Ted B. Lyon, III v. Building Galveston, Inc., D/B/A Building Solutions

ACCEPTED

01-15-00664-CV

FIRST COURT OF APPEALS

HOUSTON, TEXAS

11/16/2015 8:21:10 AM

CHRISTOPHER PRINE

CLERK

No. 01-15-00664-CV

FILED IN

1st COURT OF APPEALS

In the First Court of Appeals HOUSTON, TEXAS

at Houston, Texas 11/16/2015 8:21:10 AM

CHRISTOPHER A. PRINE

Clerk

Ted B. Lyon, III, et al.,

Apellant(s) and Cross-Appellee(s)

vs.

Building Galveston, Inc. d/b/a Building Solutions,

Appellee and Cross-Appellant

Appeal(s) from 405th District Court, Galveston County, Texas

(cause no. 10-CV-2353), Hon. Michelle Slaughter presiding

Brief for Appellants Ted B. Lyon, III, et al.

CRISS & ROUSSEAU LAW FIRM TED B. LYON & ASSOCIATES, P.C.

L.L.P.

Ben Taylor (19684500)

Susan E. Criss (06630475) btaylor@tedlyon.com

susan.criss@crissrousseau.com Josh Birmingham (24059329)

P.O. Box 17046 jbirmingham@tedlyon.com

Galveston, Texas 77552 18601 LBJ Freeway, Suite 525

Telephone: 409-515-6176 Mesquite, Texas 75150-5632

Facsimile: 409-763-1508 Telephone: 972-279-6571

Facsimile: 972-279-3021

counsel for appellants

Oral Argument Requested

Identity of Parties and Counsel

The appellants are Ted B. Lyon, III (hereafter “Mr. Lyon”), and Lyon

Properties & Custom Homes, LLC d/b/a Lyon Construction Services, more

correctly named Lyon Properties & Custom Homes, L.C. [5RR85-86; PX38]

(hereafter “Lyon Construction” or “Mr. Lyon’s company”). CR243-48, 266-270,

271-76, 277-78, 308-314; 1SuppCR98-103.1 Lyon Construction was the original

plaintiff but Mr. Lyon and Lyon Construction eventually became named

defendants pursuant to the trial court’s order of realignment. CR6-9, 29-32, 96.

Mr. Lyon and his company are also cross-appellees in this Court. Mr. Lyon’s and

his company’s trial and appellate counsel are listed on the cover of this brief. 2

1

The last-in-time judgment rendered by the trial court (second “nunc pro tunc” signed

October 13, 2015) denied all relief requested against Lyon Construction; however,

Lyon Construction has joined this opening brief (in an abundance of caution) because: (a) the

first “nunc pro tunc” (signed July 31, 2015) judgment mistakenly inserted unspecified “findings

of fact as requested by” plaintiff Building Galveston, Inc. and mistakenly awarded Building

Galveston, Inc. “$15,889.84” against Lyon Construction (see CR273, 276; 1SuppCR6-7, 27);

and (b) no subsequent order or judgment signed by the trial court expressly vacated, modified or

corrected the first “nunc pro tunc” judgment signed on July 31, 2015. See 1SuppCR37, 93-94,

96 (10/12/2015 judgment abstract form requested by Building Galveston, Inc.’s counsel naming

“Lyon Construction Services” as a “Judgment Debtor” with reference to “Nunc Pro Tunc Order

of 7/31/2015”), 103 (last-in-time “nunc pro tunc” judgment signed October 13, 2015, ordering:

“This judgment corrects the Judgment of May 19, 2015 . . .”). Cf. Mullins v. Thomas, 136

Tex. 215, 217, 150 S.W.2d 83, 84 (1941) (reaffirming “well settled” rule “that the entry of a

second judgment in the same case is not a vacation of the first, and that if there is nothing to

show the first was vacated, the second is a nullity”), Lane Bank Equip. Co. v. Smith S. Equip.,

Inc., 10 S.W.3d 308, 314 (Tex. 2000) (Rule 329b(h) provides that “[i]f a judgment is modified,

corrected or reformed in any respect” the appellate timetable runs from the date of the new

judgment — whether or not the change is “material or substantial”) (italics original).

2

In obedience to Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(a) and Tesco American, Inc. v. Strong Industries, Inc.,

221 S.W.3d 550, 552 & n.3 (Tex. 2006), rev’g 129 S.W.3d 606 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.]

2004), and 129 S.W.3d 594 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2003) (en banc), Mr. Lyon and

-2-

The appellee and cross-appellant is Building Galveston, Inc. d/b/a

Building Solution (hereafter “Building Galveston” or “BGI”). 3 BGI was

originally the intervenor below; however, BGI later became the plaintiff suing

Mr. Lyon and his company pursuant to the trial court’s order of realignment.

CR12-19, 34-43, 46-55, 96, 106-113, 122. BGI’s trial and appellate counsel is:

Scott Lyford (127153200)

(slyford@millsshirley.com)

Mills Shirley L.L.P.

P.O. Box 1949 (77553)

2228 Mechanic Street, Suite 400

Galveston, Texas 77550

Telephone: 409-763-2341

Facsimile: 409-763-2879 4

Note regarding earlier-dismissed parties: No party appealed the trial

court’s January 2012 orders granting summary judgment on Lyon Construction’s

claims against Chris Arneson and dismissing (by agreement) Lyon Construction’s

Lyon Construction state that their counsel in the trial court also included Benjamin P. Barmore

(24073076). E.g., 1RR2. (Mr. Barmore departed Ted B. Lyon & Associates, P.C., in

December 2013 and on information and belief is now with Rad Law Firm, P.C.,

2777 Allen Parkway, Suite 1000, Houston, Texas 77019.)

3

See CR292-93, 299 (Building Galveston, Inc. announcing its intention to appeal the

trial court’s failure “to enter [sic] judgment against the corporate [sic] defendant and the failure

to award attorney’s fees related to the breach of contract damages awarded”).

4

BGI’s counsel in the trial court also included Christopher C. Garcia (24007221). E.g., CR113.

(On information and belief, Mr. Garcia departed Mills Shirley L.L.P. in about July 2015 and is

now with Chris Garcia Law Group, P.C., 1207 S. Shepherd, Houston, Texas 77019.) Andy Soto

(24071128) from the Mills Shirley firm also appeared in the trial court for BGI during the post-

verdict evidentiary hearing on attorney’s fees. 11RR2, 5, 22-24, 30, 49-50, 80-82, 94-95.

-3-

claims against Patty Cake Bakery and the Rennicks CR78, 80-81, 333.5

Chris Arneson, Patty Cake Bakery, and the Rennicks: (1) did not appear as parties

during the November 2013 jury trial (CR96, 339-340; 1RR1-6RR10; 1SuppCR98);

(2) are not named as parties in the the trial court’s final judgment (1SuppCR98-

103); and (3) are not parties to the appeal or cross-appeal now before this Court

(CR277-78, 292-93, 299, 312-13). Neither Mr. Lyon (or Lyon Construction) nor

Building Galveston is challenging the trial court’s January 2012 orders granting

summary judgment and/or dismissal in favor of Chris Arneson, Patty Cake

Bakeries, and the Rennicks; consequently, those rulings should be affirmed. 6

5

The record reveals Lyon Construction’s claims against Chris Arneson, Patty Cake Bakery, and

the Rennicks were never severed from this action; consequently, the January 2012 interlocutory

orders in favor of Chris Arneson, Patty Cake Bakery, and the Rennicks became final when the

trial court subsequently signed its original final judgment disposing of all parties and claims on

May 19, 2015. CR4, 243-48, 271-76. See Webb v. Jorns, 488 S.W.2d 407, 408-09 (Tex. 1972);

H.B. Zachry Co. v. Thibodeaux, 364 S.W.2d 192, 193 (Tex. 1963) (per curiam). The last-in-time

judgment signed by the trial court — purportedly nunc pro tunc “AS of 5-19-2015” but before

the trial court’s period of Rule 329b plenary power ended — included the following order to

remove any doubt about finality: “This judgment corrects the Judgment of May 19, 2015, finally

disposes of all parties and all claims, and is appealable. Any relief requested by any party not

granted herein is hereby DENIED.” 1SuppCR103, 98. See In re Burlington Coat Factory

Warehouse, Inc., 167 S.W.3d 827, 829-830 (Tex. 2005) (orig. pro.) (reaffirming that language

suggested by Justice Hecht for the majority in Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 206

(Tex. 2001), “would clearly indicate finality . . .”); North East Indep. School Dist. v. Aldridge,

400 S.W.2d 893, 898 (Tex. 1966) (“Of course, the problem can be eliminated entirely by . . .

inclusion in judgments of a simple statement that all relief not expressly granted is denied”).

6

See, e.g., Feith Sys. & Software, Inc. v. Design Info. Sys., 813 S.W.2d 481 (Tex. 1991)

(per curiam); accord Black v. Shell Oil Co., 397 S.W.2d 877, 889 (Tex. Civ. App.--Texarkana

1965, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (“The portions of the judgment of the trial court which were not appealed

from are not disturbed”).

-4-

Table of Contents

Page

Identity of Parties and Counsel ..................................................................................2

Index of Authorities ...................................................................................................6

Mr. Lyon’s Statement of the Case ...........................................................................13

Mr. Lyon’s Issues Presented ....................................................................................15

Mr. Lyon’s Statement of Undisputed Facts in the Record ......................................16

Mr. Lyon’s Summary of Argument .........................................................................18

Mr. Lyon’s Arguments and Authorities ...................................................................19

I. The Jury’s Fraudulent Lien Findings, in Answer To Question No. 4,

Lack the Required Support of Legally and Factually Sufficient

Evidence.........................................................................................................19

II. The Trial Court Abused Its Discretion and Committed Reversible Error

by Overruling Hearsay Objections and Admitting PX45 into Evidence ......37

III. BGI’s Legally and Factually Insufficient Attorney’s Fee Evidence,

Predicate, and Segregation Independently Require a New Trial ..................45

IV. BGI Failed In BGI’s Burden to Submit an Adequate Jury Question

Regarding Damages for Mr. Lyon’s Alleged Failure to Comply with

the Subcontract; Consequently, The Trial Court Should Have Granted

Defendants’ Motions for New Trial for This Additional Reason as Well ....52

Conclusion ...............................................................................................................57

Certificate of Word Count Compliance ...................................................................59

Certificate of Filing and Service ..............................................................................60

Appendix Items ..................................................................................................... post

Jury charge and verdict returned November 12, 2013 (CR123-139)

Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc signed October 13, 2015 (1SuppCR98-103)

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Index of Authorities

Page(s)

Constitutional Law

U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1 ...................................................................................27

Case Law

$56,700 in U.S. Currency v. State,

730 S.W.2d 659 (Tex. 1987) .........................................................................28

Alanis v. US Bank N.A.,

No. 01-14-00559-CV (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.]

