The opinion
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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 16-11995
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cv-20886-MGC
FRANZ HERMAN RIGG,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
WARDEN, BLACKWATER RIVER CORRECTIONAL FACILITY,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(April 17, 2017)
Before HULL, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Franz Rigg, a counseled Florida prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial
of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas petition, in which he challenged his 2008
convictions for sexual battery and kidnapping. On appeal, Rigg argues that: (1) the
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district court erred in concluding that Claim 2, in which he alleged a violation of
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), was procedurally defaulted, because he
qualified for an exception under Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012); (2) the
district court erred in concluding that Claims 3a and 3f, in which he asserted
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims, were procedurally defaulted, because the
court wrongly held that those claims were not “substantial” enough to satisfy the
Martinez exception; and (3) the district court incorrectly evaluated his properly
exhausted ineffective-assistance claims. After thorough review, we affirm.
We review the district court’s denial of a habeas petition de novo, its factual
findings for clear error, and mixed questions of law and fact de novo. McNair v.
Campbell, 416 F.3d 1291, 1297 (11th Cir. 2005). “An ineffective assistance of
counsel claim is a mixed question of law and fact subject to de novo review.” Id.
First, we are unpersuaded by Rigg’s claim that the district court erred in
holding that his Brady claim was procedurally defaulted. The doctrine of
procedural default arises when a state prisoner fails to present his claims to the
state court in a timely and proper manner, and the state court refuses to address the
merits based on state law. Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 81-88 (1977). In
those circumstances, a federal habeas court is precluded from hearing the merits,
absent a showing of cause for the failure to properly present the claim and actual
prejudice, or that the failure to consider the claim would result in a fundamental
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miscarriage of justice. Id. Procedural default can arise in two ways: (1) when the
state court correctly applies a procedural default principle of state law and
concludes that the petitioner’s federal claims are barred; or (2) when the petitioner
never raised the claim in state court, and it is obvious that the unexhausted claim
would now be procedurally barred in state court. Bailey v. Nagle, 172 F.3d 1299,
1302-03 (11th Cir. 1999). In the second instance, the federal court must determine
whether any future attempt to exhaust state remedies would be futile under the
state’s procedural default doctrine. Id. When a claim is procedurally defaulted, a
federal court may still address the merits if the petitioner can show cause for the
default and prejudice from it. Wainwright, 433 U.S. at 81-88.
In Colman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 752-54 (1991), the Supreme Court
held that ineffective assistance of counsel during state post-conviction proceedings
cannot serve as cause to excuse factual or procedural default. The Supreme Court
reasoned that there is no constitutional right to an attorney in state post-conviction
proceedings; thus, a petition could not claim constitutionally ineffective assistance
of counsel in such proceedings and the petitioner “must bear the risk of attorney
error that results in procedural default.” Id. at 752-53 (quotation omitted).
In Martinez, however, the Supreme Court announced an exception to the
general rule that ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel cannot establish
cause excusing procedural default. 566 U.S. at 8-18. There, a § 2254 petitioner
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asserted ineffective-trial-counsel claims. Martinez acknowledged that he had not
raised those claims in state court and that those claims were barred by the doctrine
of procedural default. Nevertheless, Martinez claimed he had “cause” to excuse
his default because his first state collateral counsel failed to raise his ineffective-
trial-counsel claims in his first state collateral petition. Id. at 4-8. The Supreme
Court asked “whether a federal habeas court may excuse a procedural default of an
ineffective-assistance claim when the claim was not properly presented in state
court due to an attorney’s errors in an initial-review collateral proceeding.” Id. at
5. After declining to resolve that question on constitutional grounds, the Supreme
Court decided Martinez’s case on equitable grounds based on the “cause and
prejudice” exception to the procedural default doctrine in federal habeas cases. Id.
at 8-9, 14-17. To that end, the Supreme Court held that when, under state law,
claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel must be raised in an
initial-review collateral proceeding, a procedural default will not bar a
federal habeas court from hearing a substantial claim of ineffective
assistance at trial if, in the initial-review collateral proceeding, there
was no counsel or counsel in that proceeding was ineffective.
Id. at 17.
