The opinion
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-16-00203-CV
Violanda Soledad, Appellant
v.
Texas Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company, Appellee
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW OF BURNET COUNTY
NO. C4358, HONORABLE LINDA M. BAYLESS, JUDGE PRESIDING
OPINION
Violanda Soledad sued Texas Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company (Texas
Farm Bureau) after it denied a claim she made under her uninsured/underinsured motorist insurance
policy. Both parties moved for summary judgment, and the trial court signed an order denying
Soledad’s motion for summary judgment and granting summary judgment in favor of Texas Farm
Bureau. In five issues, Soledad contends that the trial court erred in denying her motion and in
granting Texas Farm Bureau’s motion. Because we conclude that Soledad was not “legally entitled
to recover from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle,” as her policy required, we will
affirm the trial court’s order.
BACKGROUND
The parties do not dispute the material facts of this case. On September 5, 2012,
Soledad was riding as a passenger in a motor vehicle owned or leased by her employer, Schneider
National Carriers, when the vehicle was involved in a single-vehicle accident. Jeffrey Allan Noe,
a fellow Schneider employee, was driving the vehicle. Both Soledad and Noe were acting in the
course and scope of their employment with Schneider at the time of the accident. The accident,
which was the result of Noe’s negligence, caused Soledad bodily injuries.
Before the accident, Soledad had purchased a personal automobile policy from
Texas Farm Bureau and paid the premiums with her own money. This policy provided
uninsured/underinsured motorist (UM/UIM) coverage and was in effect at the time of the accident.
At the time of the accident, Schneider had in place a policy of workers’ compensation insurance
and also had a policy of liability insurance covering its vehicles.
Soledad received workers’ compensation benefits from Schneider’s workers’
compensation carrier as a result of the injuries she sustained during the accident. Soledad then filed
a claim for UM/UIM benefits under her personal automobile policy, claiming that the damages she
sustained during the accident exceeded the damages covered by Schneider’s workers’ compensation
policy. Texas Farm Bureau denied her claim.
Soledad sued Texas Farm Bureau, seeking declaratory relief and damages exceeding
$100,000. Both Soledad and Texas Farm Bureau moved for summary judgment. Texas Farm
Bureau argued in its motion that, as a matter of law, Soledad was not entitled to UM/UIM benefits
under her policy because: (1) Soledad was not “legally entitled to recover” damages from the
owner or operator of the vehicle involved in the accident because such recovery is barred by the
exclusive-remedy provision of the Texas Workers’ Compensation Act (TWCA), see Tex. Lab. Code
§ 408.001(a), and (2) neither Noe nor Schneider was uninsured or underinsured as defined by the
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policy. The trial court denied Soledad’s motion and granted summary judgment in favor of Texas
Farm Bureau without giving a reason for its decision. This appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is proper if the movant establishes that there are no genuine
issues of material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ.
P. 166a(c). We review a trial court’s ruling on motions for summary judgment de novo. Southwestern
Bell Tel., L.P. v. Emmett, 459 S.W.3d 578, 583 (Tex. 2015); Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett,
164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). When the parties file competing motions for summary judgment
on overlapping issues and the trial court grants one party’s motion and denies the other, we consider
all of the summary-judgment evidence and issues presented, and, if the trial court erred, we render
the judgment the trial court should have rendered. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d at 661.
We also review de novo the trial court’s interpretation of a statute or an unambiguous
contract. See Kachina Pipeline Co., Inc. v. Lillis, 471 S.W.3d 445, 449 (Tex. 2015) (construction
of unambiguous contract is reviewed de novo); First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Combs, 258 S.W.3d 627,
631 (Tex. 2008) (construction of statute is reviewed de novo). When, as here, the trial court does
not specify the ground or grounds for summary judgment, we must affirm the summary judgment
if any of the grounds presented to the trial court and preserved for appeal are meritorious. See
Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 216 (Tex. 2003).
3
DISCUSSION
In her first issue, Soledad contends that her recovery of workers’ compensation
benefits does not preclude recovery under her UM/UIM policy.
Soledad’s policy with Texas Farm Bureau includes the following provision:
[Texas Farm Bureau] will pay damages which a covered person is legally entitled to
recover from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle because of bodily
injury sustained by a covered person, or property damage, caused by an accident.
