The opinion
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL . STATE OF TEXAS
JOHN CORNYN
January 282002
The Honorable Frank Madla Opinion No. JC-0455
Chair, Senate Committee on
Intergovernmental Relations Re: Whether a member of a governmental body
Texas State Senate that is located within the boundaries of the Cow
P. 0. Box 12068 Creek Groundwater Conservation District may
Austin, Texas 7871 l-2068 serve as a member of the board of directors of the
district (RQ-0423-JC)
Dear Senator Madla:
You have requested our opinion as to whether a member of a governmental body that is
located within a groundwater conservation district may serve as a member of the board of directors
of the district. We understand that your particular concern is with the Cow Creek Groundwater
Conservation District.’ For the reasons discussed below, we conclude that such public officers may
not do so.
The Cow Creek Groundwater Conservation District was initially created in 1999 by Senate
Bill 1911. SeeAct ofMay28,1999,76thLeg.,R.S.,ch. 1331,1999Tex. Gen.Laws4536. Thebill
provided that the boundaries of the district “are coextensive with the boundaries of Kendall County.”
Id. 8 2(a). Section 8 required that “the commissioners court of a county containing territory included
within the district shall appoint temporary directors in accordance with the provisions of section
36.016, Water Code, relating to the appointment of temporary directors by county commissioners
courts.” Id. 9 8(a), at 4538. Temporary directors were granted, with certain exceptions, “the same
permitting and general management powers as those granted to initial and permanent directors under
Chapter 36, Water Code.” Id. $5(a).* The temporary board of directors was prohibited from calling
and holding an election “to confirm the district and to elect the initial directors” until September 1,
2001, or thereafter. Id. 5 10(a), at 4539. Furthermore, “an election for the confirmation of the
creation of a groundwater conservation district under this Act and for the selection of initial directors
‘Telephone Conversation with Harold Oliver, Office of Senator Frank Madla (Jan. 15,2002).
*The excepted sections were: “(1) Sections 36.017, 36.019, 36.020, and 36.059, relating to elections; (2)
Sections 36.105, 36.1071, 36.1072, 36.1073, and 36.108, relating to eminent domain and management plans; (3)
Sections 36.17 l-36.18 1, relating to bonds and notes; (4) Sections 36.201-36.204, relating to taxes; and (5) Sections
36.321-36.359, relating to annexation and consolidation.” ActofMay28,1999,76thLeg.,R.S.,ch. 1331,§ 5(c), 1999
Tex. Gen. Laws 4536,4538.
The Honorable Frank Madla - Page 2 (JC-0455)
for such district,” could not be held “unless action is taken by the 77th Legislature in its Regular
Session to ratify the creation of the district.” Id. 6 15(a).
Under the terms of House Bill 3544, the 77th Legislature ratified the creation of the Cow
Creek Groundwater Conservation District, “subject to approval at a confirmation election.” Act of
May 25,2001,77th Leg., R-S., ch. 1349,§ 1,200l Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 3 163. Section 4 of House
Bill 3544 declares that the district, whose boundaries are coextensive with the boundaries of Kendall
County, “has all of the rights, powers, privileges, authority, functions, and duties provided by the
general law of this state, including Chapter 36, Water Code, applicable to groundwater conservation
districts created under Section 59, Article XVI, Texas Constitution.” Id. 5 4. As was the case with
the previous legislation, House Bill 3544 provides that “[tlhe temporary board of directors shall be
appointed by the county commissioners court. The county commissioners court shall appoint a
temporary director fkom each commissioners precinct and one director at large.” Id. 8 7(a), at 3 164.
Furthermore:
[i]f a temporary director fails to qualify for office, the temporary
directors who have qualified shall appoint a person to fill the
vacancy. If at any time there are fewer than three qualified directors,
the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission shall appoint
the necessary number of persons to fill all vacancies on the board.
Id. 8 7(b). The temporary board of directors is required to “call and hold an election to confnm
establishment of the district and to elect initial directors.” ’Id. § 8(a). In addition:
[a]t the confirmation and initial directors’ election, the temporary
board of directors shall have placed on the ballot the names of the
five temporary directors, the name of any other candidate filing for an
initial director’s position, and blank spaces to write in the names of
other persons.
