The opinion
TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
DANIEL E. LUNGREN
Attorney General
______________________________________
OPINION :
: No. 94-1109
of :
: May 10, 1995
DANIEL E. LUNGREN :
Attorney General :
:
CLAYTON P. ROCHE :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
______________________________________________________________________________
THE HONORABLE BRUCE McPHERSON, MEMBER OF THE CALIFORNIA
ASSEMBLY, has requested an opinion on the following question:
Does the seismic strengthening of an unreinforced masonry building required by local
ordinance constitute a "building alteration, structural repair or addition" for purposes of providing
access to the building for disabled persons?
CONCLUSION
The seismic strengthening of an unreinforced masonry building required by local
ordinance constitutes a "building alteration, structural repair or addition" for purposes of providing
access to the building for disabled persons.
ANALYSIS
This request for our opinion involves the requirements for providing access to public
buildings for disabled persons as set forth in sections 4550-4558 of the Government Code 1 and
administered by the State Architect. Section 4450 provides:
1
All references hereafter to the Government Code are by section number only.
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"(a) It is the purpose of this chapter to ensure that all buildings, structures,
sidewalks, curbs, and related facilities, constructed in the state by the use of state,
county, or municipal funds, or the funds of any political subdivision of the state shall be
accessible to and useable by persons with disabilities. The State Architect shall
develop and submit proposed building standards to the California Building Standards
Commission for approval and adoption . . . and shall develop other regulations for
making buildings, structures, sidewalks, curbs, and related facilities accessible to and
useable by persons with disabilities. The regulations and building standards relating to
access for persons with disabilities shall be consistent with the standards for buildings
and structures which are contained in pertinent provisions of the latest edition of the
Uniform Building Code . . . and these regulations and building standards shall contain
additional requirements relating to buildings, structures, sidewalks, curbs, and other
related facilities as the State Architect determines are necessary to assure access and
usability for persons with disabilities. . . .
"(b) However, in no case shall the State Architect's regulations and building
standards prescribe a lesser standard of accessibility or usability than provided by the
Accessibility Guidelines prepared by the federal Access Board as adopted by the
United States Department of Justice to implement the Americans with Disabilities Act
of 1990 (Public Law 101-336)."
Subdivision (d) of section 4451 provides:
"Until building standards are published in the California Building Standards
Code and other regulations are developed by the State Architect and adopted by the
California Building Standards Commission pursuant to Section 4450, buildings,
structures, sidewalks, curbs, and related facilities subject to the provisions of this
chapter or Part 5.5 (commencing with Section 19955) of Division 13 of the Health and
Safety Code shall meet or exceed the requirements of Title III of Subpart D of the
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990."2
The disability access requirements are applicable to existing public buildings "when
alterations, structural repairs or additions are made." Section 4456 states:
". . . any building or facility which would have been subject to this chapter but
for the fact it was constructed prior to November 13, 1968, shall comply with the
provisions of this chapter when alterations, structural repairs or additions are made to
such building or facility. This requirement shall only apply to the area of specific
2
We note that sections 4450-4458 are applicable not only to public buildings, but also "public accommodations or
facilities constructed in this state with private funds." (Health & Saf. Code, '' 19952-19954, '' 19995-19999; see generally
City and County of San Francisco v. Grant Co. (1986) 181 Cal.App.3d 1085; People Ex Rel. Deukmejian v. CHE, Inc. (1983)
150 Cal.App.3d 123; Marsh v. Edwards Theatre Circuits, Inc. (1976) 64 Cal.App.3d 881.)
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alteration, structural repair or addition and shall not be construed to mean that the entire
structure or facility is subject to this chapter."