For purposes of this discussion, we will assume, without deciding, that the vehicle in which Soledad
was riding during the accident was “an uninsured motor vehicle” and will focus our analysis on
whether Soledad was “legally entitled to recover” damages from the “owner” of the vehicle
(Schneider) or the “operator” of the vehicle (Noe).
Texas Farm Bureau does not dispute the fact that Noe’s negligence caused Soledad’s
injuries or that Schneider owned or leased the vehicle at the time of the accident. Instead, Texas
Farm Bureau argues that Soledad is not “legally entitled to recover” damages from either Schneider
or Noe because such recovery is barred by the TWCA, which provides, “Recovery of workers’
compensation benefits is the exclusive remedy of an employee covered by workers’ compensation
insurance coverage or a legal beneficiary against the employer or an agent or employee of the
employer for the death of or a work-related injury sustained by the employee.” Tex. Lab. Code
§ 408.001(a). Under this exclusive-remedy provision, an employer that subscribes to workers’
compensation insurance receives immunity from the tort claims of its employees. See Kershner v.
Samsung Austin Semiconductor, LLC, No. 03-15-00529-CV, 2016 WL 3974783, at *1 (Tex.
4
App.—Austin July 22, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.). Texas Farm Bureau further argues that, because
the TWCA’s exclusive-remedy provision bars Soledad from recovering damages from Schneider
(her employer) or Noe (an employee of her employer), she is not “legally entitled to recover” from
either Schneider or Noe. Therefore, argues Texas Farm Bureau, Soledad does not satisfy the policy’s
requirements and may not recover UM/UIM benefits.
We are aware of only one other Texas appellate court that has considered this
specific issue. In Valentine v. Safeco Lloyds Insurance Co., the First Court of Appeals had to
decide “whether an employee’s UIM coverage is available to an employee injured through the
negligence of her employer while occupying the employer’s vehicle in the course and scope of her
employment, after the employee collects worker’s compensation benefits.” 928 S.W.2d 639, 642
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, writ denied). The court held that “Valentine is not ‘legally
entitled to recover’ from [her employer]; she is limited to collecting worker’s compensation
benefits. Therefore, coverage under Safeco’s policy is not available.” Id. at 644. Our research
indicates that the majority of courts in other jurisdictions have also held that an employee who
receives workers’ compensation benefits is not “legally entitled to recover” from her employer or
co-employee and is therefore not entitled to UM/UIM benefits.1
1
See Valentine v. Safeco Lloyds Ins. Co., 928 S.W.2d 639, 642 n.4 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 1996, writ denied) (collecting cases); see also Ex parte Carlton, 867 So. 2d 332, 338
(Ala. 2003) (“The workers’ compensation benefits Carlton received are his only remedy against his
employer. Therefore, Carlton is not ‘legally entitled to recover damages from the owner or operator
of an uninsured vehicle’ as the plain language of . . . his mother’s State Farm policy require[s].”)
(citation omitted); Continental Divide Ins. Co. v. Dickinson, 179 P.3d 202, 204 (Colo. App. 2007)
(“The majority of jurisdictions that have addressed this issue hold that an insured is not ‘legally
entitled to recover’ under the uninsured motorist provisions of an insurance policy if the exclusivity
provisions of the workers’ compensation statute would bar an action against the tortfeasor . . . . We
consider the majority view well reasoned, perceive it as consistent with Colorado statutes, and reject
5
Dickinson’s invitation to adopt a different approach.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Allstate
Ins. Co. v. Boynton, 486 So. 2d 552, 555 (Fla. 1986) (“[T]he policy endorsement [requires] the
policyholder be ‘legally entitled to recover’ from the owner or operator of the uninsured vehicle. The
plain meaning of the requirement would appear to be that the insured must have a claim against the
tortfeasor which could be reduced to judgment in a court of law.”); Williams v. Thomas, 370 S.E.2d
773, 775 (Ga. App. 1988) (“Accordingly, as appellant is barred by the exclusive rights and remedies
provision of OCGA § 34-9-11 from obtaining judgment either against his employer or the co-employee
who injured him, he cannot satisfy the condition precedent to an action against his insurer for
recovery under the uninsured motorist provisions of his policy.”); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.
