The opinion
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
JOHN K. VAN DE KAMP
Attorney General
______________________________________
OPINION :
: No. 90-201
of :
: June 12, 1990
JOHN K. VAN DE KAMP :
Attorney General :
:
ANTHONY S. DaVIGO :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
______________________________________________________________________________
THE HONORABLE QUENTIN L. KOPP, MEMBER OF THE CALIFORNIA
SENATE, has requested an opinion on the following questions:
1. May a person who is not an active member of the State Bar of California, but
has been issued a current Certificate of Registration as a Registered Foreign Legal Consultant,
practice law in California?
2. May a person who is not an active member of the State Bar of California, but
has been issued a current Certificate of Registration as a Registered Foreign Legal Consultant,
practice law in the federal courts and tribunals in California if authorized by federal law?
CONCLUSIONS
1. A person who is not an active member of the State Bar of California, but has
been issued a current Certificate of Registration as a Registered Foreign Legal Consultant, may
practice law in California to the extent authorized under rule 988 of the California Rules of Court.
2. A person who is not an active member of the State Bar of California, but has
been issued a current Certificate of Registration as a Registered Foreign Legal Consultant, may
practice law in the federal courts and tribunals in California if authorized by federal law.
ANALYSIS
On April 2, 1987, the California Supreme Court adopted rule 988 of the California
Rules of Court, concerning the regulation of Registered Foreign Legal Consultants (RFLC). A
RFLC is a person who is admitted to practice and is in good standing as an attorney or counselor at
law or the equivalent in a foreign country, and who has been issued a Certificate of Registration as
a RFLC, which certificate is current. (Rule 988, subd. (a).) An applicant for registration must have
been admitted to practice and have actually practiced law as an attorney in a foreign country for at
least four of the six years immediately preceding the application, must possess the good moral
character requisite for a member of the bar of this state, and must file an application with the State
1. 90-201
Bar of California. (Subd. (b).) The application must contain evidence of compliance with these and
other requirements as prescribed by the State Bar. (Subd. (c).) Upon review and approval of the
application, the State Bar shall issue the certificate, which must be renewed annually. (Subds. (d),
(e), and (i).)
Each RFLC is subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state with respect to the
law governing the conduct of attorneys to the same extent as a member of the State Bar, to the
disciplinary jurisdiction of the State Bar, and to the rights and obligations with respect to attorney-
client privilege, work product privilege, and other professional privileges to the same extent as a
member of the State Bar; further, each RFLC is required to execute a commitment to observe the
standards of professional conduct required of members of the State Bar, and an undertaking or
appropriate evidence of professional liability insurance. (Subd. (p).) A certificate is subject to
suspension or revocation if any of the requirements for its original issuance no longer exist, or upon
the failure at any time to comply with the provisions of rule 988. (Subd. (t).)
A RFLC may render legal services in this state provided, however, that the RFLC
shall not
(1) appear for a another person as attorney in any court, or before any magistrate or
other judicial officer, in this state or prepare pleadings or any other papers or issue subpoenas in any
action or proceeding brought in any court or before any judicial officer; or
(2) prepare any deed, mortgage, assignment, discharge, lease, or any other instrument
affecting title to real estate located in the United States of America; or
(3) prepare
(i) any will or trust instrument affecting the disposition on death of any
property located in the United States of America and owned by a resident; or
(ii) any instrument relating to the administration of a decedent's estate
in the United States of America; or
(4) prepare any instrument in respect of the marital relations, rights, or duties of a
resident of the United States of America or the custody or care of the children of a resident; or
(5) otherwise render professional legal advice on the law of this state, of any other
state of the United States, or of the United States of America or any jurisdiction other than the
jurisdictions named in satisfying the requirements of subdivision (a), (b), and (c); or
(6) in any way hold himself or herself out as a member of the bar of this state; or
(7) use any title other than "legal consultant," in each case only in conjunction with
the name of the jurisdictions named by the Registered Foreign Legal Consultant in satisfying the
requirements of subdivisions (a), (b), and (c).
(Subd. (o).)
