

convincing proof. The ultimate issue is ―whether it was more likely than not that

the challenge was improperly motivated.‖ (Johnson v. California (2005) 545 U.S.

162, 170, italics added.) This probabilistic standard is not designed to elicit a

definitive finding of deceit or racism. Instead, it defines a level of risk that courts

cannot tolerate in light of the serious harms that racial discrimination in jury

selection causes to the defendant, to the excluded juror, and to ―public confidence

in the fairness of our system of justice.‖ (Batson, supra, 476 U.S. at p. 87; see

Miller-El, supra, 545 U.S. at p. 238; Powers v. Ohio (1991) 499 U.S. 400, 412–

414.) In the case before us, as in Snyder, the inferential analysis supports the

conclusion that it is more likely than not that one or more strikes were improperly

motivated. But I do not think the finding of a violation should brand the

prosecutor a liar or a bigot. Such loaded terms obscure the systemic values that

the constitutional prohibition on racial discrimination in jury selection is designed

to serve.

With these observations, I join the opinion of the court.

LIU, J.

11

See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.

Name of Opinion People v. Gutierrez, People v. Ramos & People v. Enriquez

__________________________________________________________________________________

Unpublished Opinion XXX NP opn. filed 1/30/15 – 5th Dist.

Original Appeal

Original Proceeding

Review Granted

Rehearing Granted

__________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion No. S224724 & S240419

Date Filed: June 1, 2017

__________________________________________________________________________________

Court: Superior

County: Kern

Judge: Michael E. Dellostritto

__________________________________________________________________________________

Counsel:

Scott Concklin, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant Rene Gutierrez, Jr.

Donn Ginoza, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant Gabriel Ramos.

Janet J. Gray, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant Ramiro Enriquez.

Mary McComb, State Public Defender, Elias Batchelder and AJ Kutchins, Deputy State Public Defenders,

as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants.

Kamala D. Harris and Xavier Becerra, Attorneys General, Gerald A. Engler and Dane R. Gillette, Chief

Assistant Attorneys General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Daniel B. Bernstein, Eric L.

Christoffersen, Rachelle A. Newcomb and Jennifer M. Poe, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and

Respondent.

Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):

Janet J. Gray

P.O. Box 51962

Pacific Grove, CA 93950

(831) 375-6263

Jennifer M. Poe

Deputy Attorney General

1300 I Street, Suite 125

Sacramento, CA 94244-2550

(916) 324-5474