v. Royston, 817 P.2d 118, 119 (Haw. 1991) (“As a condition precedent to recovery of uninsured
motorist benefits under HRS § 431-448(a), a person must show that he or she is ‘legally entitled to
recover damages’ from the uninsured tortfeasor. However, when the uninsured tortfeasor is the
employer of such person, the requirement of HRS § 431-448(a) cannot be met since the ‘exclusive
remedy’ provision of the workers’ compensation statute would preclude a tort claim against the
employer.”); Atlantic Mut. Ins. Co. v. Payton, 682 N.E.2d 1144, 1148 (Ill. App. 1997) (“Atlantic
Mutual, the employer’s insurance carrier, stands in the shoes of both the driver and the owner of the
uninsured motor vehicle. The accident took place during the course of employment. Payton has
received workers’ compensation benefits, and therefore he is barred from bringing a civil action for
the same injuries against his co-employee, employer, and the insurer.”); Otterberg v. Farm Bureau
Mut. Ins. Co., 696 N.W.2d 24, 31 (Iowa 2005) (“We conclude Otterberg is not ‘legally entitled to
recover’ damages from the owner or operator of the ambulance in which he was injured (i.e., his
employer or co-employee) within the meaning of his uninsured motorist insurance policy . . . . This
is because the exclusivity provision of the workers’ compensation statute provides a substantive
bar to any legal claim against his employer and co-employee for injuries covered by workers’
compensation.”); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Slusher, 325 S.W.3d 318, 321–22 (Ky. 2010)
(“State Farm argues that the plain language of the policy, the exclusive remedy provisions of the
Workers’ Compensation Act, and applicable case authorities compel the conclusion that it has no
liability under either the UM and UIM provision. [W]e agree.”); Hebert v. Clarendon Am. Ins. Co.,
984 So. 2d 952, 956 (La. App. 2008) (“Thus, it is well settled in our jurisprudence that where there
is no underlying uninsured or underinsured person from whom the plaintiff is legally entitled to
recover, due to the immunity provision of [Louisiana’s workers’ compensation law], the plaintiff’s
UM insurer is not legally liable to him.”); Hopkins v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 200 N.W.2d 784, 786
(Mich. App. 1972) (per curiam) (“Because of the exclusiveness of the workmen’s compensation
coverage, plaintiff never had a remedy against the tortfeasor. He was never entitled to damages from
the negligent motorist.”); Medders v. United States Fid. & Guar. Co., 623 So. 2d 979, 989 (Miss. 1993)
(“We hold that the clear meaning of the phrase legally entitled to recover found in the Mississippi
UM statute limits the scope of the coverage mandated by the statute to those instances in which the
insured would be entitled at the time of injury to recover through legal action. There is no statutory
mandate to provide coverage in instances where the alleged tortfeasor is immune from liability.”)
(citations omitted); Kesterson v. Wallut, 157 S.W.3d 675, 686 (Mo. App. 2004) (“Ms. Kesterson is
barred from suing Mr. Wallut due to his immunity under workers’ compensation law, which is a
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substantive limitation on her right to sue him. So . . . she was not ‘legally entitled to collect’
from Mr. Wallut under the State Farm uninsured motorist policies.”); Okuly v. USF & G Ins. Co.,
78 P.3d 877, 880 (Mont. 2003) (“Here, Okuly is barred from bringing suit and ultimately recovering
from Adams or Gasomat, since Adams was Mary Lyn’s co-employee and Gasomat was her
employer. As such, under [Montana’s workers’ compensation law’s exclusive-remedy provision] . . .
Okuly’s exclusive remedy is that which he already received—the workers’ compensation benefits.
