The opinion
TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
DANIEL E. LUNGREN
Attorney General
______________________________________
OPINION :
: No. 97-401
of :
: June 16, 1997
DANIEL E. LUNGREN :
Attorney General :
:
ANTHONY M. SUMMERS :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
______________________________________________________________________
THE HONORABLE HUGH E. COMISKY, JR., DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF MODOC
COUNTY, has requested an opinion on the following question:
With respect to a lawsuit that was filed against a judge by a county regarding the
performance of administrative duties by the judge under the county's trial court coordination plan, may the
county pay the attorney's fees and costs of litigation incurred by the judge?
CONCLUSION
With respect to a lawsuit that was filed against a judge by a county regarding the
performance of administrative duties by the judge under the county's trial court coordination plan, the county
must pay reasonable attorney's fees and costs of litigation that were necessarily incurred by the judge.
ANALYSIS
A county recently filed a petition for writ of mandate against a superior court judge relating
to the judge's administrative duties under the county's trial court coordination plan. The county was
represented by the county counsel. The petition was denied, and the case is now closed. We are asked
whether the county may pay the attorney's fees and costs of the judge relating to the litigation without
violating the constitutional prohibition against making a gift of public funds. We conclude that it must pay
the fees and costs as required by statute.
Section 6 of article XVI of the Constitution provides:
"The Legislature shall have no power to give or to lend, or to authorize the giving or
lending, of the credit of the State, or of any county, city and county, city, township or other
political corporation or subdivision of the State now existing, or that may be hereafter
established, in aid of or to any person, association, or corporation, whether municipal or
otherwise, or to pledge the credit thereof, in any manner whatever, for the payment of the
liabilities of any individual, association, municipal or other corporation whatever; nor shall it
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have power to make any gift or authorize the making of any gift, of any public money or thing of
value to any individual, municipal or other corporation whatever . . . ."
Does the constitutional prohibition apply to the payment of the litigation costs in question? In answering this
question, we find that the fundamental issue to be resolved is whether the money is to be used for a "public
purpose"; if so, it is not a gift. (See, e.g., Paramount Unified School Dist. v. Teachers Assn. of Paramount
(1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 1371; 80 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 56 (1997); 58 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 691 (1975).) A
determination of what constitutes a public purpose is primarily a matter for the Legislature, and its discretion
will not be disturbed so long as it has a reasonable basis therefor. (County of Sonoma v. State Bd. of
Equalization (1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 982.)
The Legislature has directed that the legal representation of a superior court judge in a
matter pertaining to the judge's duties is normally the responsibility of the county counsel. Government Code
section 27647 Footnote No. 1 provides:
"(a) If requested so to do by the superior court of the county of which he is county
counsel, or by any municipal court or justice court in such county, or by any judge thereof, and
insofar as such duties are not in conflict with, and do not interfere with, his other duties, the
county counsel may represent any such court or judge thereof in all matters and questions of law
pertaining to any of such judge's duties, including any representation authorized by Section
68111 and representation in all civil actions and proceedings in any court in which with respect
to the court's or judge's official capacity, such court or judge is concerned or is a party.
"(b) This section shall not apply to any of the following:
"(1) Any criminal proceedings in which a judge is a defendant.
"(2) Any grand jury proceedings.
"(3) Any proceeding before the Commission on Judicial Qualifications.
"(4) Any civil action or proceeding arising out of facts under which the judge was
convicted of a criminal offense in a criminal proceeding." Footnote No. 2
When the county counsel is unable to represent a judge because of a conflict of interest, section 27648 states:
"If, because of a declared conflict of interest, any judge, who is otherwise entitled to
representation pursuant to Section 825, 995, or 27647, is required to retain his own counsel, such
judge is entitled to recover from the appropriate public entity such reasonable attorney's fees,
costs, and expenses as were necessarily incurred thereby." Footnote No. 3
In the situation presented, a conflict of interest was declared that precluded the county counsel from
representing the judge. Hence, the judge was required to obtain his own counsel.
In Municipal Court v. Bloodgood (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 29, the municipal court judges of
Los Angeles County retained private counsel to represent them in connection with a proposed reduction of
court funding by the board of supervisors. The county counsel had a conflict, having represented the board of
supervisors in relation to the legality of the reduced budget. (Id., at p. 37.) The Court of Appeal held that the
dispute was one in which the judges were entitled to legal representation under the terms of section 27648:
". . . An obvious purpose of Government Code section 27648 is to permit a judge to
obtain legal representation in matters of law pertaining to the judge's duties, when a county
counsel cannot properly represent that judge due to a conflict of interest." (Id., at p. 41.)
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Here, similar to the situation in Bloodgood, the litigated dispute centered on the administrative duties of the
judge under the county's trial court coordination plan, and a conflict of interest was present.
Nevertheless, it has been suggested that the court's decision in Municipal Court v. County of
Placer (1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 1173, supports the contrary conclusion that the payment of litigation costs in
the present circumstances would be an unconstitutional gift of public funds. In Placer County, the county
counsel filed a petition for writ of mandate against the municipal court on behalf of the county probation
department, challenging in part the ruling made by a judge in a particular case (the Mitchell proceeding).
Footnote No. 4 The judge requested that the county counsel defend his ruling, but the county counsel declared
a conflict of interest. The judge thereupon hired his own attorney. At the conclusion of the litigation, the
board of supervisors refused to pay the attorney's fees and costs of the judge. The Court of Appeal concluded:
"Although we are not here required definitively and comprehensively to define the
scope of section 27647, we are satisfied it does not authorize trial courts or judges to retain
outside counsel to `defend' the judicial rulings of the court whenever such rulings are challenged.