Nov. 03, 2015, n.p.h.) ....................................................................................36

Amegy Bank N.A. v. Brazos M&E, Ltd. (In re Bigler LP),

458 B.R. 345 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2011) .................................................... 49-50

Banda v. Garcia,

955 S.W.2d 270 (Tex. 1997) (per curiam) ....................................................30

Black v. Shell Oil Co.,

397 S.W.2d 877 (Tex. Civ. App.--Texarkana 1965, writ ref’d n.r.e.) ............4

Browning-Ferris, Inc. v. Reyna,

865 S.W.2d 925 (Tex. 1993) .........................................................................28

Casa Linda Tile & Marble Installers, Inc. v. Highlands Place 1981, Ltd.,

642 So. 2d 766 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994).............................................................24

Cecil v. Smith,

804 S.W.2d 509 (Tex. 1991) .........................................................................19

Centurion Planning Corp. v. Seabrook Venture II,

176 S.W.3d 498 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.) ..................25

Christus Health Gulf Coast v. Carswell,

433 S.W.3d 585 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2013),

review granted, 58 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1067 (June 12, 2015)

(cause no. 14-0362) (oral arguments heard Nov. 13, 2015) .................... 31-32

Coalition of Cities v. Public Util. Comm’n,

798 S.W.2d 560 (Tex. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 983 (1991) .................26

Contemporary Contractors, Inc. v. Centerpoint Apt. Ltd. P’ship,

No. 05-13-00614-CV (Tex. App.--Dallas July 3, 2014, no pet.)

(mem. op.) ......................................................................................................49

-6-

Crim Truck & Tractor Co. v. Navistar Int’l Transp. Corp.,

823 S.W.2d 591 (Tex. 1992) .........................................................................33

D&M Marine, Inc. v. Turner,

409 S.W.3d 693 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) ...........38

El Apple I, Ltd. v. Olivas,

370 S.W.3d 757 (Tex. 2012) .........................................................................38

Elizondo v. Krist,

415 S.W.3d 259 (Tex. 2013) .........................................................................40

El-Khoury v. Kheir,

241 S.W.3d 82 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. denied) .............52

Estrada v. Dillon,

44 S.W.3d 558 (Tex. 2001) (per curiam),

rev’g in part 23 S.W.3d 422 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 2000) ............................52

Feith Sys. & Software, Inc. v. Design Info. Sys.,

813 S.W.2d 481 (Tex. 1991) (per curiam) ......................................................4

Gray v. Entis Mechanical Servs., LLC,

No. 01-11-00129-CV (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.]

Apr. 26, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) ................................................................36

H.B. Zachry Co. v. Thibodeaux,

364 S.W.2d 192 (Tex. 1963) (per curiam) ......................................................4

Haygood v. De Escabedo,

356 S.W.3d 390 (Tex. 2012) .........................................................................56

In re Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse, Inc.,

167 S.W.3d 827 (Tex. 2005) (orig. pro.) .........................................................4

In re Hon. Michelle Slaughter, Presiding Judge of the

405th Judicial District Court, Galveston County, Texas,

Docket No. 15-0001 (Special Court of Review of Texas

Sep. 30, 2015) (per curiam) .............................................................. 23, 24, 27

In re MetroPCS Commc’ns, Inc.,

391 S.W.3d 329 (Tex. App.--Dallas 2013, orig. pro.)...................................30

Jelinek v. Casas,

328 S.W.3d 526 (Tex. 2010) .........................................................................26

Joske v. Irvine,

91 Tex. 574, 44 S.W. 1059 (1898) ................................................................28

-7-

Kerr-McGee Corp. v. Helton,

133 S.W.3d 245 (Tex. 2004) .........................................................................45

Kindred v. Con/Chem, Inc.,

650 S.W.2d 61 (Tex. 1983) ...........................................................................28

Lane Bank Equip. Co. v. Smith S. Equip., Inc.,

10 S.W.3d 308 (Tex. 2000) .............................................................................2

Larson v. Cook Consultants, Inc.,

690 S.W.2d 567 (Tex. 1985) .........................................................................20

Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp.,

39 S.W.3d 191 (Tex. 2001) .............................................................................4

Litton Industrial Products, Inc. v. Gammage,

668 S.W.2d 319 (Tex. 1984) .........................................................................28

Lovelace v. Sabine Consolidated, Inc.,

733 S.W.2d 648 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ denied) ........55

Luna v. North Star Dodge Sales, Inc.,

667 S.W.2d 115 (Tex. 1984) .........................................................................24

Mancorp, Inc. v. Culpepper,

802 S.W.2d 226 (Tex. 1990) .........................................................................20

Missouri-K.T. R.R. v. McFerrin,

156 Tex. 69, 291 S.W.2d 931 (1956) ............................................................25

Mullins v. Thomas,

136 Tex. 215, 150 S.W.2d 83 (1941) ..............................................................2

North East Indep. School Dist. v. Aldridge,

400 S.W.2d 893 (Tex. 1966) ...........................................................................4

Perry Nat’l Bank v. Eidson,

340 S.W.2d 483 (Tex. 1960) .........................................................................48

Pool v. Ford Motor Co.,

715 S.W.2d 629 (Tex. 1986) .........................................................................20

Price Constr., Inc. v. Castillo,

147 S.W.3d 431 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2004),

pet. denied, 209 S.W.3d 90 (Tex. 2005) ........................................................32

R.M. Dudley Constr. Co. v. Dawson,

258 S.W.3d 694 (Tex. App.--Waco 2008, pet. denied) ........................... 48-49

-8-

Ramos v. Frito Lay, Inc.,

784 S.W.2d 667 (Tex. 1990) .........................................................................52

Saenz v. Fidelity & Guaranty Ins. Underwriters,

925 S.W.2d 607 (Tex. 1996) .........................................................................20

Salomon v. Lesay,

369 S.W.3d 540 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.) ..................20

Sentinel Integrity Solutions, Inc. v. Mistras Group, Inc.,

414 S.W.3d 911 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) ...........45

Spencer v. Eagle Star Ins. Co. of Am.,

876 S.W.2d 154 (Tex. 1994) .................................................................. 19, 53

St. Paul Surplus Lines Ins. Co. v. Dal-Worth Tank Co.,

974 S.W.2d 51 (Tex. 1998) (per curiam) ............................................... 24, 34

Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Aiello,

941 S.W.2d 68 (Tex. 1997) ...........................................................................51

Suarez v. City of Texas City,

465 S.W.3d 623 (Tex. 2015),

aff’g City of Texas City v. Suarez, No. 01-12-00848-CV

(Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 7, 2013) (mem. op.)...........................28

Superior Trucks, Inc. v. Allen,

664 S.W.2d 136 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1983,writ ref’d n.r.e.) .....31

Tesco American, Inc. v. Strong Industries, Inc.,

221 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. 2006),

rev’g 129 S.W.3d 606 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2004),

and 129 S.W.3d 594 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2003) (en banc) ..........2

Texas & Pac. Ry. Co. v. Van Zandt,

159 Tex. 178, 317 S.W.2d 528 (1958) ..........................................................56

Texas Real Estate Comm’n v. Nagle,

767 S.W.2d 691 (Tex. 1989) .........................................................................26

Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa,

212 S.W.3d 299 (Tex. 2006) .........................................................................46

Trevino v. American Nat’l Ins. Co.,

140 Tex. 500, 168 S.W.2d 656 (1943) ..........................................................51

Trinity Drywall Sys., LLC v. TOKA General Contractors, Ltd.,

416 S.W.3d 201 (Tex. App.--El Paso 2013, pet. denied) ..............................48

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U-Haul Int’l, Inc. v. Waldrip,

380 S.W.3d 118 (Tex. 2012) .........................................................................48

Unifund CCR Partners v. Villa,

299 S.W.3d 92 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam) ......................................................44

Vinci Dev. Co. v. Connell,

509 So. 2d 1128 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987) (per curiam) .......................................24

Vista Chevrolet, Inc. v. Lewis,

709 S.W.2d 176 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam) ....................................................26

W.O. Bankston Nissan, Inc. v. Walters,

754 S.W.2d 127 (Tex. 1988) .........................................................................52

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Gonzalez,

968 S.W.2d 934 (Tex. 1998) .........................................................................28

Webb v. Jorns,

488 S.W.2d 407 (Tex. 1972) ...........................................................................4

West v. State,

124 S.W.3d 732 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist] 2010, no pet.) ...................43

Statutory

Fla. Stat. Ann. § 713.31(2)(a) ..................................................................................24

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 37.009 ...................................................................48

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 38.001 ...................................................................47

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§ 12.002 (Vernon Supp. 2015) ............................................. 20, 25, 47, 48, 57

Tex. Prop. Code Ann.

§ 53.024 (Vernon 2014)..................................................................... 21, 28-31

Tex. Prop. Code Ann.

