The opinion
TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
JOHN K. VAN DE KAMP
Attorney General
_________________________
:
OPINION : No. 85-803
:
of : JUNE 3, 1986
:
JOHN K. VAN DE KAMP :
Attorney General :
:
RODNEY O. LILYQUIST :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
________________________________________________________________________
THE HONORABLE JAMES F. McMULLEN, STATE FIRE MARSHAL,
has requested an opinion on the following question:
Does the State Building Safety Board have the duty to hear appeals with
respect to those aspects of the construction of hospitals dealing with fire safety and its
related details?
CONCLUSION
The State Building Safety Board does not have the duty to hear appeals
with respect to those aspects of the construction of hospitals dealing with fire safety and
its related details.
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ANALYSIS
The San Fernando Valley earthquake of February 9, 1971, "although
moderate in terms of total energy release, resulted in such total collapse or damage as
made many hospital buildings inoperable." (Stats. 1972, ch. 1130 § 1.) To lessen the
likelihood of a reoccurrence, the Legislature enacted a statutory scheme requiring
hospitals to be constructed to special earthquake standards similar to those for public
schools covered by the Field Act. (Ibid.) This legislation is now known as the Hospital
Seismic Safety Act of 1983. (Health & Saf. Code, §§ 15000-15095; "Act".)1
The Act requires in part that the State Fire Marshal ("Marshal") analyze
"the fire safety and related details, as set forth in the working drawings and
specifications, and . . . observe . . . that part of the construction of hospitals." (§ 15001.)
Under a separate statutory scheme the Marshal is required to adopt regulations
"establishing minimum requirements for the prevention of fire and for the protection of
life and property against fire and panic in any . . . hospital." (§ 13143, subd. (a).)
The question presented for analysis is whether the State Building Safety
Board ("Board") has the duty to hear appeals with respect to those aspects of the
construction of hospitals dealing with the Marshal's standards for fire safety and its
related details. We conclude that it does not.
The Board is part of the Office of Statewide Health Planning and
Development ("Statewide Office"). (§ 15080.) It has been designated by the Legislature
to hear certain appeals with respect to the construction of hospitals. Section 15080 states:
"There is in the statewide office a Building Safety Board which shall
advise and, except as provided in section 18945, shall act as a board of
appeals with regard to seismic safety of hospitals. The Director of the
Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, with the advice of
the Department of General Services, shall appoint the members of the
Building Safety Board, which shall advise and, except as provided in
section 18945, shall act as a board of appeals in all matters relating to the
administration and enforcement of building standards relating to hospital
buildings during construction or alteration projects published in the State
Building Standards Code and the other provisions of this chapter."
(Emphases added.)2
1
All references hereafter to the Health and Safety Code are by section number only.
2
Section 18945 deals with the authority of the State Building Standards Commission to hear
appeals respecting building standards:
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In determining whether section 15080 is applicable to the Marshal's fire
safety standards, we are guided by several well-established principles of statutory
construction. "It is fundamental that legislation should be construed so as to harmonize
its various elements without doing violence to its language or spirit." (Wells v. Marina
City Properties, Inc. (1981) 29 Cal.3d 781, 788.) Interpretive constructions that render
some words surplusage, defy common sense, or lead to mischief or absurdity are to be
avoided. (Fields v. Eu (1976) 18 Cal.3d 322, 328.) The legislative history of a statute
and the wider historical circumstances of its enactment are legitimate aids in construing
its provisions. (Steilberg v. Lackner (1977) 69 Cal.App.3d 780, 785; Alford v. Pierno
(1972) 27 Cal.App.3d 682, 688.) Moreover, we must accord "great weight and respect to
the administrative construction" of a statute. (International Business Machines v. State
Bd. of Equalization (1980) 26 Cal.3d 923, 931.)
Is "fire safety and its related details" included within the term "seismic
safety" for purposes of section 15080? While "seismic" refers only to earthquakes (see
Webster's New Internat. Dict. (3d ed. 1971) p. 2057), it may be argued that a fire would
be a natural consequence of an earthquake collapsing a hospital building. Water damage
would be another "resulting" consequence.
The language of present section 15080 was contained in former section
15021 which initially gave the State Building Safety Board appeal hearing
responsibilities "with regard to seismic structural safety of hospitals" and "in all matters
affecting seismic structural safety in the administration and enforcement of this chapter."
