The opinion
MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Mar 16 2017, 9:20 am
this Memorandum Decision shall not be CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
regarded as precedent or cited before any Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Anthony J. Saunders John L. Davis
New Castle, Indiana Pritzke & Davis, LLP
Greenfield, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Eric Kennedy, March 16, 2017
Appellant-Respondent, Court of Appeals Case No.
33A04-1609-DR-2122
v. Appeal from the Henry Circuit
Court
Michelle M. Wade, The Honorable Kit C. Dean Crane,
Appellee-Petitioner. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
33C02-1108-DR-107
Riley, Judge.
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STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Respondent, Eric Kennedy (Father), appeals the trial court’s
modification of child support and entry of post-secondary educational expenses.
[2] We affirm.
ISSUES
[3] Father raises one issue on appeal which we restate as the following two issues:
(1) Whether the trial court abused its discretion in calculating Father’s
weekly income for child support purposes; and
(2) Whether the trial court committed clear error by establishing post-
secondary educational expenses for an out-of-state university.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] A decree of dissolution of marriage between Father and Appellee-Petitioner,
Michelle Wade (Mother), was entered on May 11, 2012. During the marriage,
four children were born. In the decree, Mother was granted physical custody of
the children, with Father ordered to pay a weekly child support obligation in
the amount of $320. Father owns and operates his own business and Mother is
a sole practicing attorney who practices law out of her residence.
[5] On July 29, 2015, Father filed his verified petition for modification of child
support. On February 11, 2016, Mother filed a verified petition for rule to show
cause and a petition to modify child support and request to order contribution
towards the oldest child’s, K.K., post-secondary educational expenses. On May
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9, 2016, Mother also filed a verified petition for sanctions with respect to
Father’s failure to comply with Mother’s ongoing discovery requests.
[6] On May 20, 2016, the trial court conducted a hearing on the parties’ pending
petitions. During the hearing, the trial court dismissed Father’s verified petition
to modify child support as part of the sanctions the trial court entered for
Father’s ongoing discovery violations. The trial court also limited the income
information Father was allowed to introduce into evidence to Father’s income
for the fiscal years 2012, 2013, and 2014. The parties agreed to average Father’s
income during those years and for the trial court to use that average in
calculating Father’s gross weekly income for child support purposes.
[7] On June 3, 2016, the trial court issued its Order, providing, in pertinent part:
11. The parties are the parents of four (4) children, and the oldest
child, [K.K.], is eighteen (18) years of age and has been accepted
to Arizona State University, Purdue University, and Ball State
University. The child has the aptitude for college and the parties
have the means to assist with the expenses for post-high school
education.
12. The child prefers Arizona State University and intends to
major in education and to teach in Arizona. First year tuition is
higher than the Indiana schools which have accepted her but the
other costs are similar. After one year to establish residency, she
would be considered an Arizona resident entitled to in-state
tuition. The parents are capable of assisting for the first year at
Arizona State with the tuition, room, board, books and fees,
minus [K.K.’s] student loan of Five Thousand Five Hundred
Dollars ($5,500.00), One Thousand Three Hundred Dollars
($1,300.00) from a 529 account and Two Thousand Dollars
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($2,000.00) in earnings, being divided between the parties based
upon their percentages of the total income as set forth in the
Child Support Obligation Worksheet (CSOW) attached hereto as
Exhibit A, which shall be a part of this Order. For future years,
the parties shall use the post-high school education worksheet
using the same percentages as set forth herein but with new cost
figures and contribution figures for [K.K.], and shall be divided
between the parents based upon the percentages set forth in
Exhibit A.
13. A change in circumstances has occurred which requires a
modification of the child support for the minor children. Said
child support shall be retroactive to and shall begin on February
12, 2016 and shall continue to the last Friday before the oldest
child commences college. [Father] shall pay support in the
amount of Four Hundred Thirty-Nine Dollars ($439.00) per
week during this time period per the CSOW attached hereto and
made a part hereof as Exhibit A.
****
15. The [c]ourt shall average the incomes of the parties for 2012,
2013, and 2014 to obtain appropriate numbers for child support
income.
(Appellant’s App. Vol II, pp. 20-21).
[8] Father now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Modification of Child Support
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[9] Father contends that the trial court abused its discretion when calculating his
modified child support obligation. In reviewing a trial court’s order on a
request to modify child support, we will reverse for an abuse of discretion.
Holtzleiter v. Holtzleiter, 944 N.E.2d 502, 505 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). An abuse of
discretion occurs only when the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of
the facts and the circumstances before the court, including any reasonable
inferences that may be drawn therefrom. Id. The court has previously observed
that “the importance of first-person observation and preventing disruption to
the family settings justifies deference to the trial court.” Id.