§ 53.156 (Vernon 2014).................................................................... 47, 48, 51

Rules

Tex. R. App. P. 3.1(b) ..............................................................................................48

Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(b) ............................................................................... 19, 46, 55

Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(d) ............................................................................................45

Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(a) ..............................................................................................2

Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(c), (d) .....................................................................................48

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Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(b)(1) .......................................................................................52

Tex. R. Civ. P. 279 ...................................................................................................19

Tex. R. Civ. P. 300 ...................................................................................................55

Tex. R. Civ. P. 301 ....................................................................................... 19, 55-56

Tex. R. Civ. P. 324(b)(2) .........................................................................................19

Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b ...............................................................................................2, 4

Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(c) ............................................................................... 19, 46, 55

Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(h) ..............................................................................................2

Tex. R. Evid. 101 .....................................................................................................44

Tex. R. Evid. 703 .....................................................................................................40

Tex. R. Evid. 801 .............................................................................................. 41, 43

Tex. R. Evid. 802 ........................................................................................ 41, 43, 44

Tex. R. Evid. 803 .............................................................................................. 41, 42

Tex. R. Evid. 803(6)........................................................................................... 41-43

Tex. R. Evid. 902(10)...............................................................................................42

Other

ACORD certificate of liability insurance

(TDI approved Feb. 12, 2013) .......................................................................33

American Heritage Dict. (2nd college ed. 1985) .....................................................34

Black’s Law Dict. (5th ed. 1979) .............................................................................34

Fraudulent Construction Liens: Willful Exaggeration

or Good Faith Dispute, 75 Fla. B.J. 34 (Mar. 2001) .....................................24

http://judgemichelleslaughter.com/justice-prevails/ ................................................23

Lawrence Morales II,

Evidence in A Bench Trial: Do the Rules Really Matter,

73 Tex. B.J. 110 (2010) .................................................................................44

Luke 10:31-32 (King James) ....................................................................................26

Nathan L. Hecht, Foreword: W. Wendell Hall,

Revisiting Standards of Review in Civil Appeals,

24 St. Mary’s L.J. 1041 (1993)......................................................................29

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Robert W. Calvert,

Appellate Court Judgments or Strange Things Happen on the Way to

Judgment, 6 Tex. Tech. L. Rev. 915 (1975) ..................................................48

W. Wendell Hall, O. Rey Rodriguez, Rosemarie Kanusky & Mark Emery,

Hall’s Standards of Review in Texas,

42 St. Mary’s L.J. 3 (2010) ...................................................................... 19-20

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To the Honorable First Court of Appeals:

Mr. Lyon (joined by Lyon Construction) files this brief requesting reversal

of the final judgment rendered by Hon. Michelle Slaughter, presiding over the

405th District Court of Galveston County, and respectfully shows:

Mr. Lyon’s Statement of the Case

Lyon Construction (a subcontractor) commenced this action in August 2010

against Patty Cakes Bakery and the Rennicks (owners of the Patty Cakes Bakery

project) seeking to foreclose a claimed $35,697.00 mechanic’s and materialman’s

lien. CR6-9. Building Galveston, Inc. (general contractor for the Patty Cakes

Bakery project) (BGI) intervened in April 2011. CR12-19. In November 2013,

BGI became designated as the plaintiff, with Lyon Construction and Mr. Lyon

being designated as the defendants. CR96; 2RR8.

BGI’s third amended petition included (among others) the following alleged

causes of action against Mr. Lyon and Lyon Construction: (a) breach of contract;

(b) filing of an invalid lien; and (c) filing of a fraudulent lien. CR102, 108-11.

BGI’s third amended petition also expressly requested a judgment against

Mr. Lyon and Lyon Construction for “[e]xemplary damages as awarded by the trier

of fact . . . .” CR112.7 Because BGI wanted to open and conclude both the

7

Appropriately on this record, BGI did not (1) request submission of jury questions on

exemplary damages against Mr. Lyon or Lyon Construction, nor (2) ask the trial court to award

any exemplary damages to BGI in its final judgment.

-13-

presentation of evidence and arguments to the jury, BGI admitted to the trial court

that BGI bore “the burden of proof at trial.” CR93, 96. The trial court later

confirmed on the record an agreement and stipulation between the parties “that

attorney’s fees would be taken up by a separate motion with the Court and not put

to the jury . . . so that will be taken up after the verdict is rendered by the jury.”

5RR5-6; 11RR89-90.

After a week-long trial in November 2013, twelve Galveston County jurors

unanimously found: (1) Mr. Lyon, individually, and Building Galveston agreed to

enter into a subcontract for the construction of the Patty Cakes Bakery;

(2) Mr. Lyon failed to comply with his subcontract with Building Galveston;

(3) amounts to fairly and reasonably compensate Building Galveston for any

damages that resulted from Mr. Lyon’s failure to comply; (4) Mr. Lyon made,

presented or used a fraudulent lien or claim against real property; and (5) an

amount to fairly and reasonably compensate Building Galveston for any damages

that resulted from Mr. Lyon presenting or using a fraudulent lien or claim against

real property. CR127-131, 138-39.

Mr. Lyon’s motion to disregard the jury’s answer to Question No. 4 was

heard in December 2014 and later “DENIED” on the first page of the trial court’s

signed final judgment, which went on award BGI: $47,820.59 for actual damages;

$9,806.50 in pre-judgment interest; $162,556.42 for attorney’s fees through trial

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and any unsuccessful appeal by Mr. Lyon to this Court; and additional amounts for

any unsuccessful appeal by Mr. Lyon to the Texas Supreme Court. CR141-47,

169-172; 10RR4-21; CR243, 271; 1SuppCR98, 101-03.8 Mr. Lyon’s (and his

company’s) timely-filed motions for new trial were overruled by operation of law.

CR266-270, 308-314; 1SuppCR50-57. Mr. Lyon (and his company) filed timely

notice(s) of appeal and made an appropriate cash deposit in lieu of supersedeas

bond. CR277-78, 312-13, 315-323, 347; 1SuppCR5. BGI filed its own timely

notice of appeal (CR292) and has insisted on parallel briefing tracks.

Mr. Lyon’s Issues Presented

1. Whether the trial court erred by (a) denying Mr. Lyon’s motion to

disregard the jury’s answer to Question No. 4, (b) rendering judgment awarding

BGI statutory damages, interest and attorney’s fees for fraudulent lien, and

(c) denying Mr. Lyon’s motions for new trial.

2. Whether the trial court abused its discretion and committed reversible

error by overruling defendants’ hearsay objections and admitting PX45 during the

bench trial on attorney’s fees.

8

The first page of all three judgments BGI persuaded the trial court to sign contained an

untrue statement that BGI “moved for judgment based on the jury’s verdict.” 10RR23-24.

BGI’s September 29, 2014 “motion for judgment” (CR175-76) was not a motion for judgment

based on the verdict; it also requested breach of subcontract damages not even arguably

supported by the jury’s answer to Question No. 3. See 10RR5-6, 23-29; see also CR242 (BGI’s

“judgment worksheet” filed May 1, 2015); cf. CR129 (jury’s actual verdict regarding breach of

subcontract damages).

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3. Whether the trial court erred by denying defendants’ motions for new

trial asserting no legally and factually sufficient evidence (or sustainable legal

predicate) supports the trial court’s excessive findings and awards for trial and

appellate attorney’s fees.

4. Whether the trial court erred by rendering judgment for breach of

subcontract damages not lawfully supported by the jury’s answer to Question No. 3

and by denying defendants’ motions for new trial.

Mr. Lyon’s Statement of Undisputed Facts in the Record

BGI (through its owner, Chris Arneson) entered into a December 2009

agreement with the owners of Patty Cake Bakery (the Rennicks) to serve as general

contractor for that project with various plans and specifications. 2RR93-95; PX1,

6, 7. BGI entered into (what the trial court ruled was an ambiguous) subcontract

agreement signed by Mr. Lyon as “Owner” of Lyon Construction. 2RR70-71, 100;

PX2. Later various disputes arose over the completeness and quality of

subcontract work performed by (and the remaining amount due) Mr. Lyon;

dissatisfied with his efforts, BGI told Mr. Lyon not to come back to the job site and

terminated him from the project. 2RR162; 3RR135.

Mr. Lyon proceeded to fax Mr. Arneson and BGI a letter asserting a

remaining balance due of $35,697 and explaining how Mr. Lyon calculated that

amount. PX14; 2RR164-65. Mr. Arneson testified at trial he thought the $35,697

-16-

claimed in Mr. Lyon’s demand letter (PX14) was “ridiculously high” but he “really

didn’t know.” 2RR183. In Mr. Arneson’s words: “I didn’t argue with the fact that

he [Mr. Lyon] was demanding money. I argued with the amounts. In fact, I think

we [BGI] actually made them [Mr. Lyon / Lyon Construction] a settlement offer

they turned down.” 2RR183. See also 3RR60-61 (on cross-examination,

Mr. Arneson stood by his testimony the day before that when he and BGI

terminated Lyon Construction, he owed them some money / wasn’t sure if BGI

was going to owe them money or not).

Mr. Lyon later filed an affidavit claim of lien against the Patty Cakes Bakery

project for the same amount ($35,697), and Lyon Construction commenced this

lawsuit in August 2010 against the owners of the property to try to collect that

money. PX16; 3RR11-12, 135-38; CR6-9. The Rennicks later settled with

Lyon Construction (for a payment of $25,000) after Mr. Arneson “encouraged

them to” do so. 3RR14-15, 66. A predecessor presiding judge signed an order

dismissing with prejudice all claims that had been filed by Lyon Construction

against Patty Cakes Bakery and the Rennicks (with each of these parties bearing

their own attorney’s fees and costs) in January 2012. CR80-81, 324.

In November 2013, all remaining claims between and among BGI, Mr. Lyon

and Lyon Construction proceeded to a trial by jury, except attorney’s fees, which

both sides agreed would be taken up after verdict by a separate motion with the

-17-

trial court. 5RR5-6. Both liability and damages were disputed in the trial court by

both sides, resulting in the voluminous reporter’s record now before this Court.

The trial court determined questions of subcontract breach (by Mr. Lyon,

Mr. Lyon’s company, and BGI) were raised by the evidence for submission to the

jury. See CR128-29, 132, 135.

The jury’s verdict was mostly favorable to BGI and unfavorable to

Mr. Lyon. CR123-139. 9 The last-in-time final judgment obtained by BGI below is

the second “Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc” signed by the trial court on October 13,

2015. 1SuppCR98-103, 43-57. Mr. Lyon and Lyon Construction have filed timely

notice(s) of appeal. CR277-78, 308, 312-13. BGI also filed its own timely notice

of appeal. CR292-93.

Mr. Lyon’s Summary of Argument

The trial court’s awards for attorney’s fees far exceed actual damages

awarded in the trial court’s final judgment; however, Mr. Lyon has been most

significantly harmed (as a businessman and building contractor) by the

“fraudulent lien” theory erroneously found by the jury against him in answer to

Question No. 4 (CR130) and the resulting trial court judgment under that theory.

Mr. Lyon urgently needs relief from that insupportable jury finding and judgment

and consequently will brief that issue first and most emphatically.

9

The jury answered “No” to Question No. 6 inquiring whether Lyon Properties & Custom

Homes, LLC failed to comply with its subcontract with BGI. CR132.

-18-

Mr. Lyon’s remaining issues demonstrate additional reversible errors by the

trial court in admitting hearsay evidence in support of BGI’s claims for high dollar

attorney’s fees, awarding excessive (and inadequately segregated) attorney’s fees

based on insufficient evidence (and predicate), and rendering judgment on an

inadequate subcontract damages question.