While it is expressly stated in the introductory paragraph of subdivision (o) that a
RFLC "may render legal services in this state", it is clear from the attendant limitations, especially
paragraph 5 precluding the rendering of professional legal advice on the law of this state, that a
RFLC is essentially constrained to providing legal consultation on the law of the jurisdiction named
2. 90-201
in the certificate issued by the State Bar. It is this limited activity, in view of the absence of any
other legal basis or authority for a RFLC to practice law in this state, that is the subject of the
inquiries presented for resolution.
We are first asked whether a RFLC who is not an active member of the State Bar may
practice law in California. The issue is, in effect, whether rule 988 is a legally sufficient basis or
authority for foreign legal consulting in this state. In the absence of any express constitutional
authority for the rule, we shall first examine whether there is any constitutional or statutory
impediment to the rule.
California Constitution, article VI, section 9 provides:
"The State Bar of California is a public corporation. Every person admitted
and licensed to practice law in this state, is and shall be a member of the State Bar
except while holding office as a judge of a court of record."
This section was enacted in November 1960 as article VI, section 1c, to constitutionalize the
"integrated bar", i.e., a compulsory association of attorneys that conditions the practice of law in a
particular state upon membership and mandatory dues payments, as established in 1927 upon the
adoption by the Legislature of the State Bar Act (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 6000 et seq.).1 (Cf. Keller
v. State Bar (1989) 47 Cal.3d 1152, 1159.) However, section 9 by its express terms applies only to
those who are admitted and licensed to practice law in this state. Consequently, the section provides
no impediment to the registration of those, such as RFLCs, who are neither admitted and licensed
nor qualified for admission and licensure to practice law, e.g., by examination (see discussion, post),
and taking of an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the
State of California (Bus. & Prof. Code §6067).
We next examine the provisions of the State Bar Act. Section 6125 of the Business
and Professions Code provides as follows:
"No person shall practice law in this state unless he is an active member of
the State Bar."
Further, it is a misdemeanor to advertise or hold oneself out as practicing or entitled to practice law
or to otherwise practice law without being an active member of the State Bar. (Bus. & Prof. Code,
§ 6126.)
The significance of the words "practice of law" is well established:
". . . [A]s the term is generally understood, the practice of law is the doing
and performing services in a court of justice in any manner depending therein
throughout its various stages and in conformity with the adopted rules of procedure.
But in a larger sense it includes legal advice and counsel and the preparation of legal
instruments and contracts by which legal rights are secured although such matter
1
Section 6002 of the Business and Professions Code provides:
"The members of the State Bar are all persons admitted and licensed to
practice law in this State except justices and judges of courts of record during their
continuance in office."
3. 90-201
may or may not be depending in a court." (People v. Merchants Protective Corp.
(1922) 189 Cal. 531, 535-536; In re Utz (1989) 48 Cal.3d 468, fn. 11.)
Consequently, the practice of law includes legal advice and counsel. (Bluestein v. State Bar (1974)
13 Cal.3d 162, 173.) In the latter case, the court further considered whether legal advice and counsel
on matters of foreign law constitutes the practice of law (id. at 173-174):
"`Whether a person gives advice as to [local] law, Federal law, the law of a
sister State, or the law of a foreign country, he is giving legal advice. . . . To hold
otherwise would be to state that a member of the [State] Bar only practices law when
he deals with local law, a manifestly anomalous statement.' (In re Roel, 3 N.Y.2d
224 [165 N.Y.S.2d 31, 35, 144 N.E.2d 24] [app. dism. for want of substantial fed.
question, 355 U.S. 604].)
"Giving legal advice regarding the law of a foreign country thus constitutes
the practice of law, and the next question is whether such practice is unauthorized.
Business and Professions Code section 6125 provides, `No person shall practice law
in this State unless he is an active member of the State Bar.' (Italics added.)
"Does `law' in section 6125 include foreign law? A similar question was
presented in In re Roel, supra, 165 N.Y.S.2d 31. There a lawyer admitted to practice
in Mexico but not in New York, maintained an office in New York and advised
members of the public on Mexican law. An action was brought to enjoin him from
practicing law, and the trial court, inter alia, granted the injunction. On appeal the
New York Court of Appeals, in its 5 to 2 decision affirming the order, held that `law'
as used in the New York code section proscribing the unlicensed practice of `law'
included foreign law. The court stated in part, `Protection of the members of the lay
public of our State, when they seek legal advice . . . is the basis of the requirements
of licensing of attorneys by the State, and this protection must be deemed to embrace
whatever kind of law or legal rights the layman seeks advice on . . . [¶] When
counsel who are admitted to the Bar of this State are retained in a matter involving
foreign law, they are responsible to the client for the proper conduct of the matter .
