The opinion
TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
DANIEL E. LUNGREN
Attorney General
______________________________________
OPINION :
: No. 91-204
of :
: DECEMBER 24, 1991
DANIEL E. LUNGREN :
Attorney General :
:
RONALD M. WEISKOPF :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
______________________________________________________________________________
THE HONORABLE SAM FARR, MEMBER OF THE CALIFORNIA ASSEMBLY,
has requested an opinion on the following questions relating to Government Code section 7579.5:
1. Do the rights of a surrogate parent extend to consenting for residential placement
of the child?
2. Do the rights of a surrogate parent extend to consenting to psychotherapy
treatment for the child?
3. May a surrogate parent be appointed before a natural parent of the child is
located?
4. May a person designated by the parent to represent the interests of a child for
educational and related services sign an individualized education program and consent to residential
placement and psychotherapy treatment of the child on behalf of the parent?
5. Would local mental health agencies be subject to liability for performing their
services without the permission of the natural parent or legal guardian, if the surrogate parent has
consented by signing the assessment or individualized education program?
CONCLUSIONS
1. A surrogate parent may consent to the residential placement of a child when it is
necessary to permit the child to benefit from a special education program.
2. A surrogate parent may consent to psychotherapy treatment when it is necessary
for the child to benefit from a special education program.
3. A surrogate parent may be appointed before a natural parent is located if the child
has been adjudicated a dependent or ward of the juvenile court, the parent is not known or cannot
be identified, or reasonable efforts have been made to discover the parent's location.
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4. A person designated by a parent to represent the interests of a child for educational
and related services may sign an individualized education program and consent to residential
placement and psychotherapy treatment of the child on behalf of the parent.
5. Local mental health agencies would not be subject to liability for performing their
services without the permission of the natural parent or legal guardian, if a duly appointed surrogate
parent has consented by signing the assessment or individualized education program.
ANALYSIS
Government Code section 7579.51 states in part:
"(a) ....
"(b) A local educational agency shall appoint a surrogate parent for a child
under one or more of the following circumstances:
"(1) The child is adjudicated a dependent or ward of the court ... upon
referral of the child to a local educational agency for special education and related
services, or in cases where the child already has a valid individualized education
program.
"(2) No parent for the child can be identified.
"(3) The local education agency, after reasonable efforts, cannot discover
the location of a parent.
"(c) For the purposes of this section, the surrogate parent shall serve as the
child's parent and shall have the rights relative to the child's education that a parent
has under Title 20 (commencing with section 1400) of the United States Code and
pursuant to Part 300 of Title 34 (commencing with section 300.1) of the Code of
Federal Regulations. The surrogate parent may represent the child in matters relating
to identification, assessment, instructional planning and development, educational
placement, reviewing and revising the individualized education program, and in all
other matters relating to the provision of a free appropriate public education of the
child.
"(d) . . . . . . . .
"(e) . . . . . . . .
"(f) . . . . . . . .
"(g) . . . . . . . .
"(h) Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to prevent a parent or
guardian of an individual with exceptional needs from designating another adult
individual to represent the interests of the child for educational and related services."
1
All section references are to the Government Code unless otherwise specified.
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The statutory scheme of which section 7579.5 is a part pertains to the special
education requirements of children with disabilities. As specified in section 7579.5, a "surrogate
parent" is one who has the authority to make certain educational decisions for a child and does not
refer to a biological surrogate parent. The five questions presented for analysis concern various
rights of a surrogate parent under the provisions of section 7579.5.
By way of background, we note that the Legislature has granted all children with
disabilities a right to receive a free appropriate public education. (Ed. Code, §§ 56000, 56040.) In
addition, in what is now called the "Individuals with Disabilities Education Act," Congress has
provided financial assistance for states and local educational agencies to provide such persons with
"a free appropriate public education which emphasizes special education and related services
designed to meet their unique needs." (20 U.S.C. § 1400.)
An individualized education program ("IEP") formulated for each child with a
disability (Ed. Code, § 52340 et seq.; cf. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1401, 1412, 1414; 34 C.F.R. §§ 300.340-
300.349) is "a comprehensive statement of educational needs ... and the specially designed
instruction and related services to be employed to meet those needs." (Burlington School Comm.
v. Mass. Dept. of Ed. (1985) 471 U.S. 359, 368.) The IEP is "developed jointly by a school official
qualified in special education, the child's teacher, the parents or guardian, and where appropriate,
the child." (Ibid.; see Ed. Code, §§ 56321, 56341, 56346; 62 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 721, 722 (1979).)
As previously mentioned, a "surrogate parent" in this context refers to one who is
appointed to protect the right of a child with a disability to receive a free appropriate public
education. Education Code section 56050 provides in part:
"(a) For the purposes of this article, 'surrogate parent' shall be defined as it
is defined in the federal regulations adopted pursuant to Public Law 94-142.
"(b) A surrogate parent may represent an individual with exceptional needs
in matters relating to identification, assessment, reviewing and revising the
individualized education program, and in other matters relating to the provision of
a free appropriate education to the individual.
". . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"(d) A surrogate parent shall also be governed by section 7579.5 of the
Government Code."2
1. Consent for Residential Placement
The first question presented for resolution is whether a surrogate parent may consent
to the residential placement of a child under the terms of section 7579.5. We conclude that a
surrogate parent may do so under certain circumstances.
Providing special education and related services may require out-of-home residential
placement for the child, if that is necessary for educational purposes. (San Francisco Unified School
Dist. v. State of California (1982) 131 Cal.App.3d 54, 69, 71.) In this regard, the California Code
of Regulations, title 5, section 3042, provides:
2
"Public Law 94-142" refers to the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. (See
20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(1)(B); 34 C.F.R. § 300.514.)
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"Specific educational placement means that unique combination of facilities,
personnel, location or equipment necessary to provide instructional services to an
individual with exceptional needs, as specified in the individualized education
program, in any one or a combination of public, private, home and hospital, or
residential settings."
As previously shown, a parent has a right to participate in the formulation of the IEP
in which residential placement of the child would (as one alternative) be designated. (Ed. Code, §
56341; 20 U.S.C. §§ 1401, 1425; 34 C.F.R. §§ 300.344-300.345.) Parental consent is specifically
required prior to a child's special education placement. (Ed. Code, § 56346; 34 C.F.R. §
300.504(b)(ii).)
Thus in the formulation of an IEP, a parent, and therefore a surrogate parent (§
7579.5, subd. (c)), would have authority to make educationally related out-of-home placement
decisions with respect to the child.3
In answer to the first question, therefore, we conclude that under the provisions of
section 7579.5, a surrogate parent may consent to the residential placement of the child when it is
necessary for the child to benefit from a special education program.
2. Consent for Psychotherapy Treatment
The second question posed is whether a surrogate parent may consent to the
psychotherapy treatment of the child under the terms of section 7579.5. We conclude that a
surrogate parent may so consent.
The right of a child with a disability to receive a free appropriate public education
includes the right to receive those services, including health and nursing, psychological, and other
supportive services, as may be necessary to permit the child to benefit educationally from that
instruction. (Ed. Code, § 56363; 20 U.S.C. § 1401(a)(17); 34 C.F.R. § 300.13; cf. Hendrick Hudson
Dist. Bd. of Ed. v. Rowley (1982) 458 U.S. 176, 188-189, 203; McKenzie v. Jefferson (D.D.C. 1983)
566 F.Supp. 404, 411.) The extent and description of these related services are set forth in detail in
section 3051 of title 5 of the California Code of Regulations. These services would include
psychological services (34 C.F.R. § 300.13(a)), such as psychological counseling (34 C.F.R. §
300.13(b)(2)), psychotherapy (cf. T.G. v. Bd. of Educ. of Piscataway (D. N.J. 1973) 576 F.Supp.
420, 423-424; Papacoda v. State of Connecticut (D. Conn. 1981) 528 F.Supp. 68, 72), and behavior
3
Any out-of-home residential placement must be made for educational, as opposed to strictly
medical or other, purposes. (Cf. 34 C.F.R. § 300.302 ["If placement in a public or private residential
program is necessary to provide special education and related services to a handicapped child, the
program, including non-medical care and room and board, must be at no cost to the parents of the
child .... This requirement applies to placements which are made by public agencies for educational
purposes ...."]; see San Francisco Unified School Dist. v. State of California, supra, 131 Cal.App.3d
at 69, 71; McKenzie v. Smith (D.C. Cir. 1985) 771 F.2d 1527, 1534; Abrahamson v. Hershman (1st
Cir. 1983) 701 F.2d 223, 227-228; Kauelle v. New Castle County Sch. Dist. (3d Cir. 1981) 642 F.2d
687, 693.)
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modification (Chris C. v. Montgomery County Bd. of Educ. (M.D. Ala. 1990) 743 F.Supp. 1524,
1529-1530).4
As previously noted, a surrogate parent has the same rights as a parent relative to the
child's education and may represent the child in matters relating to assessment, planning,
development, and "all other matters relating to the provision of a free appropriate public education
. . . ." (§ 7579.5, subd. (c).) To the extent that any of these related services are needed to enable the
child to take advantage of and benefit from a special education program, the surrogate parent would
have the same authority as a parent to consent to the providing of these services.
It is concluded that a surrogate parent may consent to psychotherapy treatment which
is necessary for the child to benefit from a special education program.
3. Appointment of Surrogate Parent
The third question presented is whether a surrogate parent may be appointed before
locating the child's natural parents. We conclude that section 7579.5 grants such authority.
Subdivision (b) of section 7579.5 provides:
"A local educational agency shall appoint a surrogate parent for a child under
one or more of the following circumstances:
"(1) The child is adjudicated a dependent or ward of the court ... upon
referral of the child to a local educational agency for special education and related
services, or in cases when the child already has a valid individualized education
program.
"(2) No parent for the child can be identified.
"(3) The local educational agency, after reasonable efforts, cannot discover
the location of a parent."
