The opinion
TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
DANIEL E. LUNGREN
Attorney General
______________________________________
OPINION :
: No. 96-405
of :
: March 20, 1997
DANIEL E. LUNGREN :
Attorney General :
:
ANTHONY S. DA VIGO :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
______________________________________________________________________
THE HONORABLE RICHARD K. RAINEY, MEMBER OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE
SENATE, has requested an opinion on the following question:
May public funds be used to repair and maintain an unpaved road located on private
property if the general public has a "prescriptive use easement" to travel on the road?
CONCLUSION
Public funds may be used to repair and maintain an unpaved road located on private
property if the general public has a "prescriptive use easement" to travel on the road.
ANALYSIS
We are advised that an unpaved road in Sierra County between Downieville and Johnsville
crosses over privately owned property. It is depicted on United States Geological Survey and local maps for
the area and has been used for travel by members of the public for the past 100 years. Currently 4-wheel
drive vehicles, motorcycles, mountain bikes, and hikers travel the road. May public funds be spent to repair
and maintain the road even though it is on private property? We conclude that public funds may be so used.
The issue to be resolved is whether the "gift clause" of the Constitution prohibits public
funds from being used to maintain a road on private property where members of the general public have only
a "prescriptive use easement" with respect to the road. Footnote No. 1 The constitutional clause in question
states in part: "The Legislature shall have no power to . . . authorize the making of any gift, of any public
money or thing of value to any individual, municipal or other corporation whatever." (Cal. Const., art. XVI, §
6.)
A "prescriptive use easement" is an interest in private property entitling the holder to a
limited use of the property. The owner of the property may not use the property inconsistent with the
easement holder's limited use. (Civ. Code, § 1007; Darr v. Lone Star Industries, Inc. (1979) 94 Cal.App.3d
895, 899-901.) A prescriptive use easement may not be obtained in property owned by the state or public
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agencies. (Civ. Code, § 1007; Hays v. Vanek (1989) 217 Cal.App.3d 271, 286.)
When a "prescriptive use easement" is obtained in private property by members of the
general public, it is more properly termed an "implied dedication." (People v. Sayig (1951) 101 Cal.App.2d
890, 896.) Recently the court in Hays v. Vanek, supra, 217 Cal.App.3d at 281, explained the two ways in
which implied dedications are established by the public in a road located on private property:
"A common law dedication of a roadway to the public can be proved in either one of
two ways: (1) by showing approval or acquiescence of the owner in the use of the road by
members of the public under circumstances inconsistent with use under a license; or (2) by
establishing open and continuous use by the public for a prescriptive period. [Citations.] The first
method, implied-in-fact dedication, requires a clear and unequivocal offer by the owner to
dedicate the road to a public use and an acceptance of the offer by the public. [Citation.] The
second method, implied-in-law dedication, shifts the focus of inquiry from the intent of the
owner to the activities of the public. [Citation.]"
Thus an "implied-in-law" dedication is based upon the activities of the general public during a "prescriptive
period" of time. In County of Los Angeles v. Berk (1980) 26 Cal.3d 201, 213-214, the Supreme Court
summarized:
"As early as 1854 this court, in addressing the matter of common law dedication of
property to the public, indicated that such a dedication might occur not only by deed or other
action so manifesting dedicatory intention on the part of the owner but by `lapse of time.'
[Citation.] In a series of subsequent cases it was made clear that dedication arising out of `lapse
of time,' in the words of Scott, was to be distinguished from dedication arising from dedicatory
acts or conduct by the owner in that it looked not to the intentions of the owner but to the intent
and activities of the public on the land in question; here the inquiry became whether the public,
through long-continued `adverse' use of the property, has so manifested its public aspect as to
justify the implication in law that a dedication had occurred. [Citations.] Our 1954 opinion in
Union Transp. Co. v. Sacramento County (1954) 42 Cal.2d 235, which drew upon all of these as
well as other cases, identified this form of dedication as one implied in law, as opposed to those
forms resting upon the acts or acquiescence of the owner, which it characterized as implied in
fact. [Citation.]
"Our Gion-Dietz [Gion v. City of Santa Cruz (1970) 2 Cal.3d 29] case, adverting to
this venerable line of authority, went on to distinguish the character of `adversity' necessary to
implied in law dedication to the public from that obtaining in the law of private prescriptive
rights, pointing out that what must be shown here is not a personal claim of right but rather a use
by members of the public `believing the public has a right to such use.' [Citation.] Here again we
did not purport to announce `new law' but rather to consolidate and explain prior expressions and
holdings. Indeed, as long ago as 1908 it had been explained that in such cases the public was not
required `to make proclamation that they are using [the subject property] under a claim of right
where the right is asserted as flowing from long usage with the knowledge and acquiescence of
the owner of the land; nor is it always necessary to show some aggressively hostile act by the
public that such use was intended to be adverse to the owner. The claim of right, the adverse
character of the use and the knowledge and acquiescence of the owner of the land may be
presumed from the facts and circumstances attending the use.' [Citations.]" (Fns. omitted.)
Whether the general public's "prescriptive use easement" of the road in question was the
result of an implied-in-fact dedication or an implied-in-law dedication does not affect our analysis. In either
case, members of the public have a right to use the road regardless of the intentions or acts of the current
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private property owners. (Civ. Code, § 1007; Hays v. Vanek, supra, 217 Cal.App.3d at 284-287.) Foontnote
No. 2
Returning to the "gift clause" prohibition of the Constitution, we find that it is not violated
where public funds are used to provide a public benefit. In California Housing Finance Agency v. Elliott
(1976) 17 Cal.3d 575, 583, the court stated:
". . . Under the public purpose doctrine, public credit may be extended and public
funds disbursed if a direct and substantial public purpose is served and non state entities are
benefited only as an incident to the public purpose. [Citations.] `. . . [T]he benefit to the state
from an expenditure for a public purpose is in the nature of consideration and the funds
expended are therefore not a gift even though private persons are benefited therefrom.'
[Citation.]"
In County of Alameda v. Janssen (1940) 16 Cal.2d 276, 281, the court analyzed the "gift clause," then
contained in article IV, as follows:
"It is well settled that, in determining whether an appropriation of public funds or
property is to be considered a gift, the primary question is whether the funds are to be used for a
`public' or a `private' purpose. If they are for a `public purpose', they are not a gift within the
meaning of section 31 of article IV. [Citations.]"
Here the proposed expenditure of public funds to repair and maintain the road in question
would serve a public purpose. The funds would be used to improve and benefit a "public" road over which
members of the general public have the right to travel. (See Union Transp. Co.v. Sacramento County(1954)
42 Cal.2d 235, 244; Hays v. Vanek, supra, 217 Cal.App.3d at 280-284; Brumbaugh v. County of Imperial
(1982) 134 Cal.App.3d 556, 563; Erven v. Board of Supervisors (1975) 53 Cal.App.3d 1004, 1012; 61
Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 466, 468 (1978); 47 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 191, 192-194 (1966); 45 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 98,
100 (1965).) To the extent that private property owners would also travel on the road over their properties,
they would be benefitted only as an incident to the public purpose.
We conclude that public funds may be used to repair and maintain an unpaved road located
on private property if the general public has a "prescriptive use easement" to travel on the road.
*****
Footnote No. 1
It is assumed for purposes of the inquiry that such funds would derive from a statutorily authorized source.
Footnote No. 2
Under the terms of Civil Code section 1009, the acts of the general public in the use of certain private recreational property
after March 4, 1972, may not establish an implied-in-law dedication.
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