Id. tj 8(b).
Under the terms of section 10, “[b]eginning in the second year after the year in which the
creation of the district is confirmed at a confirmation election, an election shall be held in the district
. . . to elect the appropriate number of directors to the board.” Id. 9 10. “The initial directors for
precincts 2 and 3 shall serve as initial directors until the first regular meeting of the board of
directors held after the first permanent directors’s election under Section 10 . . . .” Id. 0 9. “The
initial directors for precincts 1 and 4 and the initial director representing the district at large shall
serve as initial directors until the first regular meeting of the board of directors held after the second
permanent director’s election under Section 10 . . . .” Id.
Chapter 36 of the Water Code, which relates to groundwater conservation districts, is
applicable to a district, which is defined as “any district or authority created under Section 52,
The Honorable Frank Madla - Page 3 (JC-0455)
Article III, or Section 59, Article XVI, Texas Constitution, that has the authority to regulate the
spacing of water wells, the production from water wells, or both.” TEX. WATER CODE ANN. 0
36.001(l) (Vernon Supp. 2002). The stated purpose of a groundwater conservation district is “to
provide for the conservation, preservation, protection, recharging, and prevention of waste of
groundwater, and of groundwater reservoirs or their subdivisions, and to control subsidence caused
by withdrawal of water from those groundwater reservoirs or their subdivisions.” Id. 9 36.0015.
Section 36.060 provides that “[a] director is entitled to receive fees of office of not more than $150
a day for each day the director actually spends performing the duties of a director. The fees of office
may not exceed $9,000 a year.” Id. 8 36.060(a). Furthermore, “[elach director is also entitled to
receive reimbursement of actual expenses reasonably and necessarily incurred while engaging in
activities on behalf of the district.” Id. 8 36.060(b).
Subsection 36.05 1(b) provides:
(b) A member of a governing body of another political subdivision
is ineligible for appointment or election as a director. A director is
disqualified and vacates the office of director if the director is
appointed or elected as a member of the governing body of another
political subdivision. This subsection does not apply to any district
with a population less than 50,000.
Id. 5 36.05 l(b) (Vernon 2000) (emphasis added). Under the terms of this provision, a member of
another governmental body is not eligible to be appointed as a director of any groundwater
conservation district with a population of 50,000 or greater. See id. Your question is whether a
member of another governmental body is eligible to serve as a director when the district has a
population of less than 50,000. 3 Kendall County, which is coterminous with the Cow Creek
Groundwater Conservation District, has, according to the 2000 federal census, a population of
23,743. See BUREAUOF THE CENSUS, U.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE,2000 CENSUS OF POPULATION:
available at http://www.census.gov/. Thus, a member of another governmental body is clearly not
ineligible to serve as a director by virtue of section 36.05 l(b), because that provision is not
applicable “to any district with a population less than 50,000.” See TEX. WATER CODE ANN. 0
36.05 1(b) (Vernon 2000). We must also, however, consider the applicability of article XVI, section
40, of the Texas Constitution, and the common-law doctrine of incompatibility.
Article XVI, section 40 provides, in relevant part, that “[n]o person shall hold or exercise at
the same time, more than one civil office of emolument . . . .” TEX. CONST. art. XVI, 8 40(a). It is
well established that “the determining factor which distinguishes a public officer from an employee
is whether any sovereign function of the government is conferred upon the individual to be exercised
by him for the benefit of the public largely independent of the control of others.” Aldine Indep. Sch.
Dist. v. StandZey, 280 S.W.2d 578,583 (Tex. 1955). A member of the governing body of a political
3See Letter from Honorable Frank Madla, Chair, Senate Committee on Intergovernmental Relations, Texas
State Senate, to Honorable John Comyn, Texas Attorney General (Aug. 23,200l) (on file with Opinion Committee).
The Honorable Frank Madla - Page 4 (JC-0455)
subdivision, such as a city or county, clearly occupies an office. Likewise, a director of a
groundwater conservation district holds an office under the test of AZdine. See id. at 578. County
commissioners, on the other hand, are exempt from the provisions of article XVI, section 40. See
TEX. CONST.art. XVI, 0 40(a).
