The opinion
TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
DANIEL E. LUNGREN
Attorney General
______________________________________
OPINION :
: No. 96-301
of :
: February 7, 1997
DANIEL E. LUNGREN :
Attorney General :
:
ANTHONY D. DA VIGO :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
______________________________________________________________________
THE HONORABLE RICHARD K. RAINEY, MEMBER OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE
SENATE, has requested an opinion on the following questions:
1. May a county counsel give legal advice to a board of retirement established under the
County Employees Retirement Law of 1937 with respect to a matter in which the county could benefit from
an action taken pursuant to such advice?
2. May a member of a board of retirement established under the County Employees
Retirement Law of 1937 be removed from office for breach of fiduciary duty or other malfeasance?
CONCLUSIONS
1. A county counsel may give legal advice to a board of retirement established under the
County Employees Retirement Law of 1937 with respect to a matter in which the county could benefit from
an action taken pursuant to such advice, provided that in the event of a potential or actual conflict of interest
between the board and the county, each shall have provided its informed written consent.
2. A member of a board of retirement established under the County Employees Retirement
Law of 1937 may be removed from office for the willful breach of fiduciary duty or other malfeasance.
ANALYSIS
Under the County Employees Retirement Law of 1937 (Gov. Code, §§ 31450-31898; "Act")
Footnote No. 1 counties are authorized to establish retirement systems for their employees. (§ 31500; 79
Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 95 (1996); 70 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 1 (1987).) Footnote No. 2 The administration of such a
retirement system is vested in a board of retirement. (Cal. Const., art. XVI, § 17; §§ 31520, 31595; "Board.")
In certain cases, the responsibility for investments may be delegated by a Board to a separate board of
investment. (§ 31520.2.) A Board has a fiduciary duty to manage the employees retirement fund which is a
trust fund established under the Act for the exclusive benefit of active and retired employees and their
survivors and beneficiaries. (§§ 31588, 31595.) In addition to employer and employee contributions, the fund
1 of 5
(§§ , ) p y p y ,
contains earnings on investments. (§§ 31591-31592.4.)
A retirement system established under the Act is an entity separate from the county and
independently administered by a Board. (See Traub v. Board of Retirement (1983) 34 Cal.3d 793, 798-799;
Summerford v. Board of Retirement (1977) 72 Cal.App.3d 128, 132.) A county counsel is duly authorized
and designated to provide legal advice to a county (§§ 26529, 27642) and to a Board (§ 31529).
1. Legal Advice by County Counsel
The first inquiry is whether a county counsel may provide legal advice to a Board
concerning a matter in which the county could benefit from such advice. We conclude that both the county
and the Board must give informed written consent with respect to any matter constituting a potential or actual
conflict of interest between them.
In order to protect the public and to promote respect for and confidence in the legal
profession, the Board of Governors of the State Bar of California, with the approval of the Supreme Court,
has formulated rules of professional conduct. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 6076; Rules Prof. Conduct, Rule 1-100.)
The rules are binding upon all members of the State Bar, including attorneys representing public agencies
and officials. (§ 6077; see Dix v. Superior Court(1991) 52 Cal.3d 442, 452; Taliaferro v. Locke (1960) 182
Cal.App.2d 752, 756.) Footnote No. 3
Rule 3-310, subdivision (C), of the Rules of Professional Conduct ("Rule 3-310") provides
in part as follows:
"A member shall not, without the informed written consent of each client:
"(1) Accept representation of more than one client in a matter in which the interests of the clients
potentially conflict; or
"(2) Accept or continue representation of more than one client in a matter in which the interests
of the clients actually conflict; . . ."
As explained by the Supreme Court in Santa Clara County Counsel Attys. Assn. v. Woodside (1994) 7
Cal.4th 525, 548, with respect to an attorney's duty of loyalty to his clients:
"This court's statement of an attorney's duty of loyalty to the client over 60 years ago is still
generally valid: `It is . . . an attorney's duty to protect his client in every possible way, and it is a violation of
that duty for him to assume a position adverse or antagonistic to his client without the latter's free and
intelligent consent. . . . By virtue of this rule an attorney is precluded from assuming any relation which
would prevent him from devoting his entire energies to his client's interests.' (Anderson v. Eaton (1930) 211
Cal. 113, 116.)"