We’ve explained that the Martinez exception applies only where: (1) a state
requires a prisoner to raise ineffective-trial-counsel claims at the initial-review
stage of a state collateral proceeding and precludes those claims on direct appeal;
(2) the prisoner did not comply with state rules and failed to raise ineffective-trial-
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counsel claims properly in his state initial-review collateral proceeding; (3) the
prisoner had no counsel (or his appointed counsel was ineffective by not raising
ineffective-trial-counsel claims) in the initial-review collateral proceeding; and (4)
not excusing the procedural default would cause the prisoner to lose a “substantial”
ineffective-trial-counsel claim. Arthur v. Thomas, 739 F.3d 611, 629 (11th Cir.
2014). We noted that the Supreme Court “importantly” and “expressly” limited
the holding in Martinez “to attorney errors in initial-review collateral proceedings.”
Id. We also recognized that the Supreme Court later extended Martinez’s rule to
cases where state law technically permits ineffective-trial-counsel claims on direct
appeal but state procedures, as a practical matter, make it virtually impossible to
raise an ineffective-trial-counsel claim on direct appeal. Id. at 629-30.
In Florida, a Rule 3.850 motion to vacate typically must be filed within two
years after the judgment and sentence become final in a non-capital case. Fla. R.
Crim. P. 3.850(b). In addition, a defendant cannot raise ineffective-assistance-of-
trial-counsel claims on direct appeal in Florida. Reynolds v. State, 99 So. 3d 459,
474 (Fla. 2012) (holding that ineffectiveness claims “generally are not cognizable
on direct appeal and are properly raised in postconviction proceedings”).
Here, the district court correctly concluded that the procedural default
exception in Martinez did not extend to Ground 2 of Rigg’s § 2254 habeas petition.
For starters, there is no dispute that Ground 2 -- in which Rigg alleged that the state
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committed a Brady violation during trial by withholding material exculpatory
evidence -- was unexhausted. Indeed, as the record shows, Rigg did not raise this
issue in any state court proceeding. See Bailey, 172 F.3d at 1303. Further, the
claim is now procedurally barred under Florida state rules as untimely, since it has
been more than two years since Rigg’s conviction and sentence became final. See
Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(b); Bailey, 172 F.3d at 1302-02.
Rigg nevertheless maintains that this procedural default should be excused
under Martinez because his post-conviction counsel was ineffective for failing to
raise the issue in his Rule 3.850 motion. But the rule in Martinez specifically
provided a “narrow exception” and only discussed its application in terms of
procedurally defaulted ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims. 566 U.S. at
17. Here, Rigg seeks to use Martinez to excuse the procedural default of a claim
alleging a Brady violation, not of a claim alleging ineffective assistance of trial
counsel. Thus, Martinez does not apply to the Brady claim that Rigg attempts to
raise in his § 2254 petition, and Rigg cannot benefit from the Supreme Court’s
holding. Accordingly, the district court did not err in concluding that the Brady
claim was procedurally defaulted. See Arthur, 739 F.3d at 629.
Nor do we agree with Rigg that the district court wrongly rejected his
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims as procedurally defaulted. As we’ve
detailed, to succeed in establishing that the Martinez exception applies, a petitioner
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must show that: (1) a state requires a prisoner to raise ineffective-trial-counsel
claims at the initial-review stage of a state collateral proceeding and precludes
those claims on direct appeal; (2) the prisoner did not comply with state rules and
failed to raise ineffective-trial-counsel claims properly in his state initial-review
collateral proceeding; (3) the prisoner had no counsel (or his appointed counsel
was ineffective by not raising ineffective-trial-counsel claims) in the initial-review
collateral proceeding; and (4) not excusing the procedural default would cause the
prisoner to lose a “substantial” ineffective-trial-counsel claim. A “substantial”
claim is one that has “some merit.” Martinez, 566 U.S. at 14.
Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d):
An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in
custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted
with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State
court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim—
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or,
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the
State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a habeas petitioner
must show that: (1) “counsel’s performance was deficient” in that it “fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness”; and (2) “the deficient performance
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prejudiced the defense.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984).
A reviewing court need not address the performance prong of the test if the
defendant cannot meet the prejudice prong and vice versa. Id. at 697.