An “emolument” for purposes of article XVI, section 40, is “a pecuniary profit, gain, or
advantage.” Tex. ex rel. Beicker v. Mycue, 48 1 S.W.2d 476,477 (Tex. Civ. App.-San Antonio 1972,
no writ) (citing Irwin v. State, 177 S.W.2d 970, 973 (Tex. Crim. App. 1944), reversed on other
grounds). The term includes an amount paid as a fixed per diem allowance. See Tex. Att’y Gen.
Op. No. JM-594 (1986) (payment of $10 per day constitutes an “emolument”). Even a token
payment of $10 per meeting constitutes an “emolument.” See Willis v. Potts, 377 S.W.2d 622 (Tex.
1964). In Attorney General Letter Opinion 98-055, this office said that a member of the Texas
Board of Physical Therapy Examiners held an office of emolument because such an individual was
statutorily entitled to receive a $30 flat rate per diem in addition to “reimbursement of actual
expenses for meals and lodging not to exceed $80 per day,” plus “reimbursement of transportation
and incidental expenses.” Tex. Att’y Gen. LO-98-055, at 1. In the situation you pose, a director of
a groundwater conservation district is entitled to receive “fees of office” of up to $150 per day for
each day he attends to his duties as director, and in addition, is entitled to receive “reimbursement
of actual expenses . . . incurred.” See TEX.WATERCODEANN.4 36.060(a),(b) (Vernon Supp. 2002).
It is evident, therefore, that a director holds an office of emolument. If his other position as a local
public official is a compensated position, he thus holds “more than one civil office of emolument,”
and article XVI, section 40, bars him from doing so simultaneously. See TEX. CONST.art. XVI, 8 40.
Because county commissioners are specifically exempted from the operation of article XVI, section
40, however, they are not prohibited by virtue of that constitutional provision from serving on the
board of directors of a groundwater conservation district. They may, on the other hand, be barred
by common-law incompatibility.
Subsection 36.05 1(b) of the Water Code, which renders a member of the governing body of
another political subdivision ineligible from serving as a director of a groundwater conservation
district, states that it “does not apply to any district with a population less than 50,000.” TEX. WATER
CODEANN. 8 36.05 l(b) (Vernon 2000). This provision does not affirmatively declare that, in a
district with a population of less than 50,000, a member of the governing body of another political
subdivision is thereby eZigibZe to serve as a director of a groundwater conservation district.
Subsection 36.05 1(b) thus does not repeal the common-law doctrine of incompatibility with regard
to districts of less than 50,000 population. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-671 (1987) at 6
(enactment of article 988b of the Revised Civil Statutes does not repeal common-law conflict of
interest doctrine regarding state officers).
Common-law incompatibility has three aspects: self-appointment, self-employment, and
conflicting loyalties. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0054 (1999). It is the last of these that
concerns us here. Conflicting loyalties incompatibility derives from the court’s decision in Thomas
v. Abernathy County Line Independent School Dist., 290 SW. 152 (Tex.Comm’n App. 1927,
judgm’t adopted), wherein the court said:
The Honorable Frank Madla - Page 5 (JC-0455)
In our opinion the offices of school trustee and alderman are
incompatible; for under our system there are in the city council or
board of aldermen various directory or supervisory powers exertable
in respect to school property located within the city or town and in
respect to the duties of school trustee performable within its
limits-e.g., there might well arise a conflict of discretion or duty in
respect to health, quarantine, sanitary, and fire prevention regulations.
If the same person could be a school trustee and a member of the city
council or board of aldermen at the same time, school policies, in
many important respects, would be subject to direction of the council
or aldermen instead of to that of the trustees.
i%omas, 290 SW. at 153 (citations omitted). Where the geographical boundaries of two
governmental bodies overlap, there is always the potential for conflict. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. Nos.
JM- 1266 (1990); JM- 129 (1984). It is well established, for example, that when two governmental
bodies are authorized to contract with each other, one person may not serve simultaneously as a
member of both. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. Nos. DM-3 11 (1994) JM-1266 (1990), JM-634 (1987);
Tex. Att’y Gen. LO-93-022, LO-88-132, LO-88-049.