Each year thousands of appealable orders and judgments are rendered by the trial courts of this
state. In addition, countless nonappealable orders are the subject of writ proceedings in higher
courts. Broadly speaking, when such an order or judgment is challenged by appeal or writ it can
be said the challenge raises a `question[] of law pertaining to any of such judge's duties,' or is
otherwise a matter `in which with respect to the court's or judge's official capacity, such court or
judge is concerned . . . .' Yet, in our view, it is inconceivable that the Legislature intended
sections 27647 and 27648 to authorize trial courts and judges to retain counsel to represent them
in all such matters at the expense of the taxpayers." (Id., at p. 1178.)
The court relied upon a 1905 Supreme Court case in reaching its conclusion:
"Matter of De Lucca (1905) 146 Cal. 110, involving a writ of certiorari, explicates a
principle which applies here equally as well: `A tribunal, board, or officer exercising judicial
functions is not authorized to litigate, as a party, the mere question as to whether it has, in the
doing of an official act, exceeded its jurisdiction. The law has provided methods by which the
party aggrieved may have such an act reviewed by a superior tribunal. Ordinarily, this is
accomplished by an appeal. Where there is no appeal or any other plain, speedy, and adequate
remedy, such act may be reviewed [by writ]. [¶] (6) The [writ] proceeding . . . is simply an
additional method of reviewing the action of an inferior tribunal exercising judicial functions,
being similar in its nature to an appeal, and the tribunal whose act is assailed thereby has no
interest in the matter in which it has simply acted in a judicial capacity . . . to any greater extent
or in any different degree than such interest as it may have when an ordinary appeal is taken
from its order or judgment. The proceeding is against the completed act alleged to have been in
excess of jurisdiction, rather than against the inferior tribunal, and while the writ runs to the
tribunal whose action is sought to be reviewed, the real adverse party in interest is the one in
whose favor the act complained of has been done.' (Id., at p. 113, see also Solberg v. Superior
Court (1977) 19 Cal.3d 182, 189-190.)" (Id., at pp. 1178-1179.)
The court distinguished Bloodgood as follows:
"Municipal Court v. Bloodgood (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 29, relied upon by plaintiffs,
is distinguishable. There, municipal court judges in Los Angeles County brought an action for
declaratory relief against the county to enforce collection of attorney's fees incurred by the
judges' employment of counsel to represent the courts in respect to a proposed reduction in the
courts' budget. Because of a conflict of interest on the part of county counsel, the judges hired
private counsel. It is implicit in the appellate opinion that the matter in which counsel was
t i di l d ti l ti t th d ti f th i i l tj d ithi th
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retained involved a question relating to the duties of the municipal court judges within the
meaning of section 27647. Bloodgood held that because county counsel could not accept the
representation, the judges could properly retain outside counsel pursuant to section 27648 to
represent them in their negotiations with the county, and the county was obligated to reimburse
the judges for attorney's fees incurred. (At pp. 39-45.) The court emphasized that the budget as
proposed by the county threatened to erode the ability of the municipal courts to guarantee basic
constitutional rights. (See id., at pp. 36-37.)
"Unlike Bloodgood, the Mitchell proceeding . . . involved essentially a matter of
statutory construction with regard to whether the municipal court or the County probation
department had in the first instance the authority to direct a convicted misdemeanant to
participate in the work release program. (See Pen. Code, §§ 1203, 1208, 4024.2.) . . ."
Here, we rely upon Bloodgood rather than the Placer County decision, since the county in
question sued the judge to contest his authority to take specified official administrative actions pursuant to
the county's trial court coordination plan. This was not the situation of a judge making a ruling in a particular
case, where the losing party could seek review and the "party in interest . . . in whose favor the act
complained of has been done" (Matter of de Lucca (1905) 146 Cal. 110, 113) could "defend" the ruling.
Accordingly, we believe that the instant matter comes under the terms of section 27648
because of the county counsel's declared conflict of interest and the judge's right to legal representation
pursuant to section 27647. Under the latter statute, the county's lawsuit clearly involved a matter and question
of law pertaining to the judge's duties; it did not involve a ruling in a case between two adverse parties.
The legal defense of official actions provided under the terms of sections 27647 and 27648
serves a public purpose. Public duties, when challenged, may necessitate legal representation. No gift of
public funds may be asserted when public duties, as in the circumstances presented, are defended by private
counsel and the payment of "reasonable attorney's fees, costs, and expenses as were necessarily incurred
thereby" (§ 227648) is requested. Footnote No. 5
We conclude that with respect to a lawsuit that was filed against a judge by a county
regarding the performance of administrative duties by the judge under the county's trial court coordination
plan, the county must pay reasonable attorney's fees and costs of litigation that were necessarily incurred by
the judge.
*****
Footnote No. 1
All references hereafter to the Government Code are by section number only.
Footnote No. 2
Section 68111 concerns when a judge "is a witness in his official capacity as judge in any action or proceeding."
Footnote No. 3
Sections 825 and 995 involve lawsuits filed against public officers and employees based upon acts or omissions in the
performance of official duties.
Footnote No. 4
Placer County also involved a second underlying proceeding, which the Court of Appeal treated in the same manner.
Footnote No. 5
The litigation costs payable pursuant to section 27648 do not depend upon whether the judge is the "prevailing party" in the
lawsuit. (Municipal Court v. Bloodgood, supra, 137 Cal.App.3d at 45-46.) They would be payable regardless of an order of
a trial court or appellate court that the parties bear their own costs.
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