The opinion
TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
DANIEL E. LUNGREN
Attorney General
______________________________________
OPINION :
: No. 95-210
of :
: May 2, 1995
DANIEL E. LUNGREN :
Attorney General :
:
MAXINE P. CUTLER :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
______________________________________________________________________________
THE ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTS ASSOCIATION has requested leave to sue
in quo warranto to remove William McCarley from his position as general manager of the Department
of Water and Power of the City of Los Angeles.
DISPOSITION
Leave to sue in quo warranto to remove William McCarley from his position as general
manager of the Department of Water and Power of the City of Los Angeles is denied.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
This application for leave to sue in quo warranto is brought by the Engineers and
Architects Association ("Relator"), a California corporation recognized by the City of Los Angeles
("City") as representing professional, technical, administrative, and supervisory employees in the City's
Department of Water and Power ("Department"). Relator challenges the City's appointment by its
Board of Water and Power ("Board") of William McCarley ("Defendant"), who is not a registered
engineer, as the general manager and chief engineer of the Department.
Under the City's Charter ("Charter"), the Department has the power and duty "to
construct, operate, maintain, extend, manage, and control works and property for the purpose of
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supplying the City and its inhabitants with water and electric energy. . . ." (L.A. Charter, ' 220.)1 The
Department, including its general manager (' 80, subd. (a)), is under the control and management of the
Board, which is comprised of five commissioners. (' 70, subd. (a).) The general manager, in addition
to budgetary duties, has the power and duty to administer the affairs of the Department; appoint,
discharge, suspend, and transfer employees of the Department; and exercise further powers as may be
conferred upon him by the Board. (' 80, subd. (a).) Section 220 provides that "the general manager
of the department shall be the chief engineer of the department and shall have recognized ability and
broad experience in hydraulic and electrical engineering and the economics of water and electrical
utilities."
The language of section 220 specifying the qualifications of the Department's general
manager was incorporated into the Charter in 1924. At that time and until 1928, the general manager
of the Department was William Mulholland, who was not a registered engineer and had no formal
education beyond the age of 15.
Defendant began working for the City in 1965 in the Public Works Bureau of Street
Lighting where he dealt with the Department in coordinating the installation of lighting facilities. He
has been responsible for the capital improvement program of all City departments and specifically has
worked with the Bureau of Engineering on the construction of water reclamation facilities. He has
been a budget analyst for several City departments and has held the positions of assistant city
administrative officer, chief legislative analyst, and chief of staff. His 30 years of City employment
have involved various aspects of the operations, policies, and intergovernmental issues affecting the
Department.
On July 27, 1994, the Board determined that Defendant had "broad experience in
hydraulic and electrical engineering and the economics of water and electrical utilities" and appointed
him interim general manager of the Department. Kenneth Miyoshi, who holds the civil service
position of principal power engineer, was appointed senior assistant general manager and acting general
manager in Defendant's absence.
ISSUE OF LAW
Is the general manager and chief engineer of the Department required to be a registered
engineer?
ANALYSIS
Section 803 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that an action in quo warranto
"may be brought by the attorney general, in the name of the people of this state, upon his own
information, or upon the complaint of a private party, against any person who usurps, intrudes into, or
unlawfully holds or exercises any public office . . . ."
1
All references hereafter to the City's Charter are by section number only.
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We will assume for purposes of this application that the position of general manager
and chief engineer of the Department constitutes a "public office" within the meaning of Code of Civil
Procedure section 803. (See Coulter v. Pool (1921) 187 Cal. 181, 186-187; Nussbaum v. Weeks
(1989) 214 Cal.App.3d 1589, 1595-1596; 67 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 409, 412-413 (1984); 24
Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 188, 189 (1954); but see Neigel v. Superior Court (1977) 72 Cal.App.3d 373; Main
v. Claremont Unified School Dist. (1958) 161 Cal.App.2d 189; Schaefer v. Superior Court (1952) 113
Cal.App.2d 428; 76 Ops. Cal.Atty.Gen. 244 (1993); 65 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 316 (1982); 40
Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 228 (1962); 26 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 29 (1955); 19 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 119 (1952).)2
In 64 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 42, 45 (1981), we stated with respect to the interpretation of
city charters generally:
"In interpreting the charter provision at issue, the same principles of
construction are applicable as are applied in interpreting the Constitution or general
laws. [Citation.] Accordingly, the ordinary and usual import of the language used must
be given effect [citations], with consideration given to the document as a whole in order
to ascertain the intent and purpose of its individual provisions. [Citations.]"
Applying these principles of construction here, we find that the word "engineer" is ordinarily defined as
"a person who is trained in or follows as a calling or profession a branch of engineering (as civil,
military, electrical, mining, structural or sanitary engineering) in some jurisdictions legally restricted in
technical use to a person who has completed a prescribed course of study and complied with
requirements concerning registration or licensing." (Webster's New Internat. Dict. (3d ed. 1971) p.
752.) The word "chief" is commonly defined as "accorded highest rank, office or rating (executive)."
(Id., at p. 387.)
It is evident that as used in section 220 of the Charter, "chief engineer" is a title rather
than a technical term restricted to a person who is registered as an engineer. Had the framers of the
Charter intended the Department's general manager to be a registered engineer, they could easily have
expressed such a requirement. (See Benguit v. City of Los Angeles (1971) 15 Cal.App.3d 621, 627.)