Mr. Lyon’s Arguments and Authorities

I. The Jury’s Fraudulent Lien Findings, in Answer To Question No. 4,

Lack the Required Support of Legally and Factually Sufficient

Evidence

Mr. Lyon preserved his legal sufficiency challenges by presenting a timely

and proper motion to disregard the jury’s answer to Question No. 4, which the trial

court denied. CR141-47, 169-172; 243, 271; 1SuppCR53, CR98. 10 Mr. Lyon

preserved his factual sufficiency challenges regarding Question No. 4 by filing

timely motions for new trial, which the trial court overruled by operation of law.

CR266, 268, 308, 310; 1SuppCR53n.8; Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(c); see Tex. R. App.

P. 33.1(b); Cecil v. Smith, 804 S.W.2d 509, 511-12 (Tex. 1991). 11 As the plaintiff

10

See Tex. R. Civ. P. 301 (the court may, upon motion and reasonable notice, “disregard any

jury finding on a question that has no support in the evidence”); Tex. R. Civ. P. 279 (last

sentence) (“A claim that the evidence was legally or factually insufficient to warrant the

submission of any question may be made for the first time after verdict . . .”). Jury findings

should be disregarded (on a proper motion to disregard) when no legally sufficient evidence

supports them or when they are immaterial. Spencer v. Eagle Star Ins. Co. of Am., 876

S.W.2d 154, 157 (Tex. 1994).

11

Factual insufficiency of the evidence to support necessary jury findings supports the granting

of a new trial. Tex. R. Civ. P. 324(b)(2); see generally W. Wendell Hall, O. Rey Rodriguez,

Rosemarie Kanusky & Mark Emery, Hall’s Standards of Review in Texas, 42 St. Mary’s L.J. 3,

-19-

asserting a cause of action under section 12.002 of the Texas Civil Practice and

Remedies Code, it was BGI’s burden to prove all the elements required by the

statute and the submitted jury charge.12

In determining whether legally and factually sufficient evidence supports the

jury’s fraudulent lien finding in answer to Question No. 4, this Court must construe

sufficiency of the evidence in light of the literal wording of the trial court’s charge

and the unobjected-to instructions submitted with Question No. 4 in the trial

court’s charge. See, e.g., Larson v. Cook Consultants, Inc., 690 S.W.2d 567, 568

(Tex. 1985); see also Mancorp, Inc. v. Culpepper, 802 S.W.2d 226, 228

(Tex. 1990) (“appellate courts must consider the evidence and inferences as they

tend to support the verdict and not with a view towards supporting the judgment”)

(italics original); Saenz v. Fidelity & Guaranty Ins. Underwriters, 925 S.W.2d 607,

615-16 (Tex. 1996) (Phillips, C.J., concurring in part, joined by Cornyn & Owen,

JJ.) (acknowledging sufficiency of the evidence to support jury’s finding must be

construed in light of “the literal wording of the trial court’s charge . . .”).

40-42 (2010). The question under existing law is whether evidence said to support a particular

finding is so weak, or the evidence contrary to the finding is so overwhelming, that the finding is

manifestly unjust and a new trial should be ordered. Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629,

635 (Tex. 1986).

12

See, e.g., Salomon v. Lesay, 369 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2012,

no pet.) (also aptly observing: “One of the essential elements of a Section 12.002 claim is that

the defendant used a document or record despite knowing that it reflected a fraudulent lien or

claim against real property”) (emphases supplied).

-20-

The jury necessarily made several independent, affirmative findings when it

answered “yes” to Question No. 4, including that Mr. Lyon made, presented or

used his affidavit claim of lien [PX16] with knowledge that it was a fraudulent lien

or claim against real property, with the intent to defraud, and with the intent to

cause BGI to suffer financial injury. CR130. Constructive or imputed knowledge

was not the question. CR130. Under the trial court’s instructions submitted with

Question No. 4, a “yes” answer required that Mr. Lyon had actual knowledge that

his claimed lien was not valid at the time it was filed. CR130. The instructions

under Question No. 4 went on to state the lien was invalid if the amount claimed

exceeded a formula that was taken from section 53.024 of the Texas Property

Code. See Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 53.024 (Vernon 2014). Exceeded-the-formula

is yet another affirmative finding the jury had to make to answer Question No. 4

“yes” and on which BGI also bore the burden of proof. CR130, 124.

The reporter’s record from the jury trial contains a few critical exhibits, and

sworn testimony by Mr. Lyon, bearing on whether BGI met its burden of proving

all the elements under Question No. 4 and section 12.002 of the Texas Civil

Practice and Remedies Code. The first is PX14, Mr. Lyon’s 5-7-2010 two page

letter to Mr. Arneson and BGI explaining Mr. Lyon’s calculation of the $35,697

Mr. Lyon claimed was due for work completed. The fax legend at the top of PX14

shows the letter was part of a seven (7) page fax Mr. Lyon sent Mr. Arneson and

-21-

BGI; however, PX14 as introduced by BGI consists of only two pages. Page 2 of

that letter explains the financial backup Mr. Lyon was relying on (and faxed to

Mr. Arneson and BGI): “Attached are the materials and cost needed through

completion per the original plans and contract.” BGI chose to redact from its

Exhibit 14 the financial backup Mr. Lyon was relying on for his lien calculation.

PX14, like PX15 (Mr. Lyon’s 5-25-2014 invoice to BGI for $35,697) and

PX16 (affidavit claim of lien for $35,697 Mr. Lyon filed 6-4-2010), was admitted

into evidence without objection. 2RR164, 163; 3RR6. All three are probative of

(if anything) Mr. Lyon’s actual subjective belief in May and June 2010 that the

amount then due him was $35,697. And Mr. Lyon consistently testified under oath

that when he filed his affidavit claim of lien, he believed he was owed the amount

that was stated on the lien at that time, which was $35,697. 5RR44-45.

It was undisputed in the evidence that when Mr. Arneson first received

PX14, he didn’t really know for sure whether there was any possibility BGI might

owe Mr. Lyon some money for the work he had done because BGI hadn’t

completed or hadn’t gotten the chance to complete the work BGI felt was needed

for repairs; Mr. Arneson testified as follows before the jury: “I didn’t argue with

the fact that [Mr. Lyon] was demanding money. I argued with the amounts. In

fact, I think we actually made them a settlement offer [Mr. Lyon and

Lyon Construction] turned down.” 2RR183. The reporter’s record contains no

-22-

correspondence documenting any such argument between Mr. Arneson and

Mr. Lyon, but be that as it may, these testimonial admissions by Mr. Arneson for

BGI (and BGI’s settlement offer to Mr. Lyon) are consistent with Mr. Lyon’s

actual subjective belief in May and June of 2010 that the remaining amount due

Mr. Lyon was $35,697. Granted, that amount later become the subject of dispute

and disagreement; however, subsequent disagreement over the proper amount of

Mr. Lyon’s clamed lien is zero evidence Mr. Lyon had actual knowledge in May

and June of 2010 that his claimed lien was invalid.

The fraudulent lien finding in this case is extremely serious to Mr. Lyon and

his ability to do business in the future. It’s just as harmful to Mr. Lyon’s

construction business and professional reputation (indeed, probably more harmful)

than the erroneous written decision admonishing Hon. Michelle Slaughter for

“willfully” violating the Code of Judicial Conduct by certain actions as a judge.

See In re Hon. Michelle Slaughter, Presiding Judge of the 405th Judicial District

Court, Galveston County, Texas, Docket No. 15-0001 (Special Court of Review of

Texas Sep. 30, 2015) (per curiam); http://judgemichelleslaughter.com/justice-

prevails/. Willfully is lower on the scienter continuum than knowingly;

nevertheless, the Special Court of Review of Texas correctly dismissed all charges

against Hon. Michelle Slaughter because the evidence against her showed she

committed (at most) an “error in judgment . . .” (Slip op. at 18).

-23-

Likewise, the jury’s findings in answer to Question No. 4 against Mr. Lyon

are unsupported by the evidence under governing Texas substantive law. By stark

(and informative) contrast, Florida’s statute permits liability when a claimed lien

amount is “willfully exaggerated” through “gross negligence.” See Fraudulent

Construction Liens: Willful Exaggeration or Good Faith Dispute, 75 Fla. B.J. 34

(Mar. 2001).13 Mr. Lyon believes the evidence in the reporter’s record would not

support liability even under Florida’s lower willful exaggeration / gross negligence

standard (just like the evidence did not support admonishing Judge Slaughter for

web posting facts from a pending case in her court),14 but that kind of question was

13

Florida’s “fraudulent” lien statute authorizes liability when “the lienor has willfully

exaggerated the amount for which such lien is claimed” or “has compiled his or her claim with

such willful and gross negligence as to amount to a willful exaggeration . . . .” Fla. Stat. Ann.

§ 713.31(2)(a) (emphases supplied). See, e.g., Casa Linda Tile & Marble Installers, Inc. v.

Highlands Place 1981, Ltd., 642 So. 2d 766, 768-69 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994) (reversing because

“the record does not support a conclusion that this was not a good faith dispute over

workmanship concerning the balance owed for work performed”) (appeals court also reversed

“all awards of costs and attorney’s fees, subject to resolution of all other issues on remand”); see

generally Vinci Dev. Co. v. Connell, 509 So. 2d 1128, 1132 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987) (per curiam)

(“[a] subsequent dispute between the parties as to the amount of compensation due according to

the contract plan of compensation or even a dispute as to the method of compensation provided

in the contract does not convert such a good faith dispute into a fraudulent lien . . .”).

14

Cf. Luna v. North Star Dodge Sales, Inc., 667 S.W.2d 115, 118 (Tex. 1984) (“If a person

commits a wrongful act with actual awareness of the falsity, deception or unfairness of the act,

then this is a more culpable mental state than one who is grossly negligent. We are not

attempting to equate the terms gross negligence, ‘knowingly,’ ‘willful’ and intentional. These

terms lie on a continuum with gross negligence being the lowest mental state and intentional

being the highest”); St. Paul Surplus Lines Ins. Co. v. Dal-Worth Tank Co., 974 S.W.2d 51, 53-

54 (Tex. 1998) (per curiam) (finding that a party “acted knowingly” does not require evidence

merely that the person knew what he was doing; rather, it requires evidence that the person knew

what he was doing was false, deceptive, or unfair. In other words, a person must think to

himself at some point, “Yes, I know this is false, deceptive, or unfair to him, but I’m going to do

it anyway”) (bold emphasis supplied). The reporter’s record contains not even a scintilla of

-24-

not before the jury nor is it before the Court in this case. Texas’s lawmakers chose

not to promulgate the lower scienter standard previously promulgated by Florida’s

lawmakers. Instead, under governing Texas substantive law (and the trial court’s

submitted Question No. 4), legally and factually sufficient evidence had to

establish Mr. Lyon had actual knowledge his claimed lien was invalid in May and

June of 2010. There is no such evidence in the reporter’s record whatsoever.