The statutory language is clear and unambiguous. A surrogate parent may be
appointed before a natural parent is located when the child is adjudicated a dependent or ward of the
court, when a parent is not known or cannot be identified, or where the local educational agency
after reasonable efforts cannot discover the parent's location. (Cf. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(1)(B); 34
C.F.R. § 300.514.) What would constitute "reasonable efforts" in a particular case would depend
upon all the facts and circumstances.
We therefore conclude that a surrogate parent may be appointed before a natural
parent is located in situations where the child has been adjudicated a dependent or ward of the
juvenile court, where the parent is not known or cannot be identified, or where reasonable efforts
have been made to discover the parent's location.
4
Similar to the situation of an out-of-home residential placement determination, the related
services that a child may receive would be limited to those intended to assist the child in benefitting
from his or her special education program. (Cf. 20 U.S.C. § 1401(17); 34 C.F.R. §§ 300.13 -
300.14.)
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4. Parental Designation
We are asked in the fourth question whether a person designated by a parent to
represent the interests of a child for educational and related services may sign the IEP or consent to
residential placement and psychotherapy treatment of the child on behalf of the parent. We conclude
that the designated person may do so.
Subdivision (h) of section 7579.5 expressly provides as follows:
"Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to prevent a parent or guardian
of an individual with exceptional needs from designating another adult individual to
represent the interests of the child for educational and related services."
We have examined in detail the legislative history regarding the enactment of section
7579.5 (Stats. 1990, ch. 182, § 5). In the report of the Assembly Committee on Human Resources
(Aug. 23, 1989), one of the legislative purposes was specified as follows:
"Provides that a parent or guardian of a child eligible for services under this
act may designate another adult individual to represent the interests of the child for
educational and related services."
A similar statement is contained in the Enrolled Bill Report of the Department of Social Services
of the Health and Welfare Agency (June 22, 1990) as to the latter's understanding of the legislative
purpose:
"The bill establishes basic requirements for the appointment of a surrogate
as follows:
" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
"A parent or guardian may designate another adult to act on behalf of the
child in regard to educational services without requiring the appointment of a
surrogate parent."
Not only is it "well established that reports of legislative committees and commissions are part of
a statute's legislative history and may be considered when the meaning of a statute is unclear"
(Hutnick v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. (1988) 47 Cal.3d 456, 465, fn. 7), but "[t]he
contemporaneous construction of a new enactment by the administrative agency charged with its
enforcement, although not controlling, is entitled to great weight" (Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair
Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379, 1388). (See also Long Beach Police Officers
Assn. v. City of Long Beach (1988) 46 Cal.3d 736, 743; Sand v. Superior Court (1983) 34 Cal.3d
567, 570.)
It is also to be noted that Education Code section 56341 authorizes as a member of
an individualized education program team: "[o]ne or both of the pupil's parents, a representative
selected by the parent, or both . . . ." Under federal law the definition of "parent" for purposes of
representing a child in the special education process includes "a person acting as a parent of a child."
(34 C.F.R. § 300.10.) The comment to the federal regulations states that "the term parent is defined
to include acting in the place of a parent . . . ."
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Both state and federal law thus recognize the right of parents to designate their own
representative, besides the authority of a local educational agency to appoint a surrogate parent when
the natural parents cannot be found.
We therefore conclude that a person designated by a parent to represent the interests
of a child for educational and related services may sign the IEP and consent to residential placement
and psychotherapy treatment of the child on behalf of the parent. Section 7579.5 does not preclude
such parental right; rather, it recognizes such authority.
5. Liability of Agency Provider
The final question presented is whether local mental health agencies would be subject
to liability for performing their services without the permission of the natural parent or legal
guardian, where the surrogate parent has signed the assessment and the IEP. We conclude that they
would not be liable.
By signing an assessment, a parent consents to have inquiry made into the child's
special educational needs by, inter alia, testing procedures administered by qualified persons. (Ed.
Code, §§ 56320, 56324.) By consenting to an IEP, a parent agrees to the program of special
education and related services that the child will receive under it. (Cf. Ed. Code, §§ 56321(b)(4),
56346.)
Under both state and federal law, a surrogate parent stands in place of the parent and
has all the rights a parent has to see that a child receives an appropriate free public education.
(§ 7579.5, subd. (c); Ed. Code, §§ 56028, 56050; 34 C.F.R. §§ 300.10, 300.541(e).) Indeed, for the
purposes of both, the surrogate parent is deemed the parent. (Ed. Code, § 56028; 34 C.F.R.
§ 300.10.) A surrogate parent has the same authority to consent to an assessment and formulation
of an IEP as does the natural parent.
Moreover, a surrogate parent is appointed at times when a natural parent is unknown
or cannot be located. (§ 7579.5, subd. (c); Ed. Code, §§ 56028, 56050; 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(1)(B);
34 C.F.R. §§ 300.541(e).) It follows that the consent of a surrogate parent must be legally sufficient
for an assessment and the related services necessary for the special education of a child; otherwise,
the child could not receive the free appropriate public education to which he or she is entitled by
law.
We therefore conclude that local mental health agencies would not be subject to
liability for performing their services without the permission of the natural parent or legal guardian,
if a duly appointed surrogate parent has consented by signing the assessment or individualized
education program.
*****
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