. . . Moreover, the conduct of attorneys admitted here may be regulated by our courts
[citations], and dealt with when they engage in unethical practices . . . . A foreign law
specialist, on the other hand, is not subject to discipline; he need not be a lawyer of
any jurisdiction; he may be without good character; and his activities may not even
be regulated under the present state of the law.' Similarly here `law' as used in
Business and Professions Code section 6125 includes foreign law. (See generally
A.B.A. Opinions on Professional Ethics (1967) p. 586.)"
Moreover, the Legislature has prescribed comprehensive prerequisites for the practice
of law, including passing a final bar examination. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 6060.) However, a
different set of prerequisites applies to persons who have been admitted to practice law in a sister
state or any foreign state or country. Specifically, section 6062 provides, inter alia, that such a
person shall:
". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"(d) Have passed such examination as in the discretion of the examining
committee may be required; provided, however, that those persons admitted to
practice law in a foreign state or country where the common law of England does not
constitute the basis of jurisprudence shall be required to pass the final bar
4. 90-201
examination given by the examining committee to general applicants pursuant to
subdivision (f) of Section 6060."
It is clear, therefore, that a legal consultant from a foreign state or country where common law2 does
not constitute the basis of jurisprudence is required by statute to pass the general bar examination.
No exemption is provided for those whose practice will be limited to advice and consultation
respecting the law of a particular foreign country.
While in our view, the same is true of a legal consultant from a foreign state or
country where common law does constitute the basis of jurisprudence, a different result may be
argued. As provided in subdivision (d), supra, such a person must "[h]ave passed such examination
as in the discretion of the examining committee may be required." Literally construed, it may be
suggested that this language does not require the examining committee to provide an examination;
specifically, the words may be required are permissive and not mandatory. The permissive
expression is, on the other hand, accounted for by its consistency with the discretion vested in the
committee as to the kind of examination that may be required. So construed, the words such
examination would not include no examination. This view, that the statute does require an
examination, is supported by section 6060.5 of the Business and Professions Code:
"Neither the board [of governors of the State Bar], nor any committee
authorized by it, shall require that applicants for admission to practice law in
California pass different final bar examinations depending upon the manner or school
in which they acquire their legal education.
"This section shall not prohibit the board, or any committee authorized by it,
from establishing a different bar examination for applicants who are admitted to
practice before the highest court of another state or of any jurisdiction where the
common law of England constitutes the basis of jurisprudence."
Again, while the second paragraph of the statute expressly reserves to the examining committee the
discretion to provide a different examination, it does not suggest that no examination need be
administered. Nor has the State Bar exempted any class of attorney applicants from the examination
requirement. (Rules Regulating Admission to Practice Law in California, Bus. & Prof. Code, foll.
§ 6068, rule IV, § 42, and rule XII, § 121.) Since the passage of a final bar examination is required
in every case, an applicant from a foreign state or country, whether a common law jurisdiction or
not, who has not passed such an examination may not be deemed a member of the State Bar, whether
or not registered as a RFLC. Hence, a RFLC is not authorized under the legislative scheme set forth
above, to practice law in California. (Bus. & Prof Code, §§ 6125 and 6126, supra.)
A conflict, therefore, inevitably appears. The provisions of rule 988, as promulgated
by the State Bar and adopted by the Supreme Court, do not require the passage of a final
examination administered by the State Bar as a condition to providing legal consultation on the law
of a particular foreign country.3 In addition, the rule expressly prohibits the provider of such legal
2
The common law of England, so far as it is not repugnant to or inconsistent with the Constitution
of the United States, or the Constitution or laws of this State, is the rule of decision in all the courts
of this State. (Civ. Code, § 22.2.)