Mr. Lyon testified live before the jury that he was trying to be as fair as he

could when he calculated the $35,697 set out in his May 2010 letter, the same

calculation he used when he filed his affidavit claim of lien against the Rennicks’

property in June 2010. 3RR135-38; PX16. The jury of course had a right to

disbelieve Mr. Lyon’s testimony, but that does not supply evidence to the contrary,

i.e., that Mr. Lyon had actual knowledge his claimed $35,697 lien amount was

invalid.15 The Court should ask itself (and BGI during oral arguments, if needed):

evidence that Mr. Lyon actually knew (i.e., thought to himself) his affidavit claim was false and

fraudulent. The court’s charge in this case (like section 12.002 of the Texas Civil Practice and

Remedies Code) did not authorize punishing liability under some lesser scienter standard. There

is no legally (nor factually) sufficient evidence in the reporter’s record that Mr. Lyon filed his

affidavit claim of lien with knowledge that it was fraudulent, with the intent to defraud, and with

the intent to cause BGI to suffer financial injury. CR130. Cf. Centurion Planning Corp. v.

Seabrook Venture II, 176 S.W.3d 498, 507 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.)

(concluding record contained “more than a scintilla of evidence establishing that Knickerbocker

had violated section 12.002 when he ‘made, presented, or used the lien’ knowing, based on the

lack of a written contract, that the lien was invalid and intending that it be given the same legal

effect as a valid lien”) (emphasis supplied). There is no evidence (and should be no contention)

that Mr. Lyon’s claimed lien was invalid based on lack of a written contract. See PX2.

15

See Missouri-K.T. R.R. v. McFerrin, 156 Tex. 69, 90, 291 S.W.2d 931, 945 (1956).

-25-

why did BGI deliberately redact from PX14 all the pages of financial backup

Mr. Lyon was expressly relying on when he sent Mr. Arneson and BGI his seven

page fax in May 2010. 16 The reason is BGI knew those pages would have shown

the fairness and reasonableness of Mr. Lyon’s $35,697 lien calculation. And they

would have conclusively and overwhelmingly disproved the required element BGI

bore the burden of proving: that Mr. Lyon had actual knowledge his claimed lien

was invalid and fraudulent. CR130. The reporter’s record is devoid of such

evidence; Mr. Lyon’s professional reputation and livelihood will unjustly be

eviscerated by this verdict and judgment (if affirmed); and this Court ought not

“pass[] by on the other side.” Luke 10:31-32 (King James).

Simply put, no “evidence” proves it is “more likely true than not true”

(CR124) that Mr. Lyon actually knew his claimed lien amount was invalid.

16

The trial court apparently believed that the admission of PX14 “without objection” during the

jury trial was important in determining the legal sufficiency (or insufficiency) of BGI’s evidence

concerning fraudulent lien. 10RR16-18. Again, PX14 (if anything) was probative of

Mr. Lyon’s belief at the time that the $35,697 he was claiming was appropriate. But even

ignoring the probative value of PX14 in Mr. Lyon’s favor as the exhibit was admitted without

objection, BGI still needed (and lacks) evidence that Mr. Lyon had actual knowledge his claimed

amount due was invalid. See generally Coalition of Cities v. Public Util. Comm’n, 798

S.W.2d 560, 563-64 (Tex. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 983 (1991) (a party who fails to meet its

burden of proof “loses” and it “is not entitled to a second trial to present more evidence”); Texas

Real Estate Comm’n v. Nagle, 767 S.W.2d 691, 695 (Tex. 1989) (“In an ordinary adversarial

proceeding the failure of a party bearing the burden of proof would ordinarily result in rendition

of judgment against that party”); Vista Chevrolet, Inc. v. Lewis, 709 S.W.2d 176, 176-77

(Tex. 1986) (per curiam) (emphasizing that rendition in such circumstances is “a basic rule of

law”); Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d 526, 538 (Tex. 2010) (despite recognizing “the difficulty of

proving” one fact essential to plaintiffs’ claims — and sympathizing with the plaintiffs’

frustration over the defendant’s conduct — supreme court rendered a take-nothing judgment

because the plaintiffs “shouldered that burden” in their “quest” to hold the defendant liable).

-26-

CR130. With utmost respect, if this Court applies the same standards to

Mr. Lyon’s conduct that the Special Court of Review of Texas applied to exonerate

Hon. Michelle Slaughter, this Court could never conclude there was evidence that

Mr. Lyon knowingly filed a fraudulent affidavit claim of lien (much less did so

with the required “intent to defraud” and the required “intent to cause

Building Galveston to suffer financial injury”). CR130. Cf. U.S. Const.

amend. XIV, § 1 (“No State . . . shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the

equal protection of the laws”). The evidence in the reporter’s record does not even

come close to proving Mr. Lyon knowingly filed a fraudulent affidavit claim of

lien (CR130); in the words of the Special Court of Review of Texas vindicating

Hon. Michelle Slaughter, Mr. Lyon’s claimed lien amount was (at most) an “error

in judgment” (even if BGI had met its burden of proving the statutory formula

submitted with Question No. 4 would have yielded a lesser permissible lien

amount, which BGI did not do).

Mr. Lyon should never have been found guilty of knowingly filing a

fraudulent affidavit claim of lien. He should never have been ordered to pay

statutory damages (and three-fold statutory attorney’s fees) on BGI’s meritless

statutory fraudulent lien claim. And he should never have his business and all-

important reputation as a building contractor eviscerated by this unsupported

verdict resulting from skillful lawyering of the (Mills Shirley litigation partner

-27-

Chris Garcia’s words) “[t]oo many” (11RR56) Mills Shirley L.L.P. attorneys

representing Building Galveston in this case against an out-of-town litigant. On

this record, the actual knowledge inference BGI would have this Court draw is

inappropriate as a matter of law and fact. 17

But before the Court even gets to the question of actual knowledge of

invalidity, there is a threshold evidentiary deficit: where is BGI’s required

evidence that Mr. Lyon’s claimed $35,697 lien amount “exceeds” the amount

permitted by the formula set out in Property Code section 53.024? CR130. BGI’s

unsworn original, first amended, second amended, and third amended original

17

See generally Suarez v. City of Texas City, 465 S.W.3d 623 (Tex. 2015), aff’g City of

Texas City v. Suarez, No. 01-12-00848-CV (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 7, 2013)

(mem. op.) (despite the truly tragic facts of that case, and even construing record in the light

most favorable to Mrs. Suarez, both the Texas Supreme Court and this Court unanimously

concluded no evidence raised the required question that the municipality had actual knowledge

of concealed conditions at the beach creating an extreme risk of harm at the time of the incident)

(note: Houston office of the Mills Shirley law firm successfully represented the defendant

municipality on appeal in both the Texas Supreme Court and this Court); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

v. Gonzalez, 968 S.W.2d 934, 936 (Tex. 1998) (“meager circumstantial evidence from which

equally probable but opposite inferences may be drawn is speculative and thus legally

insufficient to support a finding”); $56,700 in U.S. Currency v. State, 730 S.W.2d 659, 662

(Tex. 1987) (“When circumstances are consistent with either of two facts and nothing shows that

one is more probable than the other, neither fact can be inferred”) (reaffirming Litton Industrial

Products, Inc. v. Gammage, 668 S.W.2d 319, 324 (Tex. 1984)); Browning-Ferris, Inc. v. Reyna,

865 S.W.2d 925, 927 & n.2 (Tex. 1993) (“we believe that suspicion linked to other suspicion

produces only more suspicion, which is not the same as some evidence”) (reaffirming Kindred v.

Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983)); Joske v. Irvine, 91 Tex. 574, 582-83, 44

S.W. 1059, 1063 (1898) (“broad and wise policy of the law” has always forbidden letting juries

deprive parties of their lives, liberty, or property based on “mere surmise or suspicion of the fact

sought to be established . . .”).

-28-

petitions all alleged the “amount claimed” by Mr. Lyon “clearly exceeds 18 the

permissible amount” under section 53.024. CR16, 38, 50, 53, 109. BGI’s unsworn

petitions, however, were neither offered nor admitted into evidence for the jury’s

consideration on this additional element BGI also bore the burden of proving.

The reporter’s record shows that BGI’s lead trial counsel wished to display

section 53.024 of the Property Code in front of the jury and criticize Mr. Lyon

because he did not perform his lien calculations based on the somewhat confusing

formula set forth in that statute. 3RR152-55. There is evidence that Mr. Lyon

calculated his claimed lien amount based on what he considered fair, relying on a

state website he had found on the Internet (3RR151-52), rather than utilizing the

formula set out in the instructions the trial court submitted under Question No. 4

based on the statute. Regardless, neither Mr. Lyon, Mr. Arneson, nor any other

witness testified before the jury that Mr. Lyon’s claimed $35,697 “exceeds” the

amount that would be yielded by applying by the statutory formula. There’s just

no evidence on this issue.

Significantly, during a bench conference, outside the hearing of the jury,

BGI’s lead trial counsel, Mr. Lyford, argued to the trial court that Mr. Lyon’s

$35,697 calculation “exceeds” the maximum amount section 53.024 of the

18

Cf. Nathan L. Hecht, Foreword: W. Wendell Hall, Revisiting Standards of Review in Civil

Appeals, 24 St. Mary’s L.J. 1041, 1043 (1993) (“I have learned in more than a decade of judging

that what is claimed to be clear seldom is”).

-29-

Property Code would have permitted. 3RR154 (152, 155). But even if the jurors

could have heard Mr. Lyford’s ipse dixit, the reporter’s record of this jury trial

reflects without dispute that attorney Lyford: (1) was not sworn in as a witness;

(2) was arguing to the court outside the hearing of the jury; (3) was not testifying

from the witness stand; and (4) gave no testimony the jurors heard (or could have

lawfully considered) in reaching their answer to Question No. 4. 19

Mr. Lyford also emphasized the following point during BGI’s closing

arguments to the jury: “The trial has been unusual in that we have not had any

paid expert witnesses.” 5RR120. Mr. Lyford was correct on that one point. The

reporter’s record shows that no paid expert, no fact witness, and no other witness

testified before the jury that Mr. Lyon’s $35,697 calculation “exceeds” the

statutory limit in Property Code section 53.024. BGI might have hired a

construction lien or accounting expert to try and prove Mr. Lyon’s claimed

$35,697 exceeded the amount permitted by statute and the instructions submitted

under Question No. 4 in the Court’s charge, but BGI chose not to do so.

