explaining that "ascertainable loss" under the Missouri consumer-fraud statute is assessed "under the benefit-of-the-bargain rule, which compares the actual value of the item to the value of the item if it had been as represented at the time of the transaction"
How later courts described this case
- explaining that "ascertainable loss" under the Missouri consumer-fraud statute is assessed "under the benefit-of-the-bargain rule, which compares the actual value of the item to the value of the item if it had been as represented at the time of the transaction"
- explaining that “ascertainable loss” under the Missouri consumer-fraud statute is assessed “under the benefit-of-the-bargain rule, which compares the actual value of the item to the value of the item if it had been as represented at the time of the transaction”
- holding that plaintiff who alleged that cake mix was not “all natural” as represented had stated an MMPA claim under the benefit-of-the-bargain rule because the mix allegedly “was worth less than the product as represented”
- declining to decide how a “reasonable consumer” would perceive the term “all natural” at an early stage of litigation, and holding that the question is appropriately addressed on a motion for summary judgment or trial
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
In the Missouri Court of Appeals
Eastern District
DIVISION THREE
DANIEL MURPHY, individually and on ) No. ED104072
Behalf of all others similarly situated in )
Missouri, )
)
Plaintiff/Appellant, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of
vs. ) the City of St. Louis
)
STONEWALL KITCHEN, LLC, ) Hon. Joan L. Moriarty
)
Defendant/Respondent. ) FILED: November 8, 2016
OPINION
Appellant Daniel Murphy appeals the trial court’s order granting Respondent Stonewall
Kitchen, LLC’s Motion to Dismiss. We reverse the trial court and remand the matter for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Background
Daniel Murphy filed this lawsuit under the Missouri Merchandising Practices Act (MMPA)
alleging Stonewall Kitchen, LLC misrepresented that its cupcake mix was “all natural” when it
contained the ingredient of sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), a chemical that acts as a leavening
agent and is found in commercial baking powders. The petition identified the term “natural” to
mean “when nothing artificial or synthetic … has been included in, or has been added to, a food
that would not normally be expected to be in the food.” The petition also contained allegations of
unjust enrichment.
Stonewall Kitchen filed a Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim. The trial court,
relying on the federal district court for the Western District of Missouri’s decision in Kelly v. Cape
Cod Potato Chip Co., 81 F. Supp. 3d 754 (W.D. Mo. 2015), granted the motion. It reasoned that
because the ingredient label clearly disclosed the presence of SAPP, it was not plausible that a
consumer would believe the “all natural” representation on the product (i.e. the “ingredient list
defense”). The trial court also dismissed the unjust enrichment claim as wholly derivative of
plaintiff’s MMPA claim. We reverse the trial court for the reasons set forth below.
Standard of Review
Appellate courts review a trial court's grant of a motion to dismiss de novo. Ward v. W.
Cnty. Motor Co., Inc., 403 S.W.3d 82, 84 (Mo. banc 2013). A motion to dismiss for failure to state
a claim tests the adequacy of a plaintiff's petition. Nazeri v. Mo. Valley Coll., 860 S.W.2d 303,
306 (Mo. banc 1993). The petition is reviewed in an almost academic manner to determine if the
plaintiff has alleged facts that meet the elements of a recognized cause of action or of a cause that
might be adopted in that case. Id. The facts alleged in the petition are assumed to be true and are
construed liberally in favor of the plaintiff. Ward, 403 S.W.3d at 84. If the facts pleaded and
reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, looked at most favorably from the plaintiff's
standpoint, show any ground upon which relief can be granted, the plaintiff has a right to proceed.
Euge v. Golden, 551 S.W.2d 928, 931 (Mo. App. 1977). Indeed, under principles of modern
pleading, a petition is not to be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears that the
plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief. Id.
Discussion
The MMPA, as first adopted by the legislature in 1967, protects consumers by expanding
the common law definition of fraud “to preserve fundamental honesty, fair play and right dealings
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in public transactions.” State ex rel. Danforth v. Independence Dodge, Inc., 494 S.W.2d 362, 368
(Mo.App.1973); see Huch v. Charter Commc'ns, Inc., 290 S.W.3d 721, 725–26 (Mo. banc 2009).
To prevail on a claim under the MMPA, a plaintiff must plead and prove he or she (1) purchased
merchandise (which includes services) from defendants; (2) for personal, family or household
purposes; and (3) suffered an ascertainable loss of money or property; (4) as a result of an act
declared unlawful under the Merchandising Practices Act. Hess v. Chase Manhattan Bank, USA,
N.A., 220 S.W.3d 758, 773 (Mo. banc 2007); Edmonds v. Hough, 344 S.W.3d 219 (Mo. App. E.D.
2011). It is the defendant’s conduct, not his intent, which determines whether a violation has
occurred. State ex rel. Webster v. Areaco Inv. Co., 756 S.W.2d 633, 635 (Mo. App. E.D.1988)
(internal quotations omitted). Moreover, “[a] consumer’s reliance on an unlawful practice is not
required under the MMPA.” Hess, 220 S.W.3d at 774.