3
The situation is not unique. Rule 983(a) of the California Rules of Court has always provided
since its adoption in 1972, notwithstanding the statutory prohibition against the practice of law by
persons not active members of the State Bar, that: "A person who is not a member of the State Bar
5. 90-201
services from holding himself out as a member of the bar of this state. (Subd. (o), ¶ 6, supra.) The
State Bar Act, on the contrary, requires the passage of a final examination as a condition of such
practice. This conflict must be resolved in order to determine the effect of the Supreme Court's
adoption of rule 988.
We shall next examine the nature, scope, and limitation upon the Legislature's power
to regulate admission to the practice of law. That the Legislature is not precluded from such activity
was well established in Brydonjack v. State Bar (1908) 208 Cal. 439, 443-445:
"Admission to practice is almost without exception conceded everywhere to
be the exercise of a judicial function, and this opinion need not be burdened with
citations on this point. Admissions to practice have also been held to be the exercise
of one of the inherent powers of the court. (In re Bruen, 102 Wash.472; In re
Chapelle, 71 Cal.App. 129.)
"But the power of the legislature to impose reasonable restrictions upon the
practice of the law has been recognized in this state almost from the inception of
statehood. In Cohen v. Wright, 22 Cal. 293, 319, the court considered an act of the
legislature requiring an applicant for admission to take and file what was known as
the oath of allegiance. This enactment was declared valid as against the contention
that it usurped judicial functions. It was the contention that it usurped judicial
functions. it was in that case declared: `The right to practice law is not an absolute
right, derived form the law of nature. It is the mere creature of the statute, and when
the license is issued and the official oath taken, which authorizes the attorney to
exercise the right, it confers but a statutory privilege, subject to the control of the
legislature.'
"This doctrine was confirmed in Ex parte Yale, 24 Cal. 241, 244, where it
said: `The manner, terms, and conditions of their admission to practice, and of their
continuing in practice, as well as their powers, duties and privileges, are proper
subjects of legislative control to the same extent and subject to the same limitations
as in the case of any other profession or business that is created or regulated by
statute.' Again, in In re Mock, 146 Cal. 378, the court recognized the power of the
legislature to centralize all admissions to the bar in the District Courts of Appeal.
Again, recently the power of the legislature to transfer this function to this court has
been declared. (In re Weymann, 92 Cal.App. 646.) In In re Galusha, 184 Cal. 697,
it was noted that the profession of the law required a more detailed supervision by
the legislature than the ordinary profession.
". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"The sum total of this matter is that the legislature may put reasonable
restrictions upon constitutional functions of the courts provided they do not defeat
or materially impair the exercise of those functions. This power has been described
as follows: `. . . the mere procedure by which jurisdiction is to be exercised may be
of California but who is a member in good standing of and eligible to practice before the bar of any
United States court or the highest court in any state, territory or insular possession of the United
States, and who has been retained to appear in a particular cause pending in a court of this state, may
in the discretion of such court be permitted upon written application to appear as counsel pro hac
vice. . ." (See Walter E. Heller Western, Inc. v. Superior Court (1980) 111 Cal.App.3d 706, 709.)
6. 90-201
prescribed by the Legislature, unless indeed, such regulations should be found to
substantially impair the constitutional powers of the courts, or practically defeat their
exercise.' (Ex parte Harker, 49 Cal. 465, 467. See, also, In re Garner, supra.) And
this power, to this extent, we must concede to the legislature in the regulation of
admissions to the bar. Happily, however, as above noted, we are not in this
proceeding required to set the stakes along the common boundary between these
zones of power. For, as above noted, the statute in question goes no further in the
matter of regulation than previous statutes, the provisions of which have met the
approval of this court." (Emphasis added.)
While the power of the Legislature to participate in the regulatory process is clear,
it has been long settled that the inherent power over the admission of attorneys to practice law is
vested in the courts by virtue of California Constitution, article VI, section I:
"The judicial power of this State is vested in the Supreme Court, courts of
appeal, superior courts, municipal courts, and justice courts. . . "
Article III, section 3 provides:
"The powers of state government are legislative, executive, and judicial.
Persons charged with the exercise of one power may not exercise either of the others
except as permitted by this Constitution."