[10] Here, the trial court entered findings sua sponte. Sua sponte findings control only
as to the issues they cover and a general judgment will control as to the issues
upon which there are no findings. Walters v. Walters, 901 N.E.2d 508, 510 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2009) (citing Gibbs v. Kashak, 883 N.E.2d 825, 827-28 (Ind. Ct. App.
2008)). A general judgment entered with findings will be affirmed if it can be
sustained on any legal theory supported by the evidence. Id. When a court has
made special findings of fact, an appellate court reviews sufficiency of evidence
using a two-step process. Id. First, it must determine whether the evidence
supports the trial court’s findings of fact; second, it must determine whether
those findings of fact support the trial court’s conclusions of law. Id. Findings
will be set aside if they are clearly erroneous. Id. Findings are clearly erroneous
only when the record contains no facts to support them either directly or by
inferences. Id. A judgment is clearly erroneous if it applies the wrong legal
standard to properly found facts. Id. In order to determine that a finding or
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conclusion is clearly erroneous, an appellate court’s review of the evidence must
leave it with the firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id.
[11] While Father does not dispute Mother’s request to modify the child support per
se, he does challenge the trial court’s calculation of his modified child support
obligation. The Indiana Child Support Guidelines (Guidelines) aid in the
determination of the amount of child support that should be awarded and
provide a measure for calculating each parent’s share of the child support. In re
Paternity of G.R.G., 829 N.E.2d 114, 118 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). “There is a
rebuttable presumption that the amount of the award resulting from the
application of the Indiana Child Support Guidelines is the correct amount to be
awarded.” Id. (citing Lea v. Lea, 691 N.E.2d 1214, 1217 (Ind. 1998)).
[12] To determine whether a child support order complies with the child support
guidelines, we must first know the basis for the amount awarded. Heiligenstein
v. Matney, 691 N.E.2d 1297, 1303 (Ind. Ct. App.1998). “Such revelation could
be accomplished either by specific findings or by incorporating a proper
worksheet.” Id. Accordingly, since 1989, the Guidelines have required, in all
cases in which the trial court is requested to order support, that both parties
complete and sign, under penalty of perjury, a child support worksheet to be
filed with the court verifying the parents’ incomes. See Ind. Child Support
Guideline 3(B)(1); Payton v. Payton, 847 N.E.2d 251, 253 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).
Here, only Mother entered a completed, but unsigned, child support worksheet
into evidence during the hearing. While neither party submitted a verified child
support worksheet, the trial court made its own calculations based on the
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findings in its Order and prepared its own child support worksheet, attached to
its Order. As “the Guidelines are not meant to be a trap for the unwary but are
intended to lead the way to a fair result in a complicated area of law,” we will
review Father’s contentions based on the calculations made by the trial court.
Holtzleiter, 944 N.E.2d at 506.
[13] Father disputes that the trial court’s calculation of his weekly gross income is
supported by the tax returns that were introduced into evidence at the hearing.
While not disagreeing with the trial court’s method of averaging his 2012, 2013,
and 2014 income, Father contends that the trial court should have used his
adjusted gross income and not his gross income as the basis of its computations.
[14] When fashioning a child support order, the trial court’s first task is to determine
the weekly gross income of each parent. In re G.R.G., 829 N.E.2d at 118.
“Weekly gross income” is broadly defined to include not only actual income
from employment but also potential income and imputed income from “in-
kind” benefits. Id. Guideline 3(A) encompasses in the definition of “gross
income” “income from salaries, wages, . . . , bonuses, overtime, partnership
distributions, [and] dividends[.]” The definition of weekly gross income for
purposes of self-employment for the operation of a business includes “gross
receipts minus ordinary and necessary expenses.” Child Supp. G. 3(A)(2).
[15] Here, the trial court used Father’s gross income as reported on his tax returns of
2012, 2013, and 2014 as the basis of its calculations. Pursuant to his tax
returns, Father’s gross income in 2012 amounted to $152,000. This number
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was reported as being the combined business income from wages, S
corporation, and gains. Upon being asked to confirm this number as his total
income for 2012, Father replied “If that’s what’s reported, that’s what’s
reported.” (Tr. p. 51). Father’s reported business income for 2013 was
$153,787. Based on Father’s 2014 business tax return, Father’s reported
income was $119,731, which was calculated by adding the compensation paid
to Father in the amount of $57,336 with the distributions made to Father of
$62,395. Accordingly, the trial court determined Father’s aggregate gross
income for the three years to be $425,518, which averaged to $141,839 gross
yearly income. Based on this average gross income, the trial court computed
Father’s weekly gross income for purposes of child support.