Assuming, therefore, that a county counsel advises a Board with respect to a matter in which
the county's interest is potentially or actually in conflict with that of the Board, the informed written consent
of each client would be required under Rule 3-310. Footnote No. 4 Of course, it may be that the county could
benefit from the advice given to the Board without a potential or actual conflict of interest being present. (See
McClain v. County of Alameda (1962) 209 Cal.App.2d 73, 79-80; cf. 61 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 18, 19-20
(1978).) In the latter case, the consent of the parties to the dual representation would not be necessary.
Finally, we note that the Act authorizes a Board to obtain legal advice from a private
attorney rather than from the county counsel when a potential or actual conflict of interest is present. While
section 31529 provides that "[t]he district attorney, or the county counsel if there is one, is the attorney for
the board," section 31529.5 states:
2 of 5
,
"Notwithstanding Section 31529, the board may contract for the legal services of an
attorney in private practice when the board determines, after consultation with the county
counsel, that the county counsel cannot provide the board with legal services due to a conflict of
interest or other compelling reason. . . .
"This section shall not be operative in any county until such time as the board of
supervisors shall, by resolution adopted by majority vote, make the provisions of this section
applicable in such county." Footnote No. 5
Section 31607 additionally provides: "To assist in carrying out its investment powers and duties the board
may employ an attorney in private practice." Accordingly, the Legislature has provided a remedy in cases of
a perceived conflict which, if exercised by the Board, would effectively preclude representation by the
county counsel as to the designated matter.
It is concluded that a county counsel may give legal advice to a Board established under the
Act with respect to a matter in which the county could benefit from an action taken pursuant to such advice,
provided that in the event of a potential or actual conflict of interest between the Board and the county,
Footnote No. 6 each shall have provided its informed written consent.
2. Removal From Office
The second inquiry is whether a member of a Board may be removed from office for breach
of fiduciary duty or other malfeasance. We conclude that a willful breach of fiduciary duty or other
malfeasance would subject the Board member to removal from office.
A Board consists of five members: the county treasurer, two persons who are active
members of and elected by the employees' association, and two persons who are chosen by the board of
supervisors. (§ 31520.)
California Constitution, article VII, section 8, subdivision (b), provides: "Laws shall be
made to exclude persons convicted of bribery, perjury, forgery, malfeasance in office, or other high crimes
from office . . . ." Although this constitutional provision is mandatory, it is not self-executing and requires
legislation to give it effect. (Lubin v. Wilson(1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 1422, 1426.) Where cause for removal is
provided by law, a person holds office subject to the conditions thereby imposed, and is deemed to have
accepted the office on condition of removal for such cause and in the manner provided. ( Id ., at pp.
1429-1430.)
Section 3000 states: "An officer forfeits his office upon conviction of designated crimes as
specified in the Constitution and laws of this State." (See also § 1021 [disqualification from holding office].)
As quoted above, among the designated crimes specified in the Constitution is "malfeasance in office." (See
Lubin v. Wilson, supra, 232 Cal.App.3d at 1426; 75 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 64, 65 (1992).)
Section 1222 provides: "Every willful omission to perform any duty enjoined by law upon
any public officer, or person holding any public trust or employment, where no special provision is made for
the punishment of such delinquency, is punishable as a misdemeanor." (See Adler v. City Council (1960) 184
Cal.App.2d 763, 774-775; 76 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 289, 292-293 (1993).)
Section 1770 provides in part as follows:
"An office becomes vacant upon the happening of any of the following events
before the expiration of the term:
3 of 5
". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"(h) His or her conviction of a felony or of any offense involving a violation of
his or her official duties . . . ."