(Stats. 1972, ch. 1130, § 3.) In 1978 the Legislature deleted the word "structural" from
the statutory language. (Stats. 1978, ch. 835, § 3.) In 1979 the two phrases "except as
provided in section 18945" were added to the statute as was the reference to "building
standards." (Stats. 1979, ch. 1152, § 44.) In 1982 former section 15021 was repealed
"(a) Any person adversely affected by any regulation, rule, omission,
interpretation, decision, or practice of any state agency respecting the
administration of any building standard may appeal the issue for resolution to the
commission.
"(b) If any local agency having authority to enforce a state building standard
and any person adversely affected by any regulation, rule, omission,
interpretation, decision, or practice of such agency respecting such building
standard both wish to appeal the issue for resolution to the commission, then both
parties may appeal only if the commission determines that the issues involved in
such appeal have statewide significance."
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and its language incorporated into section 15080 with minor modifications. (Stats. 1982,
ch. 303, § 2.)3
Looking at the declaration of legislative intent contained in section 15001,
we find that the purpose of the Act is to require hospitals to "be designed and constructed
to resist, insofar as practical, the forces generated by earthquakes, gravity, and winds."
More importantly, section 15001 distinguishes between the structural safety and the fire
safety elements of hospital construction:
"It is further the intent of the Legislature that the Department of
General Services, through a contract with the Office of Statewide Health
Planning and Development, shall analyze only the structural systems and
related details as set forth in the working drawings and specifications, and
shall observe only that part of the construction of hospital projects and
report the findings of such analysis to the Office of Statewide Health
Planning and Development. Further, it is the intent of the Legislature that
the Office of the State Fire Marshal, through a contract with the Office of
Statewide Health Planning and Development, shall analyze only the fire
safety and related details, as set forth in the working drawings and
specifications, and shall observe only that part of the construction of
hospital projects, and report the findings of such analysis to the Office of
Statewide Health Planning and Development."
Hence by express legislative design the plan-checking and building-
inspection functions for hospital construction have been divided between two public
agencies. The Department of General Services is made responsible for "the structural
systems and related details," while the Marshal is responsible for "the fire safety and
related details." (See also § 15051, subd. (d).)
The dichotomy between the structural and fire safety elements of hospital
construction is found throughout the Act. Section 15040 states that the Statewide Office
shall observe "the construction of the structural elements" through its contract with the
Department of General Services. The Statewide Office is to review "the structural
systems and related details, which shall include the independent review of the geological
3
In examining the legislative history of section 15080, we have found only one obliquely
relevant statement with respect to appeal hearing responsibilities. In the Legislative Counsel's
Digest concerning the legislation that amended former section 15021 in 1979 (Stats. 1979, ch.
1152), it is stated that the State Building Standards Commission is given authority by the
legislation "to consider appeals from affected parties with respect to interpretation or
enforcement of a building standard by a state agency."
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data," through its contract with the Department of General Services. (§ 15043.) Section
15055 provides that the Statewide Office is to adopt rules and regulations "with the
advice of the Department of General Services" to carry out the provisions of the Act.
Section 15055 mandates that the Statewide Office adopt building standards "relating to
seismic structural safety for hospital buildings."
On the other hand, the plans and specifications for hospital construction
must meet "the fire and panic safety requirements of the State Fire Marshal" in addition
to complying "with this chapter and the requirements prescribed by the statewide office."
(§ 15050.)
These provisions of the Act demonstrate a legislative intent to treat the fire
safety elements of hospital construction in a manner different from the seismic structural
safety elements. Not only are the plan-checking and building-inspection functions
divided on the basis of the structural systems and fire safety, so also is the rule- making
authority with respect to hospital construction. The Statewide Office is responsible for
the regulations "relating to seismic structural safety" (§ 15055), while the Marshal is
responsible for the regulations "establishing minimum requirements for the prevention of
fire and for the protection of life and property against fire and panic." (§ 13143, subd.
(a).)
The regulations of the Statewide Office are instructive on the issue of
whether fire safety and its related details are within "seismic structural safety" for
purposes of the Act. California Administrative Code, title 22, section 94001 states:
"These regulations are intended to establish a level of structural
safety to provide that hospital buildings will remain, insofar as practicable,
completely functional to perform all necessary services to the public after a
disaster and will protect life and property by resisting, insofar as
practicable, the forces generated by earthquakes, gravity and winds."
Section 94005 of the same title provides:
"(a) These rules and regulations are issued under the authority
contained in Sections 15000 and 15023 inclusive of the Health and Safety
Code as enacted in Chapter 1130, Statutes of 1972, and subsequently
amended.
"(b) Hospital buildings, constructed pursuant to these rules and
regulations which have been adopted by the Department with the advice of
the Department of General Services based on the current state of the art of
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earthquake engineering, are deemed to comply with the intent of the
Legislature as set forth in Section 2, Chapter 1130, of the Statutes of 1972.
"(c) The Department has contracted with the Department of General
Services to carry out the provisions of the Statute, including the
enforcement of certain of these regulations. The powers and responsibility
to carry out these regulations have been delegated to the Chief Structural
Engineer, Office of the State Architect."4
Accordingly, the administrative construction of the Act by the Statewide Office as
indicated by its regulations is that "seismic structural safety" does not include fire safety
and its related details.
Even more illuminating in resolving this issue is the Statewide Office's
regulation dealing with the appeal responsibilities of the Board:
"(a) The Building Safety Board shall act as a board of appeals with
regard to seismic structural safety of health facilities.
"(b) In the event of disagreement with the rulings, orders, decisions
or acts of the Department or the Department of General Services, acting
within the scope of Division 12.5 (commencing with Section 15000) of the
Health and Safety Code, an appeal may be made by the current or
prospective licensee of a health facility to the Building Safety Board. Such
appeal shall be considered by the Building Safety Board only following the
failure of a conference, held to resolve the appeal in accordance with
Section 94083." (Cal. Admin. Code, tit. 22, § 94081.)
The Statewide Office thus views the appellate jurisdiction of the Board as
concerning the rulings, orders, decisions and acts of the Statewide Office and the
Department of General Services. No mention is made of hearing appeals with respect to
the rulings, orders, decisions and acts of the Marshal regarding fire safety and its related
details.
This administrative interpretation of the Act by the Statewide Office is
consistent with the legislative intent to distinguish the fire safety element from the
seismic safety element in the construction of hospitals.
4
"The Department" for purposes of these regulations is "the Division of Facilities
Development of the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development." (Cal. Admin.
Code, tit. 22, § 94021, subd. (a).)
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While it is true that section 15080 also gives the Board appellate
jurisdiction over "all matters relating to the administration and enforcement of building
standards," except as provided in section 18945, such language must be viewed in light of
the dichotomy created by the Legislature between fire safety and seismic structural
safety. The Act, the Statewide Office, and the Board have as their goal seismic structural
safety. As we have seen, a building standard adopted by the Marshal for fire safety does
not address this purpose but is treated separately by the Legislature. The second sentence
of section 15080 must be interpreted as an elaboration upon the sentence that precedes it.
In such manner the administrative regulations are duly regarded, the Act is given effect,
and the various provisions are harmonized.
As a consequence of our analysis of section 15080, the duty to hear appeals
with respect to those aspects of the construction of hospitals dealing with fire safety and
its related details falls upon the State Board of Fire Services except for building
standards, which come within the authority of the State Building Standards Commission.
(§§ 13142.6, 18945.) The State Board of Fire Services is part of the Marshal's Office
(§ 13140) and hears appeals under section 13142.6:
"(a) The board, under the direction of the vice chairman, shall sit as
a board of appeals on the application of the State Fire Marshal's
regulations excepting application of building standards published in the
State Building Standards Code, by the State Fire Marshal or his salaried
assistants. When any affected person believes that such regulations,
excepting building standards, are being applied incorrectly, such person
may appeal the decision of the State Fire Marshal to the board. The board
shall not consider any such appeal unless the matter has come to the
attention of the State Fire Marshal and he has rendered a decision in
writing. Any appeal to the Board shall be made by the affected person or
his agent in writing in the form and manner prescribed by the board. The
decision of the board shall be binding upon the State Fire Marshal. Any
decision made by the board shall not be construed as setting precedent for
general application.
"(b) When any affected person believes that such building standards
are being applied incorrectly by the State Fire Marshal or his salaried
assistants, such person may appeal to the State Building Standards
Commission pursuant to Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 18945) of
Part 2.5 of Division 13 of this code." (Emphases added.)
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We thus conclude in answer to the question presented that the Board does
not have the duty to hear appeals with respect to those aspects of the construction of
hospitals dealing with fire safety and its related details.
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