Under the submitted charge and as a matter of law, it was BGI’s burden to

prove, as a threshold matter, that Mr. Lyon’s $35,697 lien calculation exceeded the

statutory limit in Property Code section 53.024. CR130. The reporter’s record

19

Compare Banda v. Garcia, 955 S.W.2d 270, 272 (Tex. 1997) (per curiam) (party’s attorney

stated she was “testifying . . . as an officer of the court”), with In re MetroPCS Commc’ns, Inc.,

391 S.W.3d 329, 338 (Tex. App.--Dallas 2013, orig. pro.) (“Golovoy does not explain, and the

record does not show, how argument by his counsel at the hearing constitutes ‘evidence.’”)

-30-

contains zero proof about the value of Mr. Lyon’s labor performed and other

admittedly confusing statutory items. The jury had no evidence before it

establishing proportionate value and proportionate profit margin in relation to the

total subcontract price. The fact that Mr. Lyon unwisely relied on a state website

he found on the Internet and his own views of fairness — instead of the statutory

formula — is at most an “error in judgment”; however, it is zero evidence that his

claimed $35,697 lien amount actually “exceeds” the statutory limit in Property

Code section 53.024. On that basis alone, the jury’s answer to Question No. 4

should have been disregarded, or a new trial should have been granted.

But even if this Court assumed Mr. Lyon’s claimed lien amount was not

valid (i.e., exceeded what would be permitted under the statute), Question No. 4

additionally and independently required BGI to prove Mr. Lyon had actual

knowledge that the amount claimed was invalid and therefore fraudulent. CR130.

BGI’s written response in the trial court cited irrelevant common-law fraud and

premises liability case law, erroneously arguing circumstantial evidence supports a

inference of actual knowledge by Mr. Lyon. CR180. Common-law fraud does not

require actual knowledge of falsity; a “recklessly” false representation is enough

under Texas law. See, e.g., Superior Trucks, Inc. v. Allen, 664 S.W.2d 136, 142

(Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Christus Health Gulf Coast

v. Carswell, 433 S.W.3d 585, 602, 604-05 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2013),

-31-

review granted, 58 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1067 (June 12, 2015) (cause no. 14-0362) (oral

arguments heard Nov. 13, 2015).

Moreover, if Texas premises liability law were relevant, Texas premises

liability law teaches that actual knowledge means “what a person actually knows

as distinguished from constructive or imputed knowledge; that is, what a person

does not actually know, but should know or have reason to know. . . . Even when

viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, the evidence is legally

insufficient to support the jury’s finding of actual knowledge by Price.” Price

Constr., Inc. v. Castillo, 147 S.W.3d 431, 437 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2004),

pet. denied, 209 S.W.3d 90 (Tex. 2005). Equally, the evidence in the reporter’s

record is legally (and factually) insufficient to support the jury’s finding of actual

knowledge by Mr. Lyon. CR130.

Again, the Court should recall that (as a matter of trial strategy) BGI

deliberately redacted from BGI’s Exhibit 14 the financial backup Mr. Lyon

expressly and openly relied upon when he sent Mr. Arneson and Building

Galveston his seven page fax explaining his $35,697 balance due calculation in

May 2010. PX14. Without those pages in the reporter’s record, the jurors (1) had

no idea what was in Mr. Lyon’s mind (see 10RR16-18), and (2) had no legally (nor

factually) sufficient evidentiary basis on which they could find Mr. Lyon had

actual knowledge that his claimed lien amount was invalid in May or June 2010.

-32-

The jury’s answer to Question No. 4 should have been disregarded (or a new trial

granted) for this independent reason as well.

The reporter’s record contains no evidence whatsoever, direct or

circumstantial, that Mr. Lyon ever thought to himself: “Yes, I know my claimed

$35,697 lien is invalid or fraudulent, but I’m going to file it anyway.” BGI has

argued legitimate inferences arise from the facts that Mr. Lyon did not calculate his

claimed lien amount in the way required by the Property Code, that Mr. Lyon

shared office space with his father’s office (Law Offices of Ted B. Lyon &

Associates),20 and that Mr. Lyon purportedly tried to mislead or “defraud” the jury

with a liability insurance certificate dated after 2010. CR170; 1SuppCR94.21 But

none of that evidence — even as misleadingly characterized below by BGI —

20

This fact would would have zero tendency to support the jury’s findings in answer to

Question No. 4, even if this Court did not know (or could not take judicial notice) that

Mr. Lyon’s father, Ted B. Lyon, Jr. (with whom Mr. Lyon shared office space) was — before

becoming a trial lawyer — a respected police officer, Texas state representative, and later Texas

state senator. See generally Crim Truck & Tractor Co. v. Navistar Int’l Transp. Corp., 823

S.W.2d 591, 592-93 n.l (Tex. 1992) (first inquiry on “no evidence” review addresses “the quality

of the evidence offered,” inquiring whether the evidence actually “has a tendency to prove the

existence of a material fact”) (emphasis supplied).

21

BGI persuaded the trial court to sustain its “predicate” objections and exclude evidence that

would have let lay jurors understand that an ACORD certificate of liability insurance is

informational only and would reflect the date such a certificate was issued by Mr. Lyon’s

insurance agent — in this case apparently 10/28/2013, shortly before the jury trial commenced

— as opposed to when the original liability insurance policy was issued. See 5RR28-30

(Mr. Lyford successfully asserting “[t]he predicate’s not laid . . . and I object” to which the trial

court responded: “Sustained”). Mr. Lyon is not challenging that trial court ruling in this appeal;

however, Mr. Lyon’s issue 2 (argued at pages 37-45, below) will likewise ask this Court to

enforce the rules excluding hearsay evidence because BGI did not meet BGI’s burden of proving

a proper predicate for admitting PX45 (detailed Mills Shirley billing records admitted to support

BGI’s claims for high dollar attorney’s fees) over Mr. Lyon’s hearsay objections. 11RR33-36.

-33-

supports a legitimate inference that Mr. Lyon thought to himself at some point:

“Yes, I know my claimed $35,697 lien is invalid or fraudulent, but I’m going to

file it anyway.” See and compare St. Paul Surplus Lines Ins. Co. v. Dal-Worth

Tank Co., 974 S.W.2d 51, 53-54 (Tex. 1998) (per curiam).

The jury’s “yes” answer to Question No. 4 lacks the required support of

legally and factually sufficient evidence, and the jury’s answer should have been

disregarded or a new trial should have been granted.

As yet another stand-alone, additional element, the jury’s “yes” answer

Question No. 4 also required a finding that Mr. Lyon made, presented, or used his

affidavit claim of lien “with the intent to defraud . . . .” CR130. The trial court’s

charge did not define “intent to defraud” so instead of the common-law definition,

the jurors were required to apply the “commonly understood” meaning of fraud.

CR125. Black’s Law Dictionary teaches “Intent to defraud means an intention to

deceive another person and to induce such other person, in reliance upon such

deception, to assume, create, transfer, alter or terminate a right, obligation or power

with reference to property.” Black’s Law Dict. 381 (5th ed. 1979) (emphases

supplied). The American Heritage Dictionary gives this definition: “de-fraud . . .

To take from or deprive by fraud, swindle.” American Heritage Dict. 376

(2nd college ed. 1985) (emphases supplied). See also id. at 668 (“in-tent . . . That

which is intended; purpose”) (emphases supplied).

-34-

The reporter’s record contains zero testimony (and supports no legitimate

inference) that Mr. Lyon intended to deceive or had a purpose to swindle anyone.

PX14, even as redacted by BGI’s trial counsel, shows Mr. Lyon was above-board,

forthcoming and transparent with how he calculated his $35,697 claim for funds

due for the work completed. Again, page 2 of that faxed letter shows BGI did not

want the jurors to see (like BGI saw) the attachment pages that were the financial

backup Mr. Lyon openly relied upon and faxed to Mr. Arneson and BGI in

May 2010. PX16, the affidavit claim of lien filed the following month, claimed the

identical $35,697 lien amount and relied on the same calculations and redacted

financial backup BGI had received by fax the month before but did not want the

jurors to see. Because there is no legally (nor factually) sufficient evidence that

Mr. Lyon made, presented, or used his affidavit claim of lien with the intent to

defraud, the jury’s “yes” answer to Question No. 4 should have been disregarded

(or a new trial should have been granted) for this independent reason as well.

Finally, as yet one additional, stand-alone independent no-evidence ground,

the “yes” answer to Question No. 4 also required the jury to find that Mr. Lyon

made, presented or used his affidavit claim of lien “with the intent to cause

Building Galveston, Inc. to suffer financial injury.” CR130. If this Court assumed

(for sake of argument) that all the other elements were somehow supported by

evidence in the reporter’s record, the Court should still reverse because no legally

-35-

(and no factually) sufficient evidence established that Mr. Lyon made, presented or

used his lien with intent to cause BGI to suffer financial injury. 22

PX16 shows Mr. Lyon’s affidavit claim of lien was filed against the Patty

Cakes Bakery property owned by the Rennicks (accord CR6-9); however, the

reporter’s record contains no evidence indicating Mr. Lyon’s affidavit claim of lien

was ever asserted against BGI. Although BGI presented some evidence that, by

agreement between BGI and the Rennicks, the $25,000 paid by the Rennicks to

settle Mr. Lyon’s lien claim was withheld from BGI’s retainage (3RR14-15), there

was no evidence this was the intent or purpose of Mr. Lyon. Instead, the only

evidence is that Mr. Lyon’s intent in making, presenting or using the lien was to

receive payment from the Rennicks. PX16; 3RR11-12, 135-38; CR6-9.23

22

The (Bexar County) jury refused to find make a “fraudulent lien” finding in Alanis v.

US Bank N.A., No. 01-14-00559-CV (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] Nov. 03, 2015, n.p.h.), so

that recent decision is not on point procedurally; however, this Court did correctly observe:

“Alanis provided no evidence that either US Bank or BAC intended to cause her physical injury,

financial injury, or mental anguish.” See id. (Slip op. at 37). Similarly, Building Galveston

introduced no evidence from which Building Galveston’s (Galveston County) jury could have

lawfully found Mr. Lyon “intend[ed] to cause Building Galveston, Inc. to suffer financial

injury.” CR130.