[16] Father argues that instead of his gross income, the trial court should have used
his adjusted gross income, as reported on his taxes, and which would have
amounted to a weekly income of $1,884. We have previously noted that the
calculation of a parent’s income for support purposes is more inclusive than for
income tax purposes. Clark v. Madden, 725 N.E.2d 100, 107 (Ind. Ct. App.
2000). In particular, the trial court is vested with discretion regarding the
validity of business expenses and deductions taken for tax purposes by a
business owner. Zakrowski v. Zakrowski, 594 N.E.2d 821, 824 (Ind. Ct. App.
1992). It is clear that the trial court relied on the Guidelines’ broad definition of
gross income for self-employed parents to support its calculations. Moreover,
Father did not submit any evidence reflecting ordinary and necessary expenses
that the trial court should have considered in its computations. In essence,
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Father’s argument to calculate his child support obligation based on his
preferred income attributions amounts to nothing more than a request to
reweigh the evidence. Accordingly, we cannot conclude that the trial court
abused its discretion in calculating Father’s income.
II. Post-Secondary Educational Expenses
[17] Next, Father contests the trial court’s treatment of post-secondary educational
expenses. While Father does not challenge K.K.’s aptitude for post-secondary
education or the apportionment of costs thereof, Father takes umbrage with the
award of out-of-state post-secondary educational expenses. When we review a
challenge to an order apportioning college expenses, we apply a clearly
erroneous standard. Carson v. Carson, 875 N.E.2d 484, 485-86 (Ind. Ct. App.
2007). Clear error occurs where the trial court’s decision is clearly against the
logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it and we are left with a
firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id.
[18] Under Indiana law, there is no absolute legal duty on the part of parents to
provide a college education for their children. Hinesley-Petry v. Petry, 894
N.E.2d 277, 280 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. However, the statutory
authorization for the divorce court to order either or both parents to pay sums
toward their child’s college education constitutes a reasonable manner in which
to enforce the expectation that most families would encourage their qualified
children to pursue a college education consistent with individual family values.
Id. at 280-81. In determining whether to order either or both parents to pay
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sums toward their child’s college education, the court must consider whether
and to what extent the parents, if still married, would have contributed to the
child’s college expenses. Id. at 281.
[19] The purpose of an educational support order is the welfare of the child and not
the punishment of the noncustodial parent. Id. It must be fair, not confiscatory
in amount and intended to provide a reasonable allowance for support,
considering the property, income, and earning capacity of the noncustodial
parent, and the station of life of the family. Id. It is within the discretion of the
trial court to determine under all the circumstances what is just and equitable to
the child and to the noncustodial parent. Id.
[20] Father does not claim he cannot afford to pay for K.K.’s post-educational
expenses, merely that K.K.’s decision is not substantiated in that a degree from
Arizona State University is “more valuable, that it is more sought after by
employers, that it is more prestigious, or that it is, in any way superior to a
Purdue or Ball State teaching degree.” (Appellant’s Reply Br. p. 7). However,
we have long rejected a bright-line rule that would limit children to educational
support commensurate with in-state, state-supported colleges. Rohn v. Thuma,
408 N.E.2d 578, 582-83 (Ind. Ct. App. 1980). Rather, we held that these cases
are more properly determined on a case-by-case basis, with the trial court
balancing the advantages of the more expensive college in relation to the needs
and abilities of the child with the increased hardship on the parent. Id. at 583.
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[21] The record reflects that although K.K. had received acceptance offers from
Purdue University and Ball State University, she elected to attend Arizona State
University and to pursue a career in Arizona after her college education.
Mother testified that Mother had purchased a residence in Arizona, near K.K.’s
maternal grandparents, who live approximately fifteen miles from the
university’s campus. Evidence establishes that first year tuition will be $25,458,
which was about $15,000 more than tuition for an in-state student at Purdue
University. After her first year at Arizona State University, K.K. would qualify
for in-state student rates, which would make the tuition comparable to Purdue
University. Accordingly, the post-educational expenses would decrease
significantly after the first year. The trial court ordered K.K. to contribute to
her educational expenses, and apportioned the remainder between the parents,
based on their respective income.
[22] Based on the facts before us, we cannot say that the trial court committed a
clear error by apportioning post-educational expenses for an out-of-state
university.
CONCLUSION
[23] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion when calculating Father’s child support obligation and the court did
not commit clear error in apportioning post-secondary educational expenses at
an out-of-state university.
[24] Affirmed.
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[25] Crone, J. and Altice, J. concur
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