The issue before us is whether Murphy pled facts and provided a definition of “all natural”
sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. Two federal district courts in Missouri reached different
conclusions when they grappled with whether the use of the term “natural” or “nothing artificial”
on packaging was deceptive under the MMPA. In Kelly v. Cape Cod Potato Chip Co., the plaintiff
alleged potato chips labeled as “all natural” with “no preservatives” violated the MMPA. 81 F.
Supp. 3d at 760. The court held that “the federally-compliant ingredient label on the back of the
[c]hips defeats Plaintiff’s claims that the [c]hips’ labeling constitutes an unlawful practice under
the MMPA.” It went on to find that the plaintiff’s assertion that she was deceived by the chip
company’s labeling was contradicted by the full disclosure of the challenged ingredients and, if
the plaintiff wished to avoid products containing the challenged ingredients, the chip company
provided her with all the information she needed to do so. The Kelly court further held that in the
absence of any plausible definition for the term “natural,” the plaintiff failed to state a claim that
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the use of the term “all natural” was deceptive or misleading under the MMPA. As a result, the
Kelly court granted the chip company’s motion to dismiss.
The federal district court for the Eastern District of Missouri, on the other hand, denied a
defendant’s motion to dismiss when it faced a similar issue. See Erika Thornton v. Pinnacle Foods
Group LLC, No. 4:16-CV-00158 JAR, 2016 WL 4073713 (E.D. Mo. Aug. 1, 2016). In Thornton,
the plaintiff asserted claims under the MMPA and unjust enrichment. She alleged she purchased a
box of muffin mix labeled as containing “nothing artificial.” However, the mix allegedly contained
two artificial, synthetic substances. Plaintiff alleged the representation that the mix contained
“nothing artificial” was false, deceptive, and misleading. In response, the defendant filed a motion
to dismiss asserting the “ingredient list” defense. The trial court denied defendant’s motion
because whether a reasonable consumer would be deceived by a product label was an issue of fact
that could not be resolved on a motion to dismiss. The court reasoned that it was plausible a
consumer might rely on the representation “nothing artificial” without looking at the ingredients
or that the consumer might not know that the ingredients were artificial. It held that the mere
presence of an ingredient list on the back of a product did not eliminate the possibility that
reasonable consumers might be misled and that the effect of that ingredient statement on a
reasonable consumer’s understanding of advertising and product labels involved a factual inquiry.
As a result, the court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss.
In this case, Murphy filed a lawsuit alleging that the term “all natural” present on the
packaging of Stonewall Kitchen’s cupcake mix was false, deceptive, and misleading under the
MMPA because the mix contained the artificial ingredient SAPP. Murphy’s petition also contained
a count for unjust enrichment. Stonewall Kitchen filed a motion to dismiss claiming the petition
failed to state a claim under the MMPA because Murphy failed to allege facts showing the cupcake
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mix was deceptive or that he suffered a loss as a result. Stonewall Kitchen also claimed the unjust
enrichment allegations were derivative of the MMPA claim and should be dismissed. The trial
court agreed. Citing the Kelly decision, the trial court concluded that Murphy failed to plead an
unlawful act within the meaning of the MMPA because he did not—and could not—allege that
the cupcake mix’s packaging, when taken as a whole, failed to disclose that SAPP was an
ingredient. In essence, the trial court accepted the “ingredient list” defense as barring Murphy’s
MMPA claim. It further opined that the terms “natural” or “all natural,” as used in the context of
food and food labeling, were inherently ambiguous and had no clearly settled or generally
understood and accepted meaning. As a result, the trial court held Murphy’s petition could not
survive a motion to dismiss. We disagree.
In Point I, Murphy argues the trial court erred in granting Stonewall Kitchen’s motion to
dismiss because he properly pled an MMPA claim and set forth facts sufficient to survive such a
motion. Stonewall Kitchen argues in response that the dismissal of Murphy’s MMPA claim should
be affirmed because the term “all natural” is subjective and ambiguous and the ingredient was
disclosed in the ingredient label, which defeats Murphy’s claim as a matter of law. We conclude
that the bare assertion that “all natural” is subjective and ambiguous does not cause Murphy’s
entire MMPA claim to fail at this early stage of litigation because a reasonable consumer’s
understanding of the term “all natural” or whether a practice is unfair or deceptive are questions
of fact. See, e.g. Jackson v. Hazelrigg Auto. Serv. Ctr., Inc., 417 S.W.3d 886, 895 (Mo. App. S.D.
2014); Kiechle v. Drago, 694 S.W.2d 292, 293 (Mo. App. W.D. 1985)(“leaving it to the court in
each particular instance to declare whether fair dealing has been violated”). For example, more
discovery is required regarding whether SAPP is an artificial or natural ingredient, whether SAPP
is ordinarily expected to be included in such a cupcake mix, whether an ordinary consumer would
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be misled by the term “all natural,” and whether labeling the mix as “all natural” was deceptive.
The parties should have been allowed to proceed with discovery and allow these fact questions to
be resolved by a motion for summary judgment, if appropriate, or by a jury, not by a motion to
dismiss. See, e.g. Chochorowski v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 295 S.W.3d 194, 197 (Mo. App.