By regulation the State Architect requires compliance with the disability access
requirements at the time of "renovation, structural repair, alteration and additions to existing buildings
. . . ." (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 24, ' 3109A.) Thus the access requirements are imposed upon the owners
of existing public buildings only when construction is underway and the opportunity to mitigate
deficiencies is at hand. (See Cal. Code Regs., tit. 24, ' 110.) Also, certain exceptions are allowed
with respect to historic buildings (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 24, '' 8-1300--8-1306), elevators (Cal. Code
Regs., tit. 24, ' 5103), and a monetary limitation is placed upon the amount required to be spent to
correct any deficiencies (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 24, ' 3112). A general statutory exception to the literal
requirements is authorized "when it is clearly evident that equivalent facilitation and protection are
thereby secured." (' 4451, subd. (f).)
The applicable definitions in the regulations governing earthquake design specify in
relevant part:
"ADDITION means any work which increases the floor or roof area or the
volume of enclosed space of an existing building and is dependent on the structural
elements of that facility for vertical or lateral support.
"ALTERATION means any change in an existing building which does not
increase and may decrease the floor or roof area or the volume of enclosed space.
". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"STRUCTURAL REPAIRS are any changes affecting existing or requiring
new structural elements primarily intended to correct the effects of deterioration or
impending or actual failure, regardless of cause." (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 24, ' 2331.)
On February 8, 1994, the State Architect issued Policy No. 94-01, reaffirming his 1991
administrative determination that the seismic strengthening of an unreinforced masonry building would
constitute a "building alteration, structural repair or addition" for purposes of providing access to the
building for disabled persons. We are asked whether the State Architect's administrative determination
is correct. We conclude that it is.
In 61 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 555 (1978), we construed the language of section 4556 as it
applied to a city library at the time its front porch and walkway were restored and modernized. We
concluded that section 4556 required the restored area to be made accessible to and usable by disabled
persons. With respect to whether the modifications constituted "alterations, structural repairs or
additions" within the meaning of the statute, we stated:
"An `alteration' is a change or modification in construction (Webster's Internat.
Dict. (3d ed. 1966) p. 63; U. Bldg. Code (12973) ' 402, p. 36); a `structural repair' is a
reconstruction or renewal of an essential element of a facility for the purpose of its
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maintenance (Webster's New Internat. Dict. (3d ed. 1966) pp. 1923, 2266; U. Bldg.
Code (1973) ' 419, p. 42); an `addition' is an extension by the joining of one thing to
another (Webster's New Internat. Dict. (3d ed. 1966) p. 24; U. Bldg. Code (1973) '
402, p.36).
"The facilities in question have been changed in a material manner, not merely
restored to their original condition. We are not concerned here with simple
maintenance, such as the patching of cracks in the steps. Moreover, these front
entrance facilities are not ornamental in nature but are essential to the use of the library.
Covering the facilities with concrete and increasing the number of steps thus constitute
construction modifications of essential elements (with the addition of the side
handrails) for the purpose of providing safe access to the general public.
"Taken as a whole, we conclude that these modifications to the library's front
entrance facilities come within the meaning of `alterations, structural repairs or
additions' as those terms are used in section 4456." (Id. at p. 557.)
In 76 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 130 (1993), we examined the requirements of the federal
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 to public buildings in California. We stated in part:
"The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (Pub.L. No. 101-336; 42 U.S.C.
' 12101, et seq.; hereafter "ADA") was enacted by Congress as a civil rights statute to
deal with discrimination against individuals with disabilities in the areas of
employment (Title I), public services (Title II), and in the construction or alteration of
places of public accommodation or commercial facilities (Title III). Unlawful
discrimination occurs under Title III when a private party designs and constructs a new
public accommodation or commercial facility, or alters an existing one, and fails to
make the facility `readily accessible to and useable by individuals with disabilities.' ('
303.) Title III is implemented by regulations issued by the United States Attorney
General (' 306(b)), and the standards included in the regulations are required to be
consistent with the minimum guidelines and requirements promulgated by the
Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (' 306(c)).
". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
". . . Government Code section 4450 ensues `that all buildings, structures,
sidewalks, curbs, and related facilities, constructed in this state by the use of state,
county, or municipal funds, or the funds of any political subdivision of the state shall be
accessible to and useable by individuals with disabilities.' Under this statute the State
Architect has adopted regulations and building standards necessary to assure access to
and useability of public buildings by individuals with disabilities. The same
regulations are made applicable by Health and Safety Code sections 19955 and 19956
to public accommodations or facilities constructed with private funds. Chapter 913
added the directive with respect to these statutes that `in no case shall the State
Architect's regulations and building standards prescribe a lesser standard of
4. 94-1109
accessibility or useability than provided by regulations of the Federal Architectural and
Transportation Barriers compliance Board adopted to implement the Americans With
Disabilities Act of 1990.' (Gov. Code, ' 4450, subd. (b).)" (Id., at pp. 131-133, fns.
omitted.)
The regulations mentioned in our 1993 opinion that were issued by the United States
Attorney General implementing the federal access requirements provide in part as follows:
"(a) General. (1) Any alteration to a place of public accommodation or a
commercial facility, after January 26, 1992, shall be made so as to ensure that, to the
maximum extent feasible, the altered portions of the facility are readily accessible to
and usable by individuals with disabilities, including individuals who use wheelchairs.
"(2) An alteration is deemed to be undertaken after January 26, 1992, if the
physical alteration of the property begins after that date.
"(b) Alteration. For the purposes of this part, an alternation is a change to a
place of public accommodation or a commercial facility that affects or could affect the
usability of the building or facility or any part thereof.
"(1) Alterations include, but are not limited to, remodeling, renovation,
rehabilitation, reconstruction, historic restoration, changes or rearrangement in
structural parts or elements, and changes or rearrangement in the plan configuration of
walls and full-height partitions. Normal maintenance, reroofing, painting or
wallpapering, asbestos removal, or changes to mechanical and electrical systems are
not alterations unless they affect the usability of the building or facility.
"(2) If existing elements, spaces, or common areas are altered, then each such
altered element, space, or area shall comply with the applicable provisions of appendix
A to this part.
"(c) To the maximum extent feasible. The phrase `to the maximum extent feasible,' as
used in this section, applies to the occasional case where the nature of an existing
facility makes it virtually impossible to comply fully with applicable accessibility
standards through a planned alteration. In these circumstances, the alteration shall
provide the maximum physical accessibility feasible. Any altered features of the
facility that can be made accessible shall be made accessible. If providing accessibility
in conformance with this section to individuals with certain disabilities (e.g., those who
use wheelchairs) would not be feasible, the facility shall be made accessible to persons
with other types of disabilities (e.g., those who use crutches, those who have impaired
vision or hearing, or those who have other impairments)." (28 C.F.R. ' 36.402
(1994).)
We agree with the State Architect that the seismic strengthening of an unreinforced
masonry building constitutes a "building alteration, structural repair or addition" for purposes of
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providing access to the building for disabled persons. Seismic strengthening is structural, not cosmetic
or decorative. Undeniably, it goes beyond normal maintenance; its purpose is to affect the basic
usability of the building itself. In comparison to federal law, California law provides equal if not
greater access for disabled persons. ('' 4450-4451.) Seismic strengthening constitutes an "alteration"
under federal law. (28 C.F.R. ' 36.402 (1994).) The State Architect's imposition of access
requirements for the seismic strengthening of unreinforced masonry buildings is thus consistent with
the federal statutory scheme and implementing regulations.
Moreover, as the public official charged with implementing the state legislation in
question, the State Architect's interpretation of section 4556 with respect to seismic strengthening is
entitled to great weight. (See Norman v. Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd. (1983) 34 Cal.3d 1, 8; In Re
Kelly (1983) 33 Cal.3d 267, 277; Adamson v. Department of Social Services (1988) 207 Cal.App.3d 14,
22.)
Accordingly, we conclude that the seismic strengthening of an unreinforced masonry
building required by local ordinance constitutes a "building alteration, structural repair or addition" for
purposes of providing access to the building for disabled persons.
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