The opinion
TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
DANIEL E. LUNGREN
Attorney General
______________________________________
OPINION :
: No. 94-109
of :
: April 14, 1994
DANIEL E. LUNGREN :
Attorney General :
:
CLAYTON P. ROCHE :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
______________________________________________________________________________
THE HONORABLE JAMES L. BRULTE, MEMBER OF THE CALIFORNIA
ASSEMBLY, has requested an opinion on the following question:
May a registered voter request an absentee ballot for more than one election in a
single application?
CONCLUSION
A registered voter may not request an absentee ballot for more than one election in
a single application except for a special election to fill a vacancy in office when the election includes
a special primary election.
ANALYSIS
The Legislature has enacted a comprehensive statutory scheme governing requests
for absentee ballots by registered voters. (Elec. Code, §§ 1000-1456.)1 In this opinion, we are not
concerned with the statutory provisions for disabled persons (§§ 1450-1456; see 76
Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 154 (1993)), members of the armed forces and their families, persons temporarily
living outside of the United States, or those serving on merchant vessels (§§ 1200-1208). Rather,
we are concerned with a typical registered voter applying for an absent voter's ballot, and the
question is whether the application may cover more than one election. We conclude generally that
it may not.
In resolving the issues presented, we may rely upon several well established
principles of statutory construction. "The object that a statute seeks to achieve is of primary
importance in statutory interpretation." (Lusardi Construction Co. v. Aubry (1992) 1 Cal.4th 976,
1
All section references are to the Elections Code unless otherwise noted.
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987.) "`In determining intent, we look first to the language of the statute, giving effect to its "plain
meaning."'" (Burden v. Snowden (1992) 2 Cal.4th 556, 562.) "The words of the statute must be
construed in context, keeping in mind the statutory purpose, and statutes or statutory sections
relating to the same subject must be harmonized, both internally and with each other, to the extent
possible." (Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379, 1387.)
"[I]t is presumed the Legislature intended reasonable results consistent with its expressed purpose,
not absurd consequences." (Harris v. Capital Growth Investors XIV (1991) 52 Cal.3d 1142, 1165-
1166.) "When reasonably possible, we avoid statutory constructions that render particular
provisions superfluous or unnecessary." (Dix v. Superior Court (1991) 53 Cal.3d 442, 459.)
"Unless unreasonable or clearly contrary to the statutory language or purpose, the consistent
construction of a statute by an agency charged with responsibility for its implementation is entitled
to great deference." (Id., at p. 460.)
Applying these rules of construction, we believe that except in one instance, only a
single election may be the subject of an absent voter's ballot application. Section 1002 states with
respect to the time within which an application for an absent voter's ballot may be made:
"Except as provided in Chapter 7 (commencing with Section 1450),
application for an absent voter's ballot shall be made in writing to the elections
official having jurisdiction over the election between the 29th and the 7th day prior
to the election. The application shall be signed by the applicant and shall show his
place of residence. Any applications received by the elections official prior to the
29th day shall be kept and processed during the application period."2
References to "the election" in section 1002 connote a specified single election and a period of time
before such single election when the application may be filed.
Consistent with this statutory language, section 1006 sets forth the information which
a voter must provide in an application for an absent voter's ballot. It states in part:
"(a) Any printed application which is to be distributed to voters for
requesting absent voter ballots shall contain spaces for the following:
"(1) The printed name and residence address of the voter as it appears on the
affidavit of registration.
"(2) The address to which the ballot is to be mailed.
"(3) The voter's signature.
"(4) The name and date of the election for which the request is to be made.
"(5) The date the application must be received by the clerk.
"(b) (1) The information required by paragraphs (1), (4), and (5) of
subdivision (a) may be preprinted on the application. The information required by
paragraphs (2) and (3) of subdivision (a) shall be personally affixed by the voter."
2
As previously indicated, "Chapter 7" concerns permanent absent voter status for disabled
persons.
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Subdivision (a)(4) of section 1006 thus requires that the application provide "[t]he name and date
of the election," again demonstrating that the application is to be made and be applicable to a single
election. This conclusion is supported by the fact that subdivision (b)(1) permits such information
to be preprinted on the application.