The principle that the admission and discipline of attorneys is a judicial, and not a legislative,
question was reviewed in Hustedt v. Workers' Comp. App. Bd. (1981) 30 Cal.3d 329, 336-339:
"Petitioner's first premise, that the discipline of attorneys is a judicial
function, is undisputed. Article VI, section 1, of the California Constitution vests the
judicial power of this state in the Supreme Court, Courts of Appeal, superior courts,
municipal courts and justice courts. Since the `courts are set up by the Constitution
without any special limitations' on their power, they `have . . . all the inherent and
implied powers necessary to properly and effectively function as a separate
department in the scheme of our state government. [Citations.]' (Brydonjack v. State
Bar (1929) 208 Cal. 439, 442; see also Millholen v. Riley (1930) 211 Cal. 29, 33-34;
In re Garner (1918) 179 Cal. 409; Nicholl v. Koster (1910) 157 Cal. 416, 423-424.)
"In California, the power to regulate the practice of law, including the power
to admit and to discipline attorneys, has long been recognized to be among the
inherent powers of the article VI courts. Indeed, every state in the United States
recognizes that the power to admit and to discipline attorneys rests in the judiciary.
(Martyn, Lawyer Competence and Lawyer Discipline: Beyond the Bar? (1981) 69
Geo. L.J. 705, 707, fn. 4.) `This is necessarily so. An attorney is an officer of the
court and whether a person shall be admitted [or disciplined] is a judicial, and not a
legislative, question.' (In re Lavine, supra, 2 Cal.2d 324, 328; see also Stratmore v.
State Bar, supra, 14 Cal.3d 887, 889-890.)
"Nevertheless, this court has respected the exercise by the Legislature, under
the police power, of `a reasonable degree of regulation and control over the
profession and practice of law . . .' in this state. (State Bar of California v. Superior
Court (1929) 207 Cal. 323, 331; Brydonjack v. State Bar, supra, 208 Cal. at pp. 442
444.) This pragmatic approach is grounded in this court's recognition that the
separation of powers principle does not command `a hermetic sealing off of the three
7. 90-201
branches of Government from one another.' (Buckley v. Valeo (1976) 424 U.S. 1,
121. Although the doctrine defines a system of government in which the powers of
the three branches are to be kept largely separate, it also comprehends the existence
of common boundaries between the legislative, judicial, and executive zones of
power thus created. (Brydonjack v. State Bar, supra, 208 Cal. at p. 444.) Its
mandate is `to protect any one branch against the overreaching of any other branch.
[Citations.]' (Bixby v. Pierno (1971) 4 Cal.3d 130, 141; accord Brydonjack v. State
Bar, supra.)
". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"The standard for assessing whether the Legislature has over-stepped its
authority and thereby violated the separation of powers principle has been
summarized as follows. `[T]he legislature may put reasonable restrictions upon
constitutional functions of the courts provided they do not defeat or materially impair
the exercise of those functions.' (Brydonjack v. State Bar, supra, 208 Cal. at p. 444;
accord In re Lavine, supra, 2 Cal.2d at p. 328.)
". . .This court has affirmed the constitutionality of the State Bar Act in the
face of a separation of powers challenge. (In re Shattuck, supra, 208 Cal. at pp. 9
12; Brydonjack v. State Bar, supra, 208 Cal. at pp. 444-446.) . . .
"This court's original jurisdiction over disciplinary proceedings is not limited
in any manner. For example, the court exercises its independent judgment as to the
weight and sufficiency of the evidence and as to the discipline to be imposed. (E.g.,
Codiga v. State Bar (1978) 20 Cal.3d 788, 796; Doyle v. State Bar (1976) 15 Cal.3d
973, 980; Brotsky v. State Bar, supra, 57 Cal.2d at p. 301.)" (Fns. omitted; emphases
added.)
Consequently, a "reasonable degree" of legislative regulation may be tolerated,
provided that it does not "overreach", i.e., "materially impair" the constitutional prerogative of the
courts. It remains finally to be determined whether Business and Professions Code sections 6125,
providing that no person shall practice law in this state without membership in the State Bar, and
6062, providing as a condition to such membership the passage of a final bar examination, materially
impairs the prerogative of the court to determine, as it has, that such prerequisites do not apply to
the limited practice of a RFLC. In our view, the application of the statutory conditions would
directly conflict with and effectively preclude the exercise by the court of its inherent jurisdiction
in the matter, thereby materially impairing the judicial domain respecting admission to practice law.
