explaining that once the service member is reemployed, " §§ 4311 and 4316 protect him from discrimination, but allow an employer to terminate him so long as the employer can show 'cause' unrelated to the veteran's military service."
How later courts described this case
- explaining that once the service member is reemployed, " §§ 4311 and 4316 protect him from discrimination, but allow an employer to terminate him so long as the employer can show 'cause' unrelated to the veteran's military service."
- finding that, in a USERRA case, testimony of the plaintiff, the plaintiff’s wife, and a physician’s note offered at trial were sufficient evidence of the required convalescence period
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Case: 15-10602 Document: 00513854275 Page: 1 Date Filed: 01/30/2017
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
No. 15-10602
Fifth Circuit
FILED
January 30, 2017
JOSE LUIS HERNANDEZ, Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
Plaintiff – Appellant,
v.
RESULTS STAFFING, INCORPORATED,
Defendant – Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
USDC No. 4:14-CV-182
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, ELROD, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Jose Luis Hernandez, a member of the United States Army Reserves,
was terminated by his employer, Results Staffing, Inc., after he failed to appear
for work following a brief absence for military duty. Hernandez claims his
termination violated his rights under the United States Employment and
Reemployment Rights Act of 1994. Hernandez appeals the district court’s
judgment and award of costs in favor of his employer. Because we conclude
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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No. 15-10602
that Hernandez was entitled to reemployment under the Act’s convalescence
provision, we REVERSE the district court’s judgment, VACATE the award of
costs, and RENDER judgment in favor of Hernandez on his reemployment
claim. We REMAND this case to the district court to determine Hernandez’s
damages and for other proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I.
Defendant-Appellee Results Staffing, Inc. (Results) is a staffing company
that is retained by third parties to provide daily workers for unskilled labor
positions. Plaintiff-Appellant Jose Luis Hernandez was employed by Results
for approximately six months before Results terminated his employment.
Before he began working for Results and throughout the course of his
employment with the company, Hernandez was an officer in the United States
Army Reserves. This case arises out of Results’s termination of Hernandez’s
employment following a weekend during which Hernandez was on military
reserve duty.
On Tuesday, July 9, 2013, Hernandez informed Results that he needed
the upcoming Friday off to travel to his weekend military service training.
Results provided Hernandez with the day off and also informed him of an
important meeting to be held the following Monday morning. Hernandez
attended the military training which began on Friday, July 12, 2013. On
Sunday, July 14, 2013, while still at his military training, Hernandez spoke on
the phone with his immediate supervisor at Results, Don Thompson, about the
meeting to be held the next morning. Thompson informed Hernandez of the
meeting’s location and that it was scheduled to begin at 5:00 a.m. The district
court found that this communication led Thompson to believe that Hernandez
would be at work at 5:00 a.m. on Monday, July 15, 2013.
Following his conversation with Thompson, Hernandez went to a
military medical staff member to report an aggravation of a pre-existing back
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No. 15-10602
injury due to the activities of the drill weekend. After receiving treatment,
Hernandez attended a unit senior staff meeting. Following the meeting, at
approximately 7:30 p.m., Hernandez was released from service and began the
four-and-one-half-hour drive home.
Hernandez arrived home at about 12:00 a.m. on the morning of Monday,
July 15, 2013. As he went to sleep, Hernandez set his alarm for 4:30 a.m. and
took prescribed pain medication for his back pain. He later awoke at 7:00 a.m.
to discover he had slept through his alarm and was in severe pain. Hernandez’s
wife transported him to the hospital emergency room. At 7:28 a.m., Hernandez
sent a text message to Thompson and informed him he would not be reporting
to work because he was seeking treatment for back pain. At the hospital,
Hernandez received medication to relax his muscles and was eventually
released. He returned home and rested for the remainder of the day.
Hernandez reported to work the next morning, Tuesday, July 16, 2013,
at 8:00 a.m. at Results’s Garland, Texas office. At around 10:00 a.m., Results
asked Hernandez to drive to a different office, where the Results human
resources manager subsequently terminated Hernandez’s employment for
violation of the company’s “no call/no show” policy, which requires employees
to call in four hours before a scheduled start time if they are unable to report
to work.
Hernandez subsequently filed this lawsuit against Results, seeking
damages for a violation of the United States Employment and Reemployment
Rights Act of 1994 (“USERRA”), 38 U.S.C. § 4301 et seq., which protects
persons temporarily serving in the United States military from discrimination,
retaliation, and adverse employment actions as a result of their absence from
work for military service. Hernandez argued in the district court that under 38
U.S.C. § 4312, he qualified for reemployment following his weekend military
service, and Results wrongly denied him reemployment. Hernandez argued in
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the alternative that, to the extent he was reemployed and then terminated,
such termination violated 38 U.S.C. § 4311, which protects against
discrimination.