[O]kuly is not ‘legally entitled to recover damages’ from USF & G.”); Matarese v. New Hampshire
Mun. Ass’n Prop. Liab. Ins. Trust, Inc., 791 A.2d 175, 182 (N.H. 2002) (“As we have noted, New
Hampshire’s uninsured motorist statute is designed to compensate people injured in automobile
accidents whose losses would otherwise be uncompensated because the tortfeasor lacked liability
coverage or because the tortfeasor’s identity was unknown. The underlying purpose of the statute
is to provide coverage only where there is a lack of liability insurance on the part of the tortfeasor
and the tortfeasor would be legally liable to the injured driver in a tort action; it does not provide
coverage in all situations that might go uncompensated. The insurance policy and the statute do not
apply where the substantive laws of New Hampshire, such as the fireman’s rule and the workers’
compensation bar, render the tortfeasor immune from liability.”) (citation omitted); Kough v. New
Jersey Auto. Full Ins. Underwriting Ass’n, 568 A.2d 127, 132 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1990)
(“Under normal rules of liability plaintiff cannot recover here. Because Fefferman was a coemployee,
plaintiff could not ‘prove an automobile liability case against the uninsured,’ a prerequisite for
recovery. In other words, because of the workers’ compensation bar, plaintiff is not ‘legally entitled
to recover damages’ from her coemployee.”) (citation omitted); Stuhlmiller v. Nodak Mut. Ins. Co.,
475 N.W.2d 136, 139 (N.D. 1991) (“Because Mark is statutorily immune under the exclusive remedy
provisions of the Workers Compensation Act, we conclude that Arthur is not ‘legally entitled to
recover’ damages from Mark, Mark is not ‘legally liable to pay’ damages, and accordingly Arthur
is not entitled to recover under either policy.”); Snyder v. American Family Ins. Co., 871 N.E.2d 574,
583 (Ohio 2007) (“[W]e hold that [Ohio’s UM/UIM statute] does not prohibit an uninsured- or
underinsured-motorist policy from limiting uninsured-motorist benefits to amounts that the insured
is ‘legally entitled to recover’ from the tortfeasor and that such a provision is valid even when it
precludes uninsured-motorist benefits for injuries caused by tortfeasors immune under [Ohio’s
workers’ compensation law’s exclusive-remedy provision].”); Cope v. West Am. Ins. Co. of Ohio
Cas. Grp., 785 P.2d 1050, 1053 (Or. 1990) (“If plaintiff’s injury arose out of and in the course of
employment, she would be entitled to workers’ compensation benefits. Because of the exclusivity
of this remedy, she would, therefore, not be ‘legally entitled’ to recover from her co-worker in such
circumstance. Accordingly, if plaintiff’s injury is compensable under the workers’ compensation
provisions, she may not recover against defendants.”); Erie Ins. Exch. v. Conley, 29 A.3d 389,
392–93 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2011) (“[T]he Workers’ Compensation Act precludes Appellant from
recovering damages from Mr. Olander. Thus, pursuant to the plain language of the policy, Appellant
[sic] is not required to provide to Appellant UM or UIM coverage.”) (citation omitted); Lieber v. ITT
Hartford Ins. Ctr., Inc., 15 P.3d 1030, 1035 (Utah 2000) (“From the foregoing analysis of the
exclusive remedy provision of the WCA, it is clear that uninsured coverage is not available when
the uninsured driver is the employer, or an officer, agent, or employee of the employer because the
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Consistent with these authorities, we agree with Texas Farm Bureau that Soledad may
not recover UM/UIM benefits after receiving workers’ compensation benefits. The TWCA’s
exclusive-remedy provision bars Soledad from recovering any damages from Schneider or Noe for
the injuries Soledad received because of Noe’s negligence. See Tex. Lab. Code § 408.001(a).
Therefore, Soledad is not “legally entitled to recover” damages from the owner or operator of the
vehicle that caused her injuries, and she has therefore failed to satisfy her policy’s unambiguous
requirements to obtain UM/UIM benefits.
WCA precludes the employee from having a viable tort claim outside its parameters.”); Welch v.
Miller & Long Co. of Md., Inc., 521 S.E.2d 767, 770 (Va. 1999) (“Accordingly, because the Act
afforded the exclusive remedy against the decedent’s statutory employer . . . and a fellow servant . . .
the decedent’s statutory beneficiaries under the wrongful death statutes are not legally entitled to
recover damages against them. Thus, a condition precedent to the insurers’ liability under the
uninsured motorist statute was not met.”); Romanick v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 795 P.2d 728, 730
(Wash. App. 1990) (“Romanick cannot recover UIM benefits. Romanick cannot show that he is legally
entitled to recover damages from Shaffer because Shaffer is a fellow employee under the workers’
compensation act, and [Washington’s workers’ compensation law’s exclusive-remedy provision]
abolishes claims against fellow servants for injuries incurred during the course of hazardous
employment.”); 7A Am. Jur. 2d Automobile Insurance § 482 n.1 (2016); John P. Ludington,
“Automobile uninsured motorist coverage: ‘legally entitled to recover’ clause as barring claim
compensable under workers’ compensation statute,” 82 A.L.R.4th 1096, § 6[a] (Originally published
in 1990); Steven Plitt, et al., “Particular circumstances as affecting legal right to recover—Tortfeasor’s
immunity from suit,” 9 Couch on Ins. § 123:19 n.7 (3d ed.); but see Southern Farm Bureau Cas. Ins.