For example, the Charter requires the city attorney to be qualified to practice in all courts (' 41 (1)),
and the city engineer is required to be a civil engineer (' 49). On the other hand, and similar to the
position in question, "[t]he chief administrative officer of the Fire Department shall be known as the
Chief Engineer of the Fire Department" (' 134; see also Unified Firefighters of Los Angeles v. City of
Los Angeles (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 1576, 1578), without requiring the person to be a registered
engineer. Thus, when we look to the qualifications of other City officials contained in the Charter, it
becomes clear that the words "chief engineer" in section 220 do not require the general manager of the
Department to be a registered engineer. (See Lungren v. Davis (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 806, 823.)
Moreover, when the "chief engineer" language of section 220 was incorporated into the
Charter, the general manager of the Department was not a registered engineer. He continued in his
2
If the position does not constitute a public office for purposes of Code of Civil Procedure section 803, the Relator's
remedy, if any, to have Defendant removed from the position would be other than by way of a quo warranto proceeding.
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position for an additional four years before retiring. Under such circumstances, we may apply the rule
of construction that a contemporaneous administrative construction of a city charter amendment may be
relied upon to resolve any ambiguities. (See Social Services Union v. City and County of San
Francisco (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 1093, 1101; DeYoung v. City of San Diego (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d
11, 17-19; see also Dix v. Superior Court (1991) 53 Cal.3d 442, 460; Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair
Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379, 1388-1389; Board of Supervisors v. Lonergan
(1980) 27 Cal.3d 855, 866; Industrial Indemnity Co. v. City and County of San Francisco (1990) 218
Cal.App.3d 999, 1009.)
In a 1965 informal opinion (Cal. Atty. Gen., Indexed Letter, No. IL 65-145 (Aug. 31,
1965)), we concluded that the director of city planning for the City of Oakland need not be a registered
engineer. We stated:
"Oakland is a chartered city having availed itself of complete home rule in
matters of municipal affairs as permitted by article XI, section 6 of our constitution
(Oak. ch. ' 49(a)). Though we were unable to find a case directly so holding, it would
seem to follow that Oakland may establish whatever public offices it desires, and
establish the qualifications for such offices (see Stahn v. Klein, 179 Cal.App.2d 512
(1960); O'Neill v. Williams, 53 Cal.App.1 (1921)).
". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
". . . the job classification specifications for the position of Director of City
Planning specify as `Employment Standards' that `Qualifications must include a
combination of professional experience in city planning, appropriate graduate level
academic training, and recognized professional leadership, which, taken in total, are
sufficiently comprehensive to assure effective performance under only general
direction'. . . ."
". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"Clearly, then, there is no requirement imposed by the City of Oakland that the
Director of City Planning be a registered civil or professional engineer. . . ."
". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"In answer to the policy question that a director of planning should be a
licensed engineer, we note that section 65361 of the Government Code permits a
planning commission to `appoint the officers and employees it deems necessary for its
work' and section 65362 of the code permits the commission to `employ or contract
with planning consultants and other specialists for such services as it requires.'
(Emphasis added.) Thus, a planning commission may hire or contract with engineers
if their planning work necessitates the practice of engineering. And apparently this is
exactly what the Legislature has contemplated for many years. The predecessor to
section 65361 and 65362 in our local planning laws provided from 1927 to 1937 that
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the commission could `contract with architects, city planners, engineers, and other
consultants' (emphasis added). In 1937 the present wording was adopted. (See Stats.
1927, ch. 874, p. 1900-01; Stats. 1929, ch. 838, p. 1806-07; Stats. 1937, ch. 665, p.
1820.) And as stated to us in a letter from the City Attorney of Oakland, `[T]here are
approximately 20 registered civil engineers employed by the City in its Street and
Engineering Department' (who presumably would be available to the Planning
Commission or Director of Planning if engineering services were required.)."
Our 1965 informal opinion relied upon several cases supporting the conclusion that a city or county
director of planning need not be a registered engineer unless such qualification was specifically
required by charter or statute. (See Hard v. County of Plumas (1950) 35 Cal.2d 577; Carter v. Com.
on Qualifications (1939) 14 Cal.2d 179; People v. Dorsey (1867) 32 Cal. 296.)
Consistent with our prior opinion, we find here that Defendant need not be a registered
engineer in order to be the Department's general manager. The Charter requires only that the general
manager "shall be the chief engineer . . . and shall have recognized ability and broad experience in
hydraulic and electrical engineering and the economics of water and electrical utilities." (' 220.) It
does not specify the qualification of being a registered engineer. The Board administratively
determined that Defendant's 30 years of City employment in working with the Bureau of Engineering
and for the Public Works Bureau of Street Lighting, among other duties, met the Charter qualifications.
Nothing in state law warrants a contrary conclusion. (See 63 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 24,
24-29 (1980); 58 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 278, 279-281 (1975).) The Professional Engineers Act (Bus. &
Prof. Code, '' 6700-6780.84) regulates the practice of civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering and
uses the titles "consulting engineer," "professional engineer," "registered engineer," and
"engineer-in-training." (Bus. & Prof. Code, '' 6700, 6704.) It defines several of these terms (Bus. &
Prof. Code, '' 6701-6702.2) and provides those using certain titles must be registered with the state
(Bus. & Prof. Code, ' 6704). The term "chief engineer" is not contained in the statutory scheme; we
have found no requirement that a person must be registered with the state to use such title.
We conclude that the term "chief engineer" as used in section 220 of the Charter does
not require the general manager of the Department to be a registered engineer. Accordingly, the
application herein does not raise a substantial issue of law or fact which should be judicially resolved; it
would not be in the public interest to grant leave to sue. (See, e.g., 77 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 7, 8 (1994).)
Relator's application for leave to sue in quo warranto to remove Defendant from his position as general
manager of the Department is denied.
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