To prove deficient performance, a prisoner must show that counsel erred so
seriously that he did not serve as the counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. The proper measure of attorney performance is
reasonableness under prevailing professional norms; counsel’s performance is
deficient only if it falls below the wide range of competence demanded of counsel
in criminal cases. Id. at 688-89. “[C]ounsel is strongly presumed to have rendered
adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable
professional judgment.” Id. at 690. “Judicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance
must be highly deferential.” Id. at 689. “A fair assessment of attorney
performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of
hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to
evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Id. Since judicial
review of counsel’s performance already must be highly deferential, a federal
habeas court’s review of a state court decision denying a Strickland claim is thus
doubly deferential. Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 190 (2011).
As for prejudice, a prisoner must “show that there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would
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have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. “[S]ome
conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding” is not a reasonable
probability. Id. at 693. When challenging a conviction, the prisoner must show “a
reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the factfinder would have had a
reasonable doubt respecting guilt.” Id. at 695. To make our decision, we review
“the totality of the evidence before the judge or jury.” Id. Under § 2254(d), we do
not ask whether “the state court’s determination under the Strickland standard was
incorrect but whether that determination was unreasonable -- a substantially higher
threshold.” Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 123 (2009) (quotation omitted).
Here, the district court did not err in denying Rigg’s petition as to Claims 3a
or 3f. At Rigg’s trial, his former girlfriend Rosa Torrealba testified that when Rigg
learned she had dated and had a sexual encounter with a man after she and Rigg
broke up, Rigg assaulted her and demanded that she ask the man to her apartment
so Rigg could meet him. At that meeting, said Torrealba, Rigg committed the
offenses against the victim. In Claim 3a, Rigg argued that his trial counsel was
ineffective for not cross-examining Torrealba about a letter she sent to the trial
court in her case, in which she said she had an unpleasant experience with the
victim before the crime. Rigg claims the letter would have given Torrealba a
motive “incompatible with the state’s theory that Mr. Rigg masterminded the entire
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situation.” While the record reveals that counsel did not cross-examine Torrealba
about the letter, counsel did aggressively question Torrealba about many things,
including her relationships with Rigg and the victim and her expectation of
receiving post-conviction relief in exchange for testifying against Rigg.
In light of the deference we give to trial counsel’s strategic decisions, and
the thorough cross-examination counsel undertook to challenge Torrealba’s
credibility, we cannot say that Rigg’s trial counsel was deficient for failing to
cross-examine Torrealba about the letter. Notably, Rigg’s defense at trial was that
he did not commit the crime -- and more precisely, that the victim may have
concocted the story. Had counsel asked Torrealba about a letter that may have
given her, as well as Rigg, a motive for the crime, this line of defense would have
been inconsistent with the strategy that was used. As we’ve explained, “[c]ounsel
is not required to present every nonfrivolous defense.” Chandler v. United States,
218 F.3d 1305, 1319 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). On the contrary, “[t]here is a
‘strong presumption’ that counsel’s attention to certain issues to the exclusion of
others reflects trial tactics rather than ‘sheer neglect.’” Harrington v. Richter, 562
U.S. 86, 109 (2011). Thus, “counsel’s reliance on particular lines of defense to the
exclusion of others . . . is not ineffective unless the petitioner can prove the chosen
course, in itself, was unreasonable.” Chandler, 218 F.3d at 1318; accord Hunt v.
Comm’r, Ala. Dep’t of Corr., 666 F.3d 708, 726 (11th Cir. 2012). Rigg has made
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absolutely no showing to this effect. Moreover, asking Torrealba about her
experience with the victim could have undermined Rigg’s innocence defense,
which suggested that no crime had occurred.
Nor can we say that cross-examination about the letter would have led to a
“reasonable probability” of a different outcome at trial. Counsel vigorously cross-
examined Torrealba and exposed her motives and incentives in testifying against
Rigg. In addition, defense counsel: (a) cross-examined the victim about his
motivations for testifying; and (b) argued in closing that both the victim and
Torrealba had ulterior motives for testifying against Rigg, and questioned where
the missing letter was. Moreover, testimony from the medical and forensic experts
at trial -- in addition to testimony from Torrealba -- corroborated the victim’s
description of the offense, and vice versa. And, what’s more, Rigg admitted at trial
that he had fled to Panama upon learning that he was going to be charged with
sexual battery and kidnapping. The record, therefore, contains overwhelming
evidence of Rigg’s guilt, and we do not see how cross-examination about a letter --
a letter that did not address whether or not Rigg committed the offenses -- would
have led to the reasonable probability of a different result. As Strickland makes
clear, the prejudice prong requires more than “some conceivable effect” on the
outcome of the proceeding. Id. at 693. Because the district court did not err in
concluding that Rigg’s Claim 3a failed to make a “substantial” ineffectiveness
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claim under Strickland’s performance and prejudice prongs, it did not err in
concluding that Rigg failed to meet the requirements under Martinez for an
exception to procedural default.