While an application for an absent voter's ballot may apply only to a single election
in most circumstances, an exception is to be recognized for a special election when part of the
electoral process for the election involves a special primary election. This situation is exemplified
in elections to fill vacancies which arise in congressional and legislative offices.3
The procedures for filling vacancies in congressional offices are described in article
1, section 2, paragraph 4 of the United States Constitution: "When vacancies happen in the
representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies." Similarly with respect to state legislative offices, article IV, section 2, subdivision (d)
of the California Constitution provides: "When a vacancy occurs in the Legislature the Governor
immediately shall call an election to fill the vacancy." Implementing these constitutional provisions
is Government Code section 1773, which states:
"When a vacancy occurs in the office of Representative to Congress or in
either houses of the Legislature, the Governor shall within 14 days after the
occurrence of the vacancy issue a writ of election to fill the vacancy . . . .
"The Governor shall issue the election proclamation under his hand and the
Great Seal of the state, and transmit copies to the board of supervisors of the counties
in which the election is to be held."
The election procedures for conducting such a special election are found in sections
7200-7204. (See § 2651.) Section 7200.5 states: "A special election to fill a vacancy . . . shall be
conducted on a Tuesday at least 112 days but no more than 119 days, following the issuance of an
election proclamation by the Governor . . . ." A special primary election with specific authorization
for absentee ballot requests is set forth in section 7201, which states:
"A special primary election shall be held in the district in which the vacancy
occurred on the eighth Tuesday or, if the eighth Tuesday is the day of or the day
following a state holiday, the ninth Tuesday preceding the day of the special election
at which the vacancy is to be filled. . . .
"Notwithstanding Section 1002, applications for absent voters' ballots may
be submitted not more than 25 days before the primary election, except that Section
1002 shall apply if the special election or special primary election is consolidated
with a statewide election. . . ."4
If any candidate receives a majority of the votes cast at a special primary election, "he shall be
declared elected." (§ 7202, subd. (a).) If such should occur, the special primary election in effect
3
Special primary elections could also arise in the filling of vacancies in other offices, particularly
those under city and county charter provisions. Our analysis with reference to congressional and
legislative offices would generally apply to such offices as well.
4
Section 1002 specifies when applications for absentee ballots are to be filed.
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becomes the special election. (§ 7202; Cf. Brailsford v. Blue (1962) 57 Cal.2d 335, 338; Immel v.
Langley (1959) 52 Cal.2d 104, 106; Donnellan v. Hite (1956) 139 Cal.App.2d 43, 46.)
On the other hand, if no candidate at a special primary election receives a majority
of the votes cast, nominated candidates for each political party and independent nominees are
required to participate in a runoff election, which then constitutes the previously called and
mandated special election to fill the vacancy. (§ 7203.)
Hence, for elections to fill vacancies in congressional and legislative offices, (1) "an"
election to fill the vacancy is contemplated, (2) a special primary election is provided to nominate
candidates, (3) the special primary election may become "the" election, obviating a runoff election,
(4) a short period of time is given between the special primary election and any requisite runoff
election, and (5) specific authorization is given for absentee ballot applications covering the special
primary election but not for the runoff election. In these circumstances, both the special primary
election and the runoff election may together be considered "the" special election for which an
application may be submitted under the terms of sections 1002, 1006, and 7201.
We note that the foregoing statutory provisions are administered and have been so
interpreted by the Secretary of State. Government Code section 12172.5 provides in part:
"The Secretary of State is the chief elections officer of the state, and shall
administer the provisions of the Elections Code. The Secretary of State shall see that
elections are efficiently conducted and that state election laws are enforced . . . ."
With particular regard to an application for an absent voter's ballot, section 1006.1 states:
"The Secretary of State shall prepare and distribute to appropriate elections
officials a uniform application format for all absent voter's ballots which conforms
to the requirements of this chapter. This format shall be followed by all individuals,
organizations, and groups who distribute applications for an absent voter's ballot.
The uniform format need not be utilized by elections officials in preparing an absent
voter's ballot application to be included with the sample ballot."
We are informed that for purposes of efficiency, the Secretary of State has approved the use of a
single application for both a special primary election and possible runoff election to fill a vacancy
in a congressional or legislative office. Such an administrative practice has occurred in the counties
of Kern, Monterey, San Diego, San Francisco, and Santa Clara.
In our view the Secretary of State's administrative interpretation of the relevant
statutes is a reasonable construction allowing a single application to cover the special primary
election and possible runoff election. Given that the unique relationship between the two allows a
reasonable interpretation that they are in reality a single election to fill a single vacancy and given
that a relatively short time period exists between the two, it is administratively efficient to authorize
a single absentee ballot application for both segments of such an election.
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that an absentee ballot application may only
apply to a single election except for a special election to fill a vacancy in office when such an
election includes a special primary election.
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