Co. v. Pettie, 924 S.W.2d 828, 832 (Ark. App. 1996) (“Therefore, in regard to appellee’s UIM
insurance coverage, we do not believe that the exclusive remedy provisions of the workers’
compensation law bars the appellee from being ‘legally entitled to recover’ against the owner or
operator of the vehicle in which the appellee was riding at the time he received the injuries for which
he was granted judgment in this case.”); Torres v. Kansas City Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 849 P.2d 407,
413 (Okla. 1993) (“No affirmative acts or prejudicial conduct on the part of the insured tending to
destroy appellant’s subrogation rights is involved here. The immunity of the workers’ compensation
laws which would bar any subrogation rights is not the result of any conduct on the part of the
insured and affords no basis to deny recovery . . . .”); Jenkins v. City of Elkins, 738 S.E.2d 1, 14
(W. Va. 2012) (“[We] hold that the phrase ‘legally entitled to recover’. . . is construed to mean that
an insured is entitled to uninsured coverage merely by establishing fault on the part of the tortfeasor
and the amount of the insured’s damages. Under this definition, the fact that a tortfeasor is immune
from liability will not preclude recovery of uninsured motorist benefits.”).
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Soledad points out that her policy also includes the following provision: “In order
to avoid insurance benefits payments in excess of actual damages sustained . . . we will pay all
covered damages not paid or payable under any workers’ compensation law . . . .” She argues “that
this policy language clearly indicates that an insured person should be able to collect UM/UIM benefits
after first receiving workers’ compensation benefits.” However, the purpose of this provision is
merely to prevent a covered person from recovering twice for the same injuries—once from her
employer’s workers’ compensation insurance carrier and once from her UM/UIM insurance carrier.
Moreover, as Texas Farm Bureau concedes, in some instances a covered person could recover
workers’ compensation benefits and then recover UM/UIM benefits. If Soledad’s injuries had been
caused by the negligence of an uninsured motorist other than her employer or co-employee, she
might have recovered workers’ compensation benefits, and, if those benefits did not cover all of her
injuries, she might have recovered UM/UIM benefits, because she would be “legally entitled to
recover” damages from the negligent party. However, when, as here, the negligent party was the
covered person’s employer or co-employee, the TWCA’s exclusive-remedy provision applies, and
the covered person is not entitled to UM/UIM benefits.2
2
Soledad relies on Resolution Oversight Corp. v. Garza, No. 03-08-00481-CV, 2009 WL
1981424 (Tex. App.—Austin July 10, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.), for the proposition that an
employee who recovers workers’ compensation benefits may also be entitled to UM/UIM benefits.
In Garza, the workers’ compensation insurance carrier of the plaintiff’s employer sought to enforce
subrogation rights against funds paid to the plaintiff by a UM/UIM insurance carrier. Id. at *1. This
Court held that the workers’ compensation insurance carrier was entitled to subrogation. Id. at *5.
However, in Garza, the plaintiff was injured by an uninsured motorist who was not his employer or
co-employee. Id. at *1. As we explained above, the recovery of workers’ compensation benefits
does not always prevent an injured worker from recovering UM/UIM benefits—it only does so
when, as here, the uninsured motorist is the plaintiff’s employer or co-employee. Because Soledad
was injured by her co-employee’s negligence, unlike the plaintiff in Garza, the TWCA’s exclusive-
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Having concluded that Soledad did not satisfy the policy’s requirements to recover
UM/UIM benefits, we hold that the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of
Texas Farm Bureau.3 Accordingly, we overrule Soledad’s first issue. Because we may affirm the
trial court’s summary judgment on this ground alone, we need not address Soledad’s remaining
issues. See Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 216 (“[W]e must affirm the summary judgment if any of the
theories presented to the trial court and preserved for appellate review are meritorious.”).
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s summary judgment.
__________________________________________
Scott K. Field, Justice
Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton, and Field
Affirmed
Filed: November 2, 2016
remedy provision applies, and Soledad is not “legally entitled to recover” damages from the owner
or operator of the uninsured motor vehicle as her UM/UIM policy requires.
3
Our holding is limited to situations in which the insured is not legally entitled to recover
damages from the tortfeasor because of the workers’ compensation exclusive-remedy provision.
We express no opinion regarding situations in which an insured may be unable to recover damages
from the tortfeasor for other reasons, such as a statute of limitations.
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