23

Cf. Gray v. Entis Mechanical Servs., LLC, No. 01-11-00129-CV (Tex. App.--Houston

[1st Dist.] Apr. 26, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) (Slip op. at 13) (upholding trial court fraudulent-

lien finding in that bench-tried case because (unlike Mr. Lyon) appellant Gray — among other

things — (1) “attempt[ed] to create tax problems for Entis by asking a third person to withhold

needed tax information from Entis until Entis would agree to add Gray’s names to its liens” and

(2) “sought criminal charges against Entis for theft of services despite Gray’s bill not yet being

due” and (3) “did not file and maintain the liens to secure payment” and thus: “[T]he evidence

as a whole supports the trial court’s finding that Gray intended to cause Entis financial harm”).

-36-

The reporter’s record contains evidence that Mr. Arneson and BGI

encouraged the Rennicks to pay Mr. Lyon $25,000 — 70 cents on the dollar — in

settlement of his claimed $35,697 lien (3RR63-66); however, the reporter’s record

contains no shred of evidence, as required for the jury’s “yes” answer to

Question No. 4, that Mr. Lyon made, presented or used the lien with intent to cause

BGI to suffer financial injury. CR130.24 That additional element was not

addressed by BGI’s evidence (at all), and Question No. 4 should have been be

disregarded (or new trial granted) for this independent reason as well.

With respect, the trial court’s judgment awarding damages and attorney’s

fees for filing a fraudulent lien is erroneous as a matter of law and fact, will cause

immense additional harm if not corrected, and should accordingly be reversed.

II. The Trial Court Abused Its Discretion and Committed Reversible Error

by Overruling Hearsay Objections and Admitting PX45 into Evidence

The trial court’s final judgment orders that BGI shall recover from Mr. Lyon

attorney’s fees in the amount of $142,556.42, plus $20,000 for any unsuccessful

appeal to this Court, plus additional amounts for any unsuccessful appeal to the

Texas Supreme Court. 1SuppCR101-03. As the party applying for these lodestar

24

During the December 2014 motion to disregard hearing, BGI’s lead trial counsel argued to the

trial court that Mr. Lyon “knew” BGI had a statutory duty to defend Patty Cakes Bakery

(10RR21); however, the reporter’s record includes no witness’s testimony supporting that

argument by BGI’s lead trial counsel.

-37-

awards (11RR37), BGI bore the burden of proof in the trial court. See El Apple I,

Ltd. v. Olivas, 370 S.W.3d 757, 762-63 (Tex. 2012).

El Apple I was decided in June 2012, more than one year before BGI’s

liability claims against Mr. Lyon (and Lyon Construction) were tried to the jury in

November 2013, and nearly three years before BGI’s claims for attorney’s fees

were tried to the court in April 2015. 1SuppCR98-99. Our supreme court’s

June 2012 El Apple I decision authoritatively established that, except in the

simplest cases, detailed billing records or other documentary evidence should be

required to substantiate a claim for attorney’s fees, such evidence permitting the

court to see “(1) the nature of the work, (2) who performed the services and their

rate, (3) approximately when the services were performed, and (4) the number of

hours worked.” 370 S.W.3d at 762-63. 25

No doubt aware of its heightened substantive burden of proof under

El Apple I, BGI sought to introduce its Galveston law firm’s lengthy, detailed

billing records [PX45] into evidence (in April 2015), with the reporter’s record

25

Cf. id at 764 (remanding for a redetermination of attorney’s fees, rather than rendering,

because “the attorneys in this [i.e., the El Apple I] case may not have contemporaneous billing

records that document their time as we have not heretofore explained the proof necessary to

support a fee application under the lodestar method”) (emphasis supplied); accord D&M Marine,

Inc. v. Turner, 409 S.W.3d 693, 702-04 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied)

(sustaining factual sufficiency challenge, and remanding case for a new trial on attorney’s fees,

because appellees’ evidence failed to meet requirements of then “recent” Texas Supreme Court

decision in El Apple I).

-38-

showing the following offer by BGI’s lead trial counsel, objections by Mr. Lyon’s

counsel, purported predicate testimony by Mr. Garcia, and the trial court’s rulings:

MR. LYFORD: If I didn’t say it, Judge, we would offer 45

subject to the same rules as the Court is --

MR. TAYLOR: Objection. Inadmissible hearsay, no custodian

on the stand; and we don’t believe that the predicate has been laid to

show that these questions -- that the predicate has been laid. So we

would object to inadmissible hearsay.

THE COURT: So you’re admitting that the predicate has been

laid, but you’re objecting as to hearsay?

MR. TAYLOR: I misspoke then. No. The predicate has not

been laid to show that these are business records, that they were

contemporaneously made; and I add, too, that a supplement was sent

to us while we were driving down to Galveston yesterday. So I make

all those objections respectfully.

MR. LYFORD: First of all, he’s testifying as an expert. So

he’s allowed to testify about the things that he’s reviewed. I can take

the time to qualify these as business records. If counsel really wants

us to do that, I’ll be happy to.

THE COURT: All right. Go right ahead.

Q. (BY MR. LYFORD) Mr. Garcia, where do those time

records come from?

A. They came from the file that I maintained as part of this

matter.

Q. Are you a member of the firm --

A. Yes.

Q. -- Mills Shirley, that made those records?

A. Yes.

Q. Did you keep your records in their timekeeping system?

-39-

A. Yes.

Q. Did you go to the people that operate that time-keeping

system and have them prepare those documents for you to -- and to

provide the other side in discovery?

A. Yes, I did.

Q. Are those true and accurate copies of the time records of

Mills Shirley in regard to the work that was done on this case?

A. Yes.

Q. Are they -- in your mind, are those accurate and reliable

sources of information for -- that you rely upon 26 in determining the

amount of time that Mills Shirley devoted to these claims in this case?

A. Yes.

MR. LYFORD: Your Honor, we would offer Exhibit 45 again,

as admitted into the record.

(Plaintiff's Exhibit No. 45 offered)

MR. TAYLOR: One question on voir dire?

THE COURT: Go ahead.

VOIR DIRE EXAMINATION

BY MR. TAYLOR:

26

Mr. Garcia was not asked to testify (nor did he testify) that it is reasonable for experts in his

field to rely on his own law firm’s billing records (in a single case) that were not even proved to

meet the requirements for admission as records of a regularly conducted activity. See Tex. R.

Evid. 703; cf. Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259, 263-64 & n.7 (Tex. 2013) (opining expert’s

reliance on “thousands” of similar cases after “persuasively comparing all the circumstances of

the case to the settlements obtained in other cases” might satisfy Rule 703, but nevertheless

holding expert’s testimony was conclusory and non-probative). Neither did BGI attorney’s fee

expert Jack Brock give any such testimony. Cf. 11RR70-71, 80 (Mr. Brock testifying that

certain “percentages were reached in combination with discussions with Mr. Garcia in relying, to

a large extent, on [Mr. Garcia’s] personal knowledge of what was involved” and, further,

Mr. Brock thinks Mr. Garcia is “a credible witness”).

-40-

Q. Were these time records kept contemporaneously?

A. Yes. The records were -- you enter the time or provide the

written time sheets to a timekeeper that enters the time a couple of

times a week, if not daily.

MR. TAYLOR: Objection stands. Hearsay.

THE COURT: Okay. Overruled. Exhibit No. 45 is admitted.

11RR33-36 (emphases supplied).

There is no doubt PX45 was offered (and admitted) for the truth of the

matters asserted in the Mills Shirley time records, and they were therefore hearsay.

Tex. R. Evid. 801, 802. Admitted over hearsay objections, PX45 cannot be

accorded probative value unless an applicable exception was proved. See Tex. R.

Evid. 802 (inadmissible hearsay admitted over objections should be denied

probative value).

The so-called business records exception actually appears within Rule 803

(as most recently amended without substantive change) as follows:

Rule 803. Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay —

Regardless of Whether the Declarant Is Available as a Witness

The following are not excluded by the rule against hearsay,

regardless of whether the declarant is available as a witness:

***

(6) Records of a Regularly Conducted Activity. A

record of an act, event, condition, opinion, or diagnosis if:

(A) the record was made at or near the time by —

or from information transmitted by — someone

with knowledge;

-41-

(B) the record was kept in the course of a

regularly conducted business activity;

(C) making the record was a regular practice of

that activity;

(D) all these conditions are shown by the

testimony of the custodian or another qualified witness,

or by an affidavit or unsworn declaration that complies

with Rule 902(10); and

(E) the opponent fails to demonstrate that the

source of information or the method or circumstances of

preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness.

“Business” as used in this paragraph includes every kind

of regular organized activity whether conducted for

profit or not.

Tex. R. Evid. 803(6) (bold/italics/underscoring supplied).

Volume 11 of the reporter’s record contains zero testimony (and the record

contains no affidavit nor unsworn declaration) showing that the lengthy

Mills Shirley time records making up PX45 were made by — or from information

transmitted by — someone “with knowledge.” Volume 11 of the reporter’s record

also contains zero testimony (and the record contains no affidavit nor unsworn

declaration) showing the records making up PX45 were kept in the course a

“regularly conducted” business or any “regular organized” activity.

In fact, the words “regular,” “regularly,” “conducted,” and “organized,” do

not appear in any question or answer in volume 11 of the reporter’s record.

Compare 11RR76 (testimony by BGI’s non-custodian attorney’s fee expert

Jack Brock that “in any case a lot of the activity is dictated by what your opponents

-42-

do” and that “from Building Galveston’s perspective, as I understand it, [this] was

a case that involved their reputation”) (emphases supplied), and 11RR56

(testimony by Mills Shirley record custodian and billing partner Chris Garcia

candidly admitting under oath to the trial court that “[t]oo many” Mills Shirley

attorneys worked on this case), with 11RR96 (Mr. Lyon’s additional trial counsel,

Ms. Criss, correctly arguing that the legislative purpose of chapter 38’s

presentment requirement “was to stop cases from taking on a life of their own”).

This Court cannot assume (without supporting custodian “testimony”) that

Mills Shirley’s high-dollar billing records (in this reputation-driven case) constitute

“regularly conducted business activity” (nor that making those records “was a

regular practice of that activity”). Without custodian “testimony” supporting “all”

the conditions required by Rule 803(6), it was a violation of Rules 801 and 802, an

abuse of discretion under this Court’s precedent, and reversible error to overrule

Mr. Lyon’s hearsay objections and to admit PX45 into evidence. See West v. State,

124 S.W.3d 732, 736 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist] 2010, no pet.) (“We conclude

testimony reflecting that records are maintained as part of a business does not

relieve a party from otherwise showing that the records were kept in the course of a

regularly conducted business activity and that it was the regular practice of that

business activity to make the records”).

-43-

It makes zero difference that the issue of attorney’s fees was tried to the

court instead of the jury. Rules excluding hearsay evidence apply whether it is a

jury or a judge awarding attorney’s fees against a party. See Unifund CCR

Partners v. Villa, 299 S.W.3d 92, 97-98 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam) (where only

basis for granting motion was inadmissible hearsay document that should have

been excluded from evidence, trial court’s findings of fact were supported by

legally insufficient evidence; therefore, order granting motion had to be reversed,

and judgment had to be rendered denying relief sought by the motion); Lawrence

Morales II, Evidence in A Bench Trial: Do the Rules Really Matter, 73 Tex.

B.J. 110, 114 (2010) (acknowledging that even after a bench trial, an appellate

court will sustain a no-evidence challenge when, among other things, the court “is

barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence

offered to prove a vital fact”); Tex. R. Evid. 101 (Texas Rules of Evidence govern

proceedings in Texas state district court — without regard to whether a jury or the

the trial court is deciding the facts); Tex. R. Evid. 802 (inadmissible hearsay

admitted over objection should be denied probative value).

BGI will likely argue that a “summary” of BGI’s requested attorney’s fees

(PX46) was discussed, later admitted into evidence without objection, and includes

the specific amounts found and awarded by the trial court for BGI’s (purportedly

-44-

segregated) attorney’s fees. 11RR36, 54, 62, 69-70, 74-75, 84. 27 Texas Supreme

Court precedent, however, does not allow (as here) a “representation” of earlier

admitted inadmissible evidence to cure the error in overruling objections to

necessary but inadmissible evidence from which the later exhibit was extracted.

See Kerr-McGee Corp. v. Helton, 133 S.W.3d 245, 252 (Tex. 2004).

Mr. Lyon’s issue 2 should accordingly be sustained, the judgment’s awards

for BGI’s trial and appellate attorney’s fees should be reversed, and this Court

should remand the case for a new trial.

III. BGI’s Legally and Factually Insufficient Attorney’s Fee Evidence,

Predicate, and Segregation Independently Require a New Trial

Though arguably not required to do so (see Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(d)),

Mr. Lyon filed timely motions for new trial asserting no legally or factually

sufficient evidence (and no sustainable predicate) supports the trial court’s awards

of $142,556.42 for reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees for fraudulent lien and

invalid lien, plus another $20,000.00 in the event Mr. Lyon takes an unsuccessful

27

Cf. Sentinel Integrity Solutions, Inc. v. Mistras Group, Inc., 414 S.W.3d 911, 928-29

(Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (upholding substantial attorney’s fee award

where admitted “summary was supported by approximately 170 pages of redacted bills detailing

the services that resulted in those fees, including the type of services performed, the amount of

time expended on each service, the identity of the person who performed them and their billable

rates, and the dates the services were performed”); id. at 922 (“The documentary evidence of

Olson’s attorney’s fees included approximately 170 pages of redacted billing records reflecting

the tasks performed by various attorneys and support personnel, the amount of time required for

those tasks, the billable rate charged by the various attorneys and personnel, and other litigation

expenses incurred in the course of the litigation”); id. at 923 (“Sentinel did not object to the

evidence supporting the request for attorney’s fees on any basis”) (all emphases supplied).

-45-

appeal to this Court, plus another $10,000.00 in the event Mr. Lyon files a petition

for review to the Texas Supreme Court that is denied, plus another $10,000.00 in

the event Mr. Lyon’s petition for review is denied after briefing on the merits is

requested by the Court, plus another $7,500.00 in the event Mr. Lyon’s petition for

review is denied after oral argument in the Texas Supreme Court. CR268-69, 311.

Mr. Lyon’s timely-filed motions for new trial also asserted the amounts

awarded are excessive; manifestly too large; unsupported by legally or factually

sufficient evidence appropriately segregating fees (a) among claims for which

attorney’s fees may and may not be recovered, and (b) between defendants against

whom (or which) attorney’s fees may and may not be recovered; and (with respect)

an abuse of discretion. CR269, 311.

The trial court overruled Mr. Lyon’s timely-filed motions for new trial by

operation of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(c); Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(b). Those rulings

were also in error. See generally Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212

S.W.3d 299, 313-14 (Tex. 2006) (“if any attorney’s fees relate solely to a claim for

which such fees are unrecoverable, a claimant must segregate recoverable from

unrecoverable fees. Intertwined facts do not make [unrecoverable] fees

recoverable; it is only when discrete legal services advance both a recoverable and

unrecoverable claim that they are so intertwined that they need not be segregated”).

-46-

In this case, it is undisputed that BGI incurred considerably more in

attorney’s fees pursuing BGI’s breach of subcontract action (for which the trial

court ruled attorney’s fees are not recoverable under chapter 38) than BGI incurred

pursuing its claims for invalid lien and fraudulent lien. PX46. The record shows

the trial court sustained defendants’ no-pleading objection regarding the required

presentment, denied BGI’s claim for attorney’s fees under section 38.001 of the

Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, and granted BGI’s motion for attorney’s

fees only under Tex. Prop. Code section 53.156 and Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

section 12.002. 11RR11, 85, 87; 1SuppCR98-99.

BGI’s total requested attorney’s fees through the trial were $158,396.02,

reduced by only 10% (to $142,556.42) if (as the trial court later ruled) fees for

breach of contract were disallowed and recovery of fees was allowed only for

invalid lien and fraudulent lien. PX46. BGI’s exhibit asserts there should be only

a 12% reduction (down to $139,388.50) if both breach of contract and fraudulent

lien are disregarded, and there were a recovery only for invalid lien. PX46.

As already demonstrated, the judgment for fraudulent lien lacks the required

support of legally and factually sufficient evidence. Once that judgment is

properly reversed, BGI will have no recovery for invalid lien as a matter of law

because this Court’s duty, upon reversing, will be to render the judgment the trial

court should rendered (i.e., render judgment ordering that BGI take nothing from

-47-

Mr. Lyon on BGI’s claim for fraudulent lien under section 12.002 of the Texas

Civil Practice and Remedies Code) (or alternatively order a general remand for

further proceedings). See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(c), (d).28

The trial court previously dismissed with prejudice (in January 2012)

Lyon Construction’s claims against Patty Cakes Bakery and the Rennicks (CR80-

81) after those claims settled “early on” (11RR83-84), but — apart from the

insupportable fraudulent lien finding (in answer to Question No. 4) and existing

judgment on that finding — there was no order, adjudication or decree by the court

that Mr. Lyon’s claimed lien was invalid. Cf. Trinity Drywall Sys., LLC v. TOKA

General Contractors, Ltd., 416 S.W.3d 201, 206 (Tex. App.--El Paso 2013,

pet. denied) (“the judgment decreed that [subcontractor]’s mechanic’s lien against

[owner]’s real property was invalid and unenforceable and awarded [owner]

$43,585.50 as attorney’s fees pursuant to Section 37.009 of the Texas Civil

Practice and Remedies Code 29 and Section 53.156 of the Texas Property Code”);

R.M. Dudley Constr. Co. v. Dawson, 258 S.W.3d 694, 707 (Tex. App.--

28

Compare U-Haul Int’l, Inc. v. Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d 118, 141 & n.23 (Tex. 2012) (it is

appropriate for a Texas appellate court to render judgment against claim that is supported by

legally insufficient evidence, and to remand for new trial the claim or claims on which there was

legally sufficient evidence), and Tex. R. App. P. 3.1(b) (“Appellate court means the courts of

appeals . . . and the Supreme Court”), with Perry Nat’l Bank v. Eidson, 340 S.W.2d 483, 487 &

n.2 (Tex. 1960) (majority of the supreme court construed appeals court’s judgment as providing

for a “general remand”), and Robert W. Calvert, Appellate Court Judgments or Strange Things

Happen on the Way to Judgment, 6 Tex. Tech. L. Rev. 915, 921 (1975).

29

It is undisputed that BGI never pleaded entitlement to attorney’s fees under section 37.009 of

the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See 11RR7-9; CR111.

-48-

Waco 2008, pet. denied) (holding presiding trial court judge abused discretion “by

misapplying the law in his conclusion that the entire proceeding was of the type

referenced in section 53.156”) (italics original).

There is no judgment of the trial court (nor will there be after this Court

reverses judgment on BGI’s fraudulent lien theory) that could support attorney’s

fees under section 53.156 of the Property Code. Cf. Contemporary Contractors,

Inc. v. Centerpoint Apt. Ltd. P’ship, No. 05-13-00614-CV (Tex. App.--Dallas

July 3, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op. at 10) (explaining trial court’s judgment ordered

“the Denton County Clerk, Denton County Records Department, Deed and/or

Record Department and/or the appropriate government authority responsible for

removal or action on such lien” to “take all actions necessary to immediately

remove, abrogate and/or nullify such lien filed by [appellant] . . .” and,

consequently, “appellee was entitled to recover its attorney’s fees under

section 53.156 for removal of the lien”); 30 Amegy Bank N.A. v. Brazos M&E, Ltd.

(In re Bigler LP), 458 B.R. 345, 387 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2011) (“this Court

concludes that it does have discretion to award attorneys’ fees to Halgo because the

suit at bar: (i) is governed by § 53.156; and (ii) has been an action whereby

30

The record in this case contains no trial court order, adjudication or decree requiring

Mr. Lyon, Galveston County officials, or anyone else to take any actions to remove, abrogate

and/or nullify Mr. Lyon’s earlier claim of lien.

-49-

Amegy has attempted to convince this Court that Halgo has no valid lien in the

first instance, or, even if it does, Halgo’s lien is inferior to the lien of Amegy”). 31

Correctly anticipating this Court’s reversal on BGI’s fraudulent lien theory,

BGI’s attorney’s fee expert Jack Brock opined from the witness stand: “I think not

only would it be helpful to the Court -- even if the Court were to award all the

attorneys’ fees, to break out within the judgment the award of attorneys’ fees for

each of those independent causes of action. For instance, if the Court -- even

though the Court awarded fraudulent lien, it would be appropriate for the Court in

a judgment to suggest that if the fraudulent lien were set aside, then here’s what the

fees would be.” 11RR73. Mr. Brock continued: “In the event this case were

appealed, then that gives the appellate court the ability to modify the judgment, as

opposed to remanding for the determination.” 11RR73. Again correctly

foreseeing this Court’s judgment of reversal, Mr. Brock further continued: “[N]ow

that the appellate court, for instance, has said fraudulent lien was improper, that

there wasn’t adequate or sufficient evidence, then the Court could modify its [sic]

judgment as it relates to the attorneys’ fees without having to remand it [sic