Following a bench trial, the district court found that Results did not
violate § 4312 because Hernandez did not report as required on Monday, July
15, 2013. The district court also found that Results did not violate § 4311
because it did not consider Hernandez’s military service in terminating his
employment and would have terminated his employment regardless of such
service. The district court entered an order and final judgment with costs in
favor of Results. Hernandez timely filed a notice of appeal.
II.
“The standard of review for a bench trial is well established: findings of
fact are reviewed for clear error and legal issues are reviewed de novo.” Bd. of
Trs. New Orleans Emp’rs Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n v. Gabriel, Roeder, Smith
& Co., 529 F.3d 506, 509 (5th Cir. 2008) (quoting Water Craft Mgmt., LLC v.
Mercury Marine, 457 F.3d 484, 488 (5th Cir. 2006)). “A finding is clearly
erroneous if it is without substantial evidence to support it, the court
misinterpreted the effect of the evidence, or this court is convinced that the
findings are against the preponderance of credible testimony.” Id.
III.
Section 4312 of USERRA states that an employee “whose absence from
a position of employment is necessitated by reason of service in the uniformed
services” is entitled to reemployment rights and benefits 1 if he “reports to” his
employer “in accordance with the provisions of subsection (e).” 38 U.S.C.
1 The rights and benefits bestowed under § 4312 are set forth in § 4313, which states
that the employer must reemploy the person in the position he would have held but for the
service, or if not qualified for that role, in the position he formerly held. 38 U.S.C. § 4313(a)(1).
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§ 4312(a). 2 For most employees whose period of service was less than thirty-
one days, subsection (e) requires the employee, “upon the completion” of his
service, to “notify [his] employer” of his “intent to return” by “reporting to the
employer,” either
(i) not later than the beginning of the first full regularly scheduled
work period on the first full calendar day following the completion
of the period of service and the expiration of eight hours after a
period allowing for the safe transportation of the person from the
place of that service to the person’s residence; or
(ii) as soon as possible after the expiration of the eight-hour period
referred to in clause (i), if reporting within the period referred to
in such clause is impossible or unreasonable through no fault of
the person.
Id. at § 4312(e)(1)(A). However, subsection (e) also contains a provision which
extends the reporting period for employees who sustain injuries during their
military service:
A person who is hospitalized for, or convalescing from, an illness
or injury incurred in, or aggravated during, the performance of
service in the uniformed services shall, at the end of the period
that is necessary for the person to recover from such illness or
injury, report to the person’s employer . . . .
Id. at § 4312(e)(2)(A).
Hernandez contends that due to his back injury, he was not required to
report to work until Tuesday, July 16, 2013, under § 4312(e)(2)(A)’s
convalescence provision. He argues that when he reported to work on July 16,
he was entitled to reemployment rights and that his subsequent termination
by Results later that day for failure to comply with the company’s “no call/no
2 Section 4312 sets forth two additional requirements for an employee to qualify for
reemployment. First, the employee must provide “advance written or verbal notice of such
service to such person’s employer,” and second, “the cumulative length of the absence and of
all previous absences from a position of employment with that employer by reason of service
in the uniformed services does not exceed five years.” 38 U.S.C. § 4312(a)(1)—(2). The parties
do not dispute that Hernandez meets both of these requirements.
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show” policy violated § 4312. We conclude that Hernandez timely reported to
Results under the convalescence provision of § 4312(e)(2)(A) and that Results
violated Hernandez’s reemployment rights when it terminated him effective
July 15, 2013. 3
The undisputed facts in this case demonstrate that Hernandez
aggravated a pre-existing back injury during his military service. Hernandez
began to experience discomfort in his back while still on duty and sought
medical attention from military medical staff members. When Hernandez
awoke at home on the morning of Monday, July 15, 2013, he was in severe pain
and was unable to walk. Hernandez was taken to the hospital where he
received pain killers and muscle relaxers, and he spent the remainder of the
day convalescing at home. A note from Hernandez’s physician indicated that,
due to the time needed to recover, Hernandez was medically excused from work
until Tuesday, July 16, 2013.
On the morning of July 16, after his period of convalescence had ended,
Hernandez reported to work at Results’ Garland, Texas office. The facts in this
case demonstrate that Hernandez could not have reported on July 15 because
the service-related aggravation of his injury prevented him from doing so. Even
if Results required Hernandez to report to work on July 15, Hernandez was
excused from reporting by the plain language of § 4312(e)(2)(A) because he was
“convalescing from[ ] an . . . injury . . . aggravated during[ ] the performance of
3 Hernandez also argues that he timely reported in accordance with § 4312(e)(1)(A)(i),
which requires a person to report “not later than the beginning of the first full regularly
scheduled work period on the first full calendar day following the completion of the period of
service and the expiration of eight hours after a period allowing for the safe transportation”
home. The parties dispute how we should interpret § 4312(e)(1)(A)(i)’s “first full calendar day”
provision. Because we conclude that Hernandez timely reported under § 4312(e)(2)(A)’s
convalescence provision, we need not reach the issue of how to construe § 4312(e)(1)(A)(i)’s
“first full calendar day” provision.
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service” and he was not required to report to work until “the end of the period
that [was] necessary for” his recovery. 38 U.S.C. § 4312(e)(2)(A). Results’s
failure to reemploy Hernandez when he reported after his period of
convalescence ended violated § 4312(a). The district court erred by failing to
address whether Hernandez satisfied the reemployment requirements of
§ 4312(e)(2)(A)’s convalescence provision in light of the undisputed evidence
pertaining to Hernandez’s back injury. See Bd. of Trs., 529 F.3d at 509.
Results argues that the July 14 telephone conversation between
Hernandez and Thompson constituted Hernandez “reporting” to Results for
purposes of § 4312. Results contends that because Hernandez reported on July
14, Results reemployed him as of that date, and the effect of any convalescence
on his reporting requirement is irrelevant. We disagree. Results’s position
overlooks the plain language of § 4312, which requires an employee to report
to his employer and notify them of his intent to return “upon the completion of
[his] period of service in the uniformed services[.]” 38 U.S.C. § 4312(e)(1)
(emphasis added); see also New Orleans Depot Servs., Inc. v. Dir., Office of
Worker’s Comp. Programs, 718 F.3d 384, 393 (5th Cir. 2013) (“[T]he first rule
of statutory construction is that we may not ignore the plain language of a
statute.”). When Hernandez spoke on the telephone with Thompson on July
14, Hernandez’s reserve duty had not yet ended—following the telephone
conversation, Hernandez attended a senior staff meeting. Hernandez was not
formally released from his reserve duties until approximately 7:30 p.m.—
several hours after the telephone conversation took place. Hernandez did not
and could not “report to” his employer pursuant to § 4312(e)(1) during the July
14 afternoon telephone conversation because he was not yet released from his
service. When that release would occur was up to the military, not Hernandez.
While a member of the military might have an expectation of being released at
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a particular time, that expectation is always subject to the military’s right to
extend service until it determines that release from service is appropriate. 4
Results also argues that Hernandez did not qualify for reemployment
under § 4312(e)(2)(A)’s convalescence provision because the provision only
extends the reporting period until “the end of the period that is necessary for
the person to recover,” and Hernandez has not provided evidence as to the
period that was necessary for his alleged recovery. However, a careful review
of the record reveals that this is not the case. At trial, Hernandez offered his
own testimony, the testimony of his wife, and a note from his physician to
demonstrate that his convalescence lasted until the morning of July 16.
Hernandez testified that on July 15, he was admitted to the emergency room
and that he received muscle relaxer, pain killers, and an IV as the doctors
monitored him to see how long it would take for his muscles to relax.
Hernandez’s wife testified that after Hernandez was discharged from the
hospital, he was “sleepy” and returned home and slept. She also testified that
she took the day off of work to care for Hernandez. Finally, Hernandez
submitted a note from his physician into evidence, which said, “Jose
Hernandez was under my care on July 15, 2013. He will be able to return to
4 The parties spend a considerable portion of their briefs arguing about whether the
“reporting to” requirement of § 4312 may be satisfied by an employee telephoning his
employer or whether the employee must physically report to his employer in person. As noted,
we reject Results’s argument that a telephone call placed before Hernandez’s release from
duty satisfied § 4312’s “reporting to” requirement such that § 4312(e)(2)(A)’s convalescence
provision is “irrelevant.” This is especially appropriate because the district court expressly
declined to find that Hernandez promised to be at work on July 15 at 5:00 a.m. However, we
decline to opine on whether it is possible for an employee to satisfy the reporting requirement
of § 4312 with a short telephone call to his employer when that call is placed after his release
from military service. Further, Results relies on the district court’s finding that during the
telephone call, Hernandez led Results to believe that he would be at work at 5:00 a.m. on
Monday morning. But we have determined that Hernandez was legally entitled to return to
work at his customary time on Tuesday, July 16, when his period of convalescence had ended.
Results’s expectation that Hernandez might report to work earlier than that time is
irrelevant.
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work on July 16, 2013.” As Results acknowledged at oral argument, none of
this evidence is disputed. We therefore conclude that Hernandez did provide
evidence that his convalescence lasted until the morning of July 16 such that
Hernandez qualified for reemployment under § 4312(e)(2)(A).
Finally, Results argues that even if Hernandez’s arrival on July 16
constituted timely “reporting” under § 4312, Results complied with USERRA
by reemploying Hernandez on July 16 and then subsequently terminating him
that same day. It is true that “§ 4312 ‘only entitles a service person to
immediate reemployment and does not prevent the employer from terminating
him the next day or even later the same day.’” Francis v. Booz, Allen &
Hamilton, Inc., 452 F.3d 299, 304 (4th Cir. 2006) (quoting Jordan v. Air Prods.
& Chems., Inc., 225 F. Supp. 2d 1206, 1208 (C.D. Cal 2002)). 5 However, in order
to comply with § 4312, an employer must actually reemploy the service person
in good faith. See Petty, 687 F.3d at 718 (asking whether the defendant
employer “truly reemployed” the plaintiff service member) (emphasis added);
see also Vahey v. Gen. Motors Co., 985 F. Supp. 2d 51, 60 (D.D.C. 2013)
(collecting § 4312 cases and emphasizing that the cases “anticipate a situation
where the veteran was actually reemployed in good faith, with at least the
possibility of continued employment of indefinite length”).
Results contends that it terminated Hernandez’s employment on July 16
because Hernandez had reported to the wrong location that morning. But the
record evidence clearly contradicts Results’s position. As the district court
found and as evidenced by the termination letter dated July 15, 2013, the
5 “The apparent harshness of this result is addressed by the fact that §§ 4311 and 4316
operate to protect the employee as soon as she is reemployed.” Francis, 452 F.3d at 304. Once
a veteran is rehired, §§ 4311 and 4316 protect him from discrimination, but allow an employer
to terminate him so long as the employer can show “cause” unrelated to the veteran’s military
service. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 4311, 4316(c); see also Petty v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson
Cty., 687 F.3d 710, 718 (6th Cir. 2012).
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decision to terminate Hernandez was made on July 15. Thus, Results made its
decision to terminate Hernandez before the date on which Results claims to
have reemployed him. Allowing an employer to engage in a sham
reemployment so that it can terminate an employee that it never intended to
reemploy would stand in stark contradiction with the reemployment
protections that USERRA provides to service members. See Petty, 687 F.3d at
718. We therefore conclude that Results did not reemploy Hernandez on July
16 in a manner that satisfied its obligation under § 4312. 6
IV.
In sum, we conclude that Hernandez qualified for reemployment under
the plain language of § 4312(e)(2)(A)’s convalescence provision when he
aggravated a pre-existing back injury during military service and when he
reported to work on Tuesday, July 16, 2013, at the end of his period of
convalescence. Results’s failure to reemploy Hernandez after his period of
convalescence violated § 4312. We therefore REVERSE the district court’s
judgment and VACATE the award of costs in favor of Results 7 and RENDER
judgment in favor of Hernandez on his reemployment claim. We REMAND this
6 In the district court, Hernandez argued as an alternative theory that if he was
reemployed by Results and then subsequently terminated, his termination violated 38 U.S.C.
§ 4311. Section 4311 applies when an employee’s termination is motivated by his military
service. Because we have concluded that Results failed to reemploy Hernandez in violation
of § 4312, we need not decide Hernandez’s § 4311 claim.
7 Hernandez argues that the district court erred as a matter of law by finding him
responsible for court costs incurred by Results. Because we render judgment in favor of
Hernandez, Results is no longer the prevailing party and so Results is no longer entitled to
costs. We therefore need not reach the issue of whether the district court’s award of costs in
favor of Results was appropriate. We note, however, that were we to reach this issue, we
would be hard-pressed to determine that this award was not plain error. USERRA’s fees and
court costs provision explicitly states that “[n]o fees or court costs may be charged or taxed
against any person claiming rights under this chapter.” 38 U.S.C. 4323(h)(1); see also Chance
v. Dallas Cty. Hosp. Dist., 176 F.3d 294, 296 (5th Cir. 1999) (“[O]ne claiming rights under
USERRA . . . may not be taxed costs; the statute clearly so provides, and we previously have
so held.”).
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case to the district court to determine Hernandez’s damages and for other
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
11