In In re Lavine (1935) 2 Cal.2d 324, the Supreme Court refused to reinstate an attorney
notwithstanding a statute purporting to restore the right to practice law to those who, having been
convicted of a crime, had received a full executive pardon, since, prior to the enactment, a pardon
had been judicially held insufficient to accomplish that result. The statute "is unconstitutional and
void as a legislative encroachment upon the inherent power of this court to admit attorneys to the
practice of the law and is tantamount to the vacating of a judicial order by legislative mandate." (Id.
at 329.) In Merco Constr. Eng'rs, Inc. v. Municipal Court (1978) 21 Cal.3d 724, the Supreme Court
declined to permit a corporate officer who was not an attorney to appear in court on behalf of the
corporation, holding that the legislature could not vest in such a person that right. "We deem it
established without serious challenge that legislative enactments relating to admission to practice
law are valid only to the extent they do not conflict with rules for admission adopted or approved
by the judiciary." (Id. at 728-729.) In Brydonjack v. State Bar (1929) 208 Cal. 439, the Court
admitted to practice a foreign attorney whom the bar committee did not recommend. "The
applicants are to first submit themselves to this bureau for investigation, and after this is done the
8. 90-201
power in this court is plenary to admit those who have in our opinion met the prescribed test,
whether the investigators do or do not agree with this conclusion." (Id. at 446.)
It is concluded that a RFLC may practice law in this state to the extent authorized
under rule 988, without regard to State Bar membership.
We are next asked whether a RFLC who is not an active member of the State Bar may
practice law in the federal courts and tribunals in California if authorized by federal law. Thus, the
question presented supposes such practice to be federally authorized. In In re McCue (1930) 211
Cal. 57, 66, the court stated:
"The State Bar Act and other statutes enacted for the purpose of regulating
the practice of law in this state are applicable to our state courts only. The federal
courts are governed entirely by federal enactment and their own rules as to admission
and professional conduct. This state, should it attempt, and we do not think it has,
to regulate the practice of law in the federal courts or to place any restrictions or
limitations upon the persons who might appear before the federal courts within this
state, would be acting entirely without right and beyond its jurisdiction."
See also, Cowen v. Celabrese (1964) 230 Cal.App.2d 870, 872-873.
With respect to an attempt by a state to require a state license to practice law before
a federal administrative tribunal, the Supreme Court stated in Sperry v. Florida (1963) 373 U.S. 381,
383-384, that while a state may have certain valid regulatory interests in the absence of federal
regulation in the premises, "the law of the State, though enacted in the exercise of powers not
controverted, must yield when incompatible with federal legislation." The court found implicit in
the history of the federal regulation of practice before the Patent Office the congressional
recognition that registration in the Office confers a right to practice "without regard to whether the
state within which the practice is conducted would otherwise prohibit such conduct." (Id. at 388.)
It is concluded that a RFLC may, to the extent authorized by federal law, practice law
in the federal courts4 and tribunals in California, without regard to State Bar membership.
*****
4
The four district courts located in California have each promulgated local rules of practice
governing admission to practice. Three require membership in the California State Bar. (C.D. Cal.
rule 2.2.1; E.D. Cal. rule 180(a); S.D. Cal. rule 110-3(a), as amended by General Order No.347.)
The fourth requires membership in the bar of any United States court or the highest court of a state,
territory, or insular possession of the United States. (N.D. Cal. rule 110-1.) Further, all four district
courts allow appearances pro hac vice in certain circumstances by persons who are members of the
bar of another federal, state, or territorial court. (C.D. Cal. rule 2.2.3; E.D. Cal. rule 180(b)(2); S.D.
Cal. rule 110-3(e); N.D. Cal. rule 110-2(b).) The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth
Circuit requires membership in the bar of the United States Supreme Court, another court of appeals,
a district court, or the highest court of a state. (Fed. R. App. P. 46(a).)
9. 90-201