In Claim 3f, Rigg argued that his counsel was ineffective for failing to find
and include testimony from Torrealba’s former employer that Torrealba had had a
poor experience dating the victim and sought revenge against the victim and Rigg.
But, again, in light of the overwhelming evidence of Rigg’s guilt, there is no
indication that additional testimony from Torrealba’s employer would have led to
the “reasonable probability” of a different result for Rigg. Because the district
court did not err in concluding that Rigg’s Claim 3a failed to make a “substantial”
ineffectiveness claim under Strickland’s prejudice prong, it did not err in
concluding that Rigg failed to meet the requirements under Martinez for an
exception to procedural default.
Finally, we find no merit to Rigg’s argument that the district court
incorrectly evaluated his remaining ineffective-assistance claims. As we’ve noted,
when an ineffective-assistance claim is raised in a § 2254 petition, the inquiry turns
upon whether the relevant state court decision was contrary to, or an unreasonable
application of Strickland. Cullen, 563 U.S. at 188-90. Under Strickland, a § 2254
petitioner must show that his Sixth Amendment right to counsel was violated
because: (1) his attorney’s performance was deficient, and (2) the deficient
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performance prejudiced his defense. 466 U.S. at 687, 697. In considering a claim
that a prosecutor’s comments to the jury during closing argument violated a
petitioner’s right to a fair trial, federal habeas corpus review is limited evaluating
due process violations, not police the broad exercise of supervisory power.
Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 642 (1974).
Here, the state trial court’s decision to deny Claims 3b and 3c was not an
unreasonable application of Strickland. In Claim 3b, Rigg argues that it was
deficient for his counsel to not call a medical expert to testify about alternative
causes for the victim’s rectal tear injury -- such as a bowel movement, as opposed
to trauma -- which the state maintained Rigg had inflicted. However, on cross-
examination of the state’s medical expert, Rigg’s trial counsel elicited a concession
that the victim’s injury could have been consistent with many acts other than rape
or trauma, including consensual acts. In other words, the state’s own witness
admitted just what Rigg has claimed his own expert would have opined. Further,
as the state trial court noted, Rigg’s proposed expert’s letter explaining his opinion
admitted that his findings were not inconsistent with the state’s expert’s findings.
Thus, there is no indication that Rigg’s trial counsel was deficient for failing to call
an expert to testify, and the state trial court did not act unreasonably in denying this
ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim. See Knowles, 556 U.S. at 123.
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In Claim 3c, Rigg claims that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
object to the prosecutor’s questions and comments concerning Rigg’s lack of alibi
and corroborative witnesses -- namely, that the prosecutor improperly asked him
why he did not have any of the people with whom he claimed to have had dinner
with on the night of the crime testify about his whereabouts. But as the state trial
court noted, Rigg opened himself up to questions about his memory and
consciousness of guilty by choosing to testify on his own behalf, and in doing so
admitted that his memory of the night in question was incomplete. Thus, under
Florida law, it was not improper for the prosecutor to cross-examine him by
probing his lack of memory and to ask why he could not call others whom he
claimed he was with to clarify. See Otero v. State, 754 So.2d 765, 769 (Fla. 3rd
Dist. Ct. App. 2000) (holding that a defendant who testifies on his own behalf
opens himself up to question regarding any apparent lack of memory as to the
events surrounding the charged offense). And, we’ve held that trial counsel is not
ineffective for failing to raise non-meritorious objections. See Chandler v. Moore,
240 F.3d 907, 917 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding that trial counsel is not ineffective for
failing to raise a non-meritorious issue). Because there is no indication that trial
counsel performed deficiently for failing to object on these grounds, the state trial
court’s decision to deny this ineffectiveness claim was not an unreasonable
application of Strickland.
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AFFIRMED.
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