Under subdivision (h) of section 1770, " either of two types of conviction trigger vacancy, specifically felony
convictions and convictions for offenses involving a violation of official duties." (Lubin v. Wilson, supra,
234 Cal.App.3d at 1427; see 75 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at 66-67.) Footnote No. 7
The filing of an accusation by a grand jury is the normal method for removing a local public official
for malfeasance. (See People v. Tice (1956) 144 Cal.App.2d 750, 754; 76 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra , at 291.)
Footnote No. 8 Section 3060 provides:
"An accusation in writing against any officer of a district, county, or city, including any
member of the governing board or personnel commission of a school district or any humane
officer, for willful or corrupt misconduct in office, may be presented by the grand jury of the
county for or in which the officer accused is elected or appointed. An accusation may not be
presented without the concurrence of at least 12 grand jurors."
"[T]he `misconduct in office' condemned in section 3060 is broad enough to include `any willful
malfeasance, misfeasance, or nonfeasance in office' whether or not attended by `criminal intention' [citation] .
. . ." (People v. Hayes (1982) 129 Cal.App.3d 930, 938.) If the defendant denies the matters charged, he is
entitled to a trial by jury. (§§ 3069, 3070.) Section 3072 states:
"Upon a conviction and at the time appointed by the court it shall pronounce judgment
that the defendant be removed from office. To warrant a removal the judgment shall be entered
upon the minutes, and the causes of removal shall be assigned therein."
A violation of section 3060 is thus not a crime, but rather has as its consequence "`the removal of the
incumbent from office and the judgment can go to no further extent.' [Citations.]" (People v. Hayes, supra,
129 Cal.App.3d at 939.) Section 3074 provides for a six-year statute of limitations:
"Any officer subject to removal pursuant to this article may be removed from office for
willful or corrupt misconduct in office occurring at any time within the six years immediately
preceding the presentation of an accusation by the grand jury."
Hence, the period of limitations for misconduct in office is six years, whether the misconduct has occurred in
the current term or during a previous one. (People v. Cherry (1989) 209 Cal.App.3d 1131, 1133-1136; see
also People v. Hayes, supra, 129 Cal.App.3d at 9.)
It is concluded that a member of a Board established under the Act may be removed from office for
the willful breach of fiduciary duty or other malfeasance.
*****
Footnote No. 1 Undesignated section references herein are to the Government Code.
Footnote No. 2 Counties have the option of adopting the financial provisions of article 5 (§§ 31580-31607) or an
alternative set of financial provisions set forth in article 5.5 (§§ 31610-31619) of the Act. (See 70 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra
, at 5-8.) For purposes of convenience, we will refer only to the article 5 provisions.
Footnote No. 3 Every person admitted and licensed to practice law in California is a member of the State Bar. (Cal. Const.,
art. VI, § 9; Bus. & Prof. Code, § 6002; 73 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 172, 174 (1990).)
Footnote No. 4 "A client may expressly or impliedly consent to and waive complaints about adverse representation.
[Citations.]" (In re Lee G. (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 17, 34.)
4 of 5
Footnote No. 5 Section 31529.5 pertains to a county acting under article 5 of the Act. An identical section 31614 pertains
to a county acting under article 5.5 of the Act. Special provisions authorizing contracting with private attorneys apply to
Los Angeles County. (§§ 31529.1, 31529.6.)
Footnote No. 6 We have no occasion here to make a determination as to the existence of any such conflict in the absence
of specified facts.
Footnote No. 7 The filing of an action in the nature of quo warranto (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 803-811) would be available to
remove a person from office where the person refuses to leave after having forfeited the office
(§ 3000) or having caused the office to become vacant (§ 1770). (See Visnich v. Sacramento County Bd. of Education
(1974) 37 Cal.App.3d 684, 690; Hallinan v. Mellon (1963) 218 Cal.App.2nd 342, 347-348; Klose v. Superior Court (1950)
96 Cal.App.2nd 913, 917-919; 76 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 157, 165-166 (1993).)
Footnote No. 8 Pursuant to section 3020, "[s]tate officers elected on a statewide basis, members of the State Board of
Equalization, and judges of state courts are subject to impeachment for misconduct in office." (See 74 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen.
111, 112-114 (1991).)
5 of 5