E.D. 2009). Murphy alleges facts that, if true, establish a deceptive or false representation under
the MMPA regarding the mix. We see no basis to dismiss these allegations at this juncture due to
the use of the term “all natural.”
Furthermore, we expressly reject the notion that the “ingredient list” defense asserted by
Stonewall Kitchen defeats Murphy’s claim as a matter of law. See Kelly, 81 F. Supp. 3d at 762.
The FDA does not require an ingredient list so that manufacturers can mislead consumers and then
rely on the ingredient list to correct those misrepresentations and provide a shield from liability
for that deception. See Williams v. Gerber Prods. Co., 552 F.3d 934, 939-40 (9th Cir. 2008). A
reasonable consumer would expect that the ingredient list comports with the representations on the
packaging. Furthermore, the manufacturer, not the consumer, is in the superior position to know
and understand the ingredients in its product and whether the ingredients comport with its
packaging. While the presence of an ingredient list may be relevant to Stonewall Kitchen’s defense
at trial, the “ingredient list” defense cannot, as a matter of law, defeat an MMPA claim.
Stonewall Kitchen further argues Murphy’s petition does not allege that SAPP is not
“normally expected” to be in a cake mix. It argues that Murphy’s definition of natural (i.e. when
“nothing artificial or synthetic…has been included in, or has been added to, a food that would not
normally be expected to be in the food”) requires Murphy to plead that SAPP is both artificial and
synthetic and that it would not normally be expected to be in a cupcake mix. However, Stonewall
Kitchen provides no case law in support of this additional pleading requirement. The Missouri
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Approved Jury Instructions require that Murphy plead and ultimately prove that he purchased the
cupcake mix, such purchase was primarily for household purposes, that Stonewall Kitchen
misrepresented that the cupcake mix was “all natural,” and that as a result, plaintiff sustained
damage. See M.A.I. 39.01. Murphy’s petition clearly contains allegations that Stonewall Kitchen
misrepresented that the cupcake mix was “all natural” when it in fact was not. In Murphy’s
allegations of fact, incorporated by reference, Murphy sets forth a proposed definition of “natural”
and states that “SAPP not only is synthetic, but also excessive intake of SAPP can lead to
imbalanced levels of minerals in the body and osteoporosis.” There is no requirement under
Missouri law that Murphy plead that SAPP would not normally be expected in the mix. Rather,
Murphy set forth the definition of “all natural” and stated that SAPP was synthetic, thereby not
meeting this definition. These allegations are sufficient, at this juncture, to survive a motion to
dismiss.
In addition, Stonewall Kitchen argues Murphy’s petition fails to survive a motion to
dismiss because he does not plead facts showing he suffered an ascertainable loss as a result of
Stonewall Kitchen’s unlawful conduct. A plaintiff adequately pleads this element of an MMPA
claim if he alleges an ascertainable loss under the benefit-of-the-bargain rule, which compares the
actual value of the item to the value of the item if it had been as represented at the time of the
transaction. See Schoenlein v. Routt Homes, Inc., 260 S.W.3d 852, 854 (Mo.App. E.D.2008). The
rule is part of our standard instructions for damages in misrepresentation cases. See MAI 4.03. The
rule is also applicable in MMPA cases to meet the element of ascertainable loss. Schoenlein, 260
S.W.3d at 854. Furthermore, a plaintiff's loss should be a result of the defendant’s unlawful
practice. Plubell v. Merck & Co., 289 S.W.3d 707, 714 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009). Here, because
Murphy alleged the mix was worth less than the product as represented, he stated an objectively
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ascertainable loss under the MMPA using the benefit-of-the-bargain rule. He also adequately pled
the loss was the result of Stonewall Kitchen’s deceptive labeling when he stated, in the allegations
of fact, that “[k]nowing that consumers like Plaintiff are more-and-more interested in purchasing
healthy food products that do not contain potentially harmful synthetic ingredients, Defendant has
sought to take advantage of this growing market by labeling certain products as ‘all natural.’ By
affixing such a label to the packaging of the Mix, Defendant is able to entice consumers like
Plaintiff to pay a premium for [the supposed] ‘all natural’ products.” Murphy did not simply parrot
the language required to assert an MMPA claim. He pled facts in his “allegations of fact” section,
which are then incorporated by reference in his MMPA claim. These facts are sufficient at this
juncture.
We remand this case for further proceedings to allow the parties to conduct discovery and
develop the allegations and defenses further. As a final matter, we briefly address Point II
regarding Murphy’s unjust enrichment claim. The trial court dismissed the count for unjust
enrichment as derivative of Murphy’s MMPA claim. However, because Murphy’s MMPA claim
is reinstated with this opinion, we do not reach Point II on the merits.
Conclusion
The trial court’s judgment granting Stonewall Kitchen, LLC’s Motion to Dismiss for
Failure to State a Claim is reversed and the matter remanded for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
____________________________________
Lisa S. Van Amburg, Judge
Angela T. Quigless, P.J., and
Robert G. Dowd, Jr., J., Concur.
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