The Cow Creek Groundwater Conservation District is specifically authorized to “contract
with one or more state agencies or other governmental bodies, including a county, a river authority,
or another district to carry out the functions of the district.” Act of May 25,2001,77th Leg., R.S.,
ch. 1349,§ 11 (a), 2001 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 3 163,3 165. Furthermore, a groundwater conservation
district may be authorized to levy taxes. See TEX. WATERCODEANN. $9 36.020(a), .201 (Vernon
2000). Section 36.067 permits a district to “purchase property from any other governmental entity.”
Id. 5 36.067(b) (V emon Supp. 2002). A district has the power of eminent domain. Id. $ 36.105
(Vernon 2000). Furthermore, it is directed to “require permits for the drilling, equipping, or
completing of wells or for substantially altering the size of wells or well pumps.” Id. 8 36.113(a)
(Vernon Supp. 2002). Most significantly, a district is empowered to:
make and enforce rules . . . to provide for conserving, preserving,
protecting, and recharging of the groundwater or of a groundwater
reservoir or its subdivisions in order to control subsidence, prevent
degradation of water quality, or prevent waste of groundwater and to
carry out the powers and duties provided by this chapter.
Id. 4 36.101 (a). Furthermore, a district “may enforce this chapter and its rules by injunction,
mandatory injunction, or other appropriate remedy in a court of competent jurisdiction.” Id. 8
36.102(a).
Counties are also given substantial control over water, including the power to acquire
property “for the purpose of building canals, drains, levees, and other improvements to provide for
The Honorable Frank Madla - Page 6 (JC-0455)
flood control and water outlets.” TEX. Lot. GOV’T CODEANN. 8 411.001(a) (Vernon 1999). A
county may contract with other political subdivisions “for the purpose of providing flood control or
drainage as it relates to flood control or for the purpose of providing and maintaining necessary
outlets.” Id. 6 411.002(a). In addition, a county may “sell and deliver” its surplus water, id. 8
412.002 (Vernon 1999), which is defined as “water that a county has acquired from an underground
source for the county’s water supply and that is not needed for county purposes.” Id. 8 412.001. In
all these respects - taxation, eminent domain, contracting, and most conspicuously, their duties
with regard to water - the potential for conflict between a county commissioners court and the
board of a groundwater conservation district is formidable. Consequently, an individual may not
simultaneously serve as a county commissioner and as a director of a groundwater conservation
district whose geographical boundaries include all or part of the county.
In summary, members of the governing board of a local political subdivision, except a
county, whose members are compensated beyond reimbursement for actual expenses, are barred by
article XVI, section 40, from simultaneously serving on the board of directors of a groundwater
conservation district. Likewise, a county commissioner is prohibited by the common-law doctrine
of incompatibility from simultaneously serving on the board of directors of any groundwater
conservation district with geographical boundaries that overlap those of the county.
If a member of a governmental body that is located in a groundwater conservation district
has been improperly appointed to the district’s board, you ask what effect this would have on
decisions taken by the board. We note the well-established principle that qualification for and
acceptance of a second office operates as an automatic resignation from the first office. See Pruitt
v. Glen Rose Indep. Sch. Dist., 84 S.W.2d 1004, 1006 (Tex. 1935). Consequently, if a county
commissioner, for example, accepts a position as a director of a groundwater conservation district,
he automatically vacates the office of county commissioner, and the acceptance of the later position
would not render invalid any action taken by the board.
The Honorable Frank Madla - Page 7 (JC-0455)
SUMMARY
An individual may not simultaneously hold the offices of
director of a groundwater conservation district and member of the
governing body of a local governmental district that is not a county
if the local governmental office is a compensated position.
Furthermore, a county commissioner is barred by the common-law
doctrine of incompatibility from serving as a member of the board of
directors of any groundwater conservation district whose
geographical boundaries overlap with those of the county in which
the commissioner serves.
a(
You
JOHN
very truly,
AT
CORNYN
Attorney General of Texas
HOWARD G. BALDWIN, JR.
First Assistant Attorney General
NANCY FULLER
Deputy Attorney General - General Counsel
SUSAN DENMON GUSKY
Chair, Opinion Committee
Rick Gilpin
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee