The opinion
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs October 25, 2016 at Knoxville
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. WILLIAM ROLANDUS KEEL
Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
No. 2013-A-673 J. Randall Wyatt, Jr., Judge
No. M2016-00354-CCA-R3-CD – Filed January 11, 2017
The defendant, Williams Rolandus Keel, appeals his Davidson County Criminal Court
jury convictions of rape of a child, claiming that the trial court erred by denying his
motion to compel production of certain documents, that the trial court erred by excluding
the testimony of his expert witness, and that the sentence imposed was excessive.
Discerning no error, we affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed
JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J. ROSS
DYER, J., joined. ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., J., filed a separate concurring opinion.
Chad Davidson, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, William Rolandus Keel.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; M. Todd Ridley, Assistant
Attorney General; Glenn R. Funk, District Attorney General; and Chad Butler and Brian
Ewald, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
The Davidson County Grand Jury charged the defendant with two counts of
rape of a child. The trial court conducted an initial jury trial in March 2015, which
resulted in a hung jury and a mistrial. In the second trial in December 2015, the
defendant elected to proceed pro se with the assistance of elbow counsel.
The State‟s proof at trial showed that the victim, V.S.,1 was born in June
2000 and lived with her grandparents and her younger siblings in Nashville. At some
point in 2011 or early 2012 when the victim was either 10 or 11 years old, the victim and
1
It is the policy of this court to refer to the minor victim by initials.
the defendant, who was her then-stepfather, were playing the board game Monopoly in
the defendant‟s bedroom; the bedroom was located on one side of the duplex owned by
the victim‟s grandmother. During the course of the game, the defendant and the victim
“came up with a bet” that if the victim won, she would “get ungrounded,” and if the
defendant won, he could “do whatever.” After the defendant won the game, he instructed
the victim to turn around. When he told her to turn back toward him, his genitals were
exposed. The defendant forced the victim to sit on the ground, used his hands to forcibly
open her mouth, and he placed his penis inside her mouth. The victim could not recall
the length of time of the assault, and she did not see the defendant ejaculate. The
defendant told the victim “not to tell anybody or it would happen again.” Following the
assault, the victim returned to her grandmother‟s side of the duplex. She testified that she
told no one because she “was too scared . . . of what he said.”
The victim testified that the second incident occurred at the residence of the
defendant and the victim‟s mother when the victim was “[a]round 11” years of age. The
defendant came to the victim‟s grandmother‟s house one morning to drive the victim to
school, and while en route to school, the victim told the defendant that she needed to use
the restroom. The defendant stopped at the house in Donelson. When the victim came
out of the bathroom, the defendant was “standing right there.” She attempted to shut the
bathroom door, but the defendant pushed it open, causing the victim to fall to the floor.
The defendant had again exposed his genitals and forced his penis into the victim‟s
mouth. The victim denied that she saw the defendant ejaculate, and she testified that this
assault did not last “too long” because she “had to get to school.” The defendant then
drove the victim to school, and the victim did not immediately tell anyone about the
assault because she “was scared that he would do it again.”
The victim eventually informed her grandmother, C.F.,2 that the defendant
had “made [her] put his private part in [her] mouth.” C.F. then contacted law
enforcement officers.
Denise Alexander, a forensic social worker with Our Kids Clinic,
conducted a pediatric forensic medical examination of the victim on March 22, 2012.
Ms. Alexander found the victim to be “outgoing and friendly” until Ms. Alexander
mentioned the defendant‟s name, at which time the victim “became very quiet and stated
[that] she didn‟t like him very much.” At that point, the victim “refused to speak about
[the defendant] any further.” The victim denied that anyone had ever touched her
inappropriately. Ms. Alexander explained that such denials are “not uncommon” during
interviews with suspected child sexual abuse victims.
2
To protect the anonymity of the minor victim, we will refer to her grandmother by her initials as
well.
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Lori Littrell, a physician assistant at Our Kids Clinic, performed the
physical portion of the victim‟s forensic medical examination. Ms. Littrell found no
“trauma or visible injury” to the victim, which she testified was not uncommon. Ms.
Littrell testified that, because the time period from the victim‟s initial disclosure to C.F.
until the victim‟s examination was greater than 72 hours, she knew “the likelihood of
recovering any type of DNA” would be “pretty much non-existent.”
Charlsi Legendre, senior forensic interviewer with the Nashville Children‟s
Alliance, testified that her organization provides forensic interviews and counseling
services for minor victims of sexual abuse and other victims of severe physical abuse and
neglect. Ms. Legendre explained that one of her former employees had conducted a
forensic interview of the victim in May 2012. Through Ms. Legendre‟s testimony, the
State introduced into evidence and played for the jury a video recording of the victim‟s
forensic interview, during which the victim described the incidents of sexual abuse
perpetrated by the defendant following the game of Monopoly and inside the bathroom at
the defendant‟s house.
With this evidence, the State rested. Following the trial court‟s denial of
the defendant‟s motion for judgments of acquittal and a Momon colloquy, the defendant
elected not to testify but did choose to present other proof.
Kenneth Hardy testified that he had been previously employed as a case
manager with the Department of Children‟s Services (“DCS”). Mr. Hardy stated that, on
June 29, 2011, he conducted a home visit at the residence of C.F. and spoke with the
victim. Mr. Hardy explained that “[s]omeone reported to [DCS] something concerning
these children” and that he was the case manager assigned to conduct “a physical view of
the children in their home.” When Mr. Hardy interviewed the victim, she told him that
she was not afraid of the defendant; that she had received “a whooping with a paddle”
approximately two years prior but that she had never been injured; and that her mother
was currently incarcerated. Mr. Hardy testified that the victim did not mention anything
about sexual abuse during the interview.
Rashondalyn Nixon testified that she had been a case manager with DCS in
2012 and that she had been present on the night that the victim accused the defendant of
sexual abuse. Ms. Nixon reviewed her notes from her interview with the victim and
testified that, with respect to the Monopoly incident, the victim stated that she had lost
the game and the defendant “made her look at his body part.”
Based on this evidence, the jury convicted the defendant as charged of both
counts of rape of a child. Following a sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced the
defendant as a standard offender to a term of 30 years‟ incarceration for each conviction,
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to be served at 100 percent by operation of law. The court ordered the sentences to be
served consecutively for a total effective sentence of 60 years. Following the denial of
his timely motion for new trial, the defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
In this appeal, the defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying
his motion to compel production of DCS records, that the trial court erred by excluding
the testimony of his expert witness, and that the sentence imposed was excessive. We
will address each issue in turn.
I. Failure to Disclose
The defendant first contends that the trial court erred by denying his request
to review the victim‟s DCS records following the trial court‟s in camera review of such
records. We disagree.
“It is well settled that the government has the obligation to turn over
evidence in its possession that is both favourable to the accused and material to guilt or
punishment.” Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 57 (1987) (citing United States v.
Agurs, 427 U.S. 97 (1976); Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963)). Indeed, the
“suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request
violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or punishment,
irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” Brady, 373 U.S. at 87. To
establish a due process violation via the suppression of evidence, the defendant must
establish that (1) he “requested the information (unless the evidence is obviously
exculpatory, in which case the [S]tate is bound to release the information whether
requested or not),” (2) “the State suppressed the information,” (3) “the information was
favorable to” his case, and (4) “the information was material.” Johnson v. State, 38
S.W.3d 52, 56 (Tenn. 2001). “Evidence „favorable to an accused‟ includes evidence
deemed to be exculpatory in nature and evidence that could be used to impeach the
[S]tate‟s witnesses.” Johnson, 38 S.W.3d at 55-56 (citing State v. Walker, 910 S.W.2d
381, 389 (Tenn. 1995); State v. Copeland, 983 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1998); United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 676 (1985)).
Although courts have used different terminologies to define
“materiality,” a majority of this Court has agreed, “[e]vidence
is material only if there is a reasonable probability that, had
the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. A „reasonable
probability‟ is a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.”
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Ritchie, 480 U.S. at 57 (citations omitted); see also Bagley, 473 U.S. at 682.
In the instant case, the defendant moved the trial court to order production
of the victim‟s DCS records “from March 2012 to current.” In the motion, the defendant
averred that, because he already had possession of the victim‟s DCS records from 2008
until early 2012, he had “a good faith basis to believe that there would be additional
statements in the records from March 2012 to current that would be material to [his]
defense.” The trial court then conducted an in camera review of the requested records
and denied the defendant‟s request, finding “[a]fter a careful and thorough review” that
“the records contain no exculpatory or material information that the [d]efendant is
entitled to have.”
The defendant relies on this court‟s opinion in State v. Doyle Winslow
Smith, No. E2006-02642-CCA-R3-CD (Tenn. Crim. App., Knoxville, Dec. 19, 2008), to
support his position that the trial court erred by denying his request to review the DCS
records. The defendant‟s reliance on this case, however, is misplaced. In Doyle Winslow
Smith, the defendant requested the child rape victim‟s DCS records that pertained to her
juvenile criminal record. Id., slip op. at 9. The trial court denied the request, determining
“that the defendant‟s pleadings did not sufficiently allege a basis for an in[]camera
review of the records under Ritchie.” Id. This court reversed the judgment of the trial
court and remanded for a new trial because, in part, the trial court “abused its discretion
in declining to review the records following the defendant‟s request.” Id. Here, however,
the trial court conducted an in camera review of the records and determined that they
contained “no exculpatory or material information.” Our review of those same records
persuades us that the trial court reached the correct conclusion. Because the records
contained no information that would likely have changed the outcome of the defendant‟s
trial, no Brady violation occurred, and the trial court did not err in denying the
defendant‟s request to review the records.
II. Expert Testimony
The defendant next contends that the trial court erred by denying his
request to offer the expert testimony of Doctor William Bernet, who was prepared to
testify about the impropriety of the interview techniques utilized by the Nashville
Children‟s Alliance in its interview of the victim. The State argues that the court did not
err by excluding the testimony.
Prior to trial, the State sought to exclude the testimony of the defendant‟s
proffered expert, Doctor Bernet. At the hearing on the admissibility of his testimony,
Doctor Bernet, a semi-retired forensic and child psychiatrist from Vanderbilt University
with a degree from Harvard Medical School, testified that he had spent 25 years
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conducting research on the reasons “why children sometimes make false statements
regarding various types of abuse.” Doctor Bernet stated that he had testified
approximately 300 times and that he had been qualified as an expert in child psychiatry
“[m]any, many times” in “16 or 17 states” including Tennessee.
In preparation for his testimony at the hearing, Doctor Bernet reviewed the
victim‟s DCS case files, her forensic examination from Our Kids Clinic, her May 2012
forensic interview, her medical records, and her counseling records. Doctor Bernet
confirmed that he had not spoken with or interviewed the victim, the defendant, or any
other family members.
Doctor Bernet discussed an article he wrote entitled “False Statements and
the Differential Diagnosis of Abuse Allegations” which was published in the Journal of
the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in 1993. In that article,
Doctor Bernet concluded that “when children make statements about being abused they
are not always telling something that is factually correct,” and he identified “15 or 16 . . .
different mental mechanisms by which children sometimes make false statements
regarding abuse.” With respect to the victim‟s case, Doctor Bernet opined that “caregiver
suggestion,” “caregiver indoctrination,” “innocent lying,” “interviewer suggestion,” and
“over-stimulation” all potentially influenced the victim to falsely accuse the defendant.
Doctor Bernet also discussed an article he authored called “Practice
Parameters,” which was written “to help guide child psychiatrists and other people who
conduct evaluations in how to evaluate children who may have been abused.” In
reviewing the victim‟s case against the directives in his article, Doctor Bernet criticized
the investigation team for failing to investigate thoroughly the victim‟s differing accounts
of the abuse, the conflicts between the defendant and other family members, and
perceived sexual behaviors “among the children in the family.” Doctor Bernet believed
that the Nashville Children‟s Alliance interviewer failed to engage in a “free narrative”
with the victim, which he opined would have produced more reliable responses.
On cross-examination, Doctor Bernet denied that he believed the victim
had been brainwashed but stated that “it is something that should be considered as
whether . . . a parent or grandparent suggested information to her.” In response to the
query of whether he had ever conducted a forensic interview as part of a DCS
investigation, Doctor Bernet stated that he had done two such interviews more than 10
years ago. He acknowledged that he had never completed a formal week-long forensic
interview training course and that he had never been involved with formal peer-
critiquing. Doctor Bernet also conceded that he had not conducted any independent
research on any of the nationally-utilized forensic interview protocols.
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With respect to Doctor Bernet‟s 1993 article on false statements, he
testified that the article included 13 “short case vignettes” but that there were no
comparison or control groups. Doctor Bernet explained that such groups would not have
been relevant to his study because it was one of “qualitative research” rather than
“quantitative research.” Doctor Bernet estimated that he had been permitted to testify as
an expert “about 20 times” in criminal cases, though he conceded that his testimony did
not address “the ultimate issue of the child‟s truthfulness” but rather “in a general way
the different mechanisms by which children sometimes are not truthful.”
Doctor Bernet acknowledged that research regarding children‟s
suggestibility showed that “by the age of 10, 11, 12 years of age, children are no more
suggestible than adults.”
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court took the motion under
advisement and, in a comprehensive, later-filed written order, ruled that Doctor Bernet
would not be permitted to testify because his “proposed testimony is irrelevant in this
particular case; that even if it is relevant, its minimal probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to the State and the risk of confusing or
misleading the jury,” and that, in any event, “the proposed testimony does not meet the
requirements of Rules 702 and 703.” Specifically, the trial court noted that the victim
was “nearly 12 years old at the time of the disclosure and forensic interview” and that,
because Doctor Bernet had agreed that research indicated a child of that age was “no
more suggestible than an adult,” the inapplicability of the doctor‟s “mental mechanisms”
to the victim would render his testimony irrelevant. With respect to possible juror
confusion, the court stated as follows:
[Doctor] Bernet testified that he had no opinion as to whether
the alleged victim‟s allegations are true or not; he only
purports to give the jury factors to consider. However,
implicit in his testimony is the suggestion that there are
several reasons why the alleged victim might not be telling
the truth or might be inaccurate in her recollection. Thus, the
jury could easily be confused as to how to consider the
evidence.
The trial court also found the doctor‟s testimony to be inadmissible under
Tennessee Rules of Evidence 702 and 703:
The [c]ourt acknowledges that [Doctor] Bernet has an
outstanding educational pedigree and has had a long and
distinguished career as a psychiatrist. However, the [c]ourt
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finds that [Doctor] Bernet has authored one article on the
topic of why children sometimes make false statements
regarding abuse, and it was published in 1993 – 22 years ago.
Moreover, the [c]ourt finds that the science and methodology
behind the conclusions in [Doctor] Bernet‟s article, which
form the substance of his proposed testimony, is not reliable.
[Doctor] Bernet selected 13 cases, some from his own
practice and some from a literature review of other
researchers. There was no sound methodology presented to
the [c]ourt as to how these cases were selected. In fact,
[Doctor] Bernet acknowledged that the determination that the
children in the cases he reviewed made false allegations was
almost entirely subjective. Additionally, [Doctor] Bernet
failed to consider cases where children were deemed to have
made accurate or truthful allegations to test the application of
his theory in that context. As a result, the [c]ourt has no way
of knowing an error rate of whether [Doctor] Bernet‟s
opinions are scientifically sound. The [c]ourt acknowledges
that the article was peer-reviewed, as was his “Practice
Parameters” article. However, there was minimal evidence
that his opinions and conclusions are widely accepted in the
scientific community, and peer-review alone do[es] not
necessarily make the evidence admissible. The [c]ourt simply
does not find the science behind [Doctor] Bernet‟s testimony
to be reliable enough to permit him to offer the proposed
testimony.
Finally, the trial court found that the doctor‟s testimony “would not
substantially assist the jury,” noting that the probative value of the proposed testimony
was “very low”; that he could not give an opinion on whether the victim was telling the
truth or whether the defendant was guilty; and that “most of the points [Doctor] Bernet
made in his proffer could be made by the [d]efendant‟s attorneys at trial through cross-
examination of the State‟s witnesses.”
The admissibility of expert testimony is governed by Rules 702 and 703 of
the Tennessee Rules of Evidence. See generally McDaniel v. CSX Transp., Inc., 955
S.W.2d 257 (Tenn. 1997). Rule 702 addresses the need for expert testimony and the
qualifications of the expert: “If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will
substantially assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in
issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise.” Tenn. R. Evid. 702. Rule
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703 focuses on the reliability of expert opinion testimony. Generally, the admissibility of
expert testimony is a matter entrusted to the sound discretion of the trial court, and there
can be no reversal on appeal absent clear abuse of that discretion. See State v. Scott, 275
S.W.3d 395, 404 (Tenn. 2010); State v. Copeland, 226 S.W.3d 287, 301 (Tenn. 2007).
“A trial court abuses its discretion when it applies incorrect legal standards, reaches an
illogical conclusion, bases its decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence,
or employs reasoning that causes an injustice to the complaining party.” Scott, 275
S.W.3d at 404 (citing Konvalinka v. Chattanooga-Hamilton County Hosp. Auth., 249
S.W.3d 346, 358 (Tenn. 2008)).
We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court‟s decision to exclude the
proffered expert testimony of Doctor Bernet. Given the victim‟s age at the time she
revealed the abuse, the trial court‟s conclusion that Doctor Bernet‟s testimony regarding
the suggestibility of children would have been irrelevant was not illogical. See Tenn. R.
Evid. 401, 402. The doctor‟s inability to give an opinion as to the veracity of the victim
while giving the jury “facts to consider” about her potential untruthfulness could certainly
have led to juror confusion. See Tenn. R. Evid. 403. Finally, the lack of reliable
scientific evidence and methodology behind Doctor Bernet‟s conclusions justified the
trial court‟s determination that the expert opinion would not “substantially assist” the trier
of fact. See Tenn. R. Evid. 702, 703. Accordingly, the defendant is not entitled to relief
on this issue because no abuse of discretion was shown.
III. Sentencing
Finally, the defendant claims that the trial court erred in its application of
one enhancement factor and by failing to apply one mitigating factor. Specifically, the
defendant contends that the trial court erred in its application of enhancement factor
seven, that the offense was committed to gratify the defendant‟s desire for pleasure or
excitement, see T.C.A. § 40-35-114(7); the defendant does not take issue with the trial
court‟s application of the defendant‟s prior criminal history, the defendant‟s failure to
comply with past conditions of release, and that the defendant abused a position of trust,
see id., § 40-35-114(1), (8), (14). With respect to mitigating factors, the defendant argues
that the trial court should have applied factor one, that the defendant‟s conduct neither
caused nor threatened serious bodily injury. See T.C.A. § 40-35-113(1). The State
responds that the 60-year sentence imposed by the trial court was appropriate.
Our standard of review of the trial court‟s sentencing determinations in this
case is whether the trial court abused its discretion, but we apply a “presumption of
reasonableness to within-range sentencing decisions that reflect a proper application of
the purposes and principles of our Sentencing Act.” State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 707
(Tenn. 2012). The application of the purposes and principles of sentencing involves a
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consideration of “[t]he potential or lack of potential for the rehabilitation or treatment of
the defendant . . . in determining the sentence alternative or length of a term to be
imposed.” T.C.A. § 40-35-103(5). Trial courts are “required under the 2005
amendments to „place on the record, either orally or in writing, what enhancement or
mitigating factors were considered, if any, as well as the reasons for the sentence, in order
to ensure fair and consistent sentencing.‟” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706 n.41 (citing T.C.A. §
40-35-210(e)). Under the holding in Bise, “[a] sentence should be upheld so long as it is
within the appropriate range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in
compliance with the purposes and principles listed by statute.” Id. at 709.
We need not tarry long over the defendant‟s claim because, even assuming
that the trial court misapplied or failed to apply certain enhancement factors or mitigating
factors, “a trial court‟s misapplication of an enhancement or mitigating factor does not
invalidate the sentence imposed unless the trial court wholly departed from the 1989 Act,
as amended in 2005.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706. Nothing in the record suggests that the
trial court in this case “wholly departed from” the Sentencing Act. To the contrary, the
record reflects that the trial court considered all the relevant principles associated with
sentencing, including the enhancement and mitigating factors, when imposing the
sentence in this case. Accordingly, we conclude that the record fully supports the length
of sentence imposed in this case.
To the extent the defendant attempts to argue that the trial court erred in its
application of consecutive sentencing, his failure to support this assertion with any
argument renders it waived. See Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b) (“Issues which are not
supported by argument, citation to authorities, or appropriate references to the record will
be treated as waived in this court.”). Indeed, the defendant‟s references on appeal to
consecutive sentencing are limited to the mere statement that the trial court “incorrectly
applied consecutive sentencing” and a reference to Code section 40-35-115 which
“discusses multiple convictions and states, in pertinent part, „(a) If a defendant is
convicted of more than one (1) criminal offense, the court shall order sentences to run
consecutively or concurrently as provided by the criteria in this section.‟” This, quite
simply, does not equate to the mandate of Rule 10, and, accordingly, review of
consecutive sentencing is waived.
IV. Conclusion
Based upon the foregoing analysis, we affirm the judgments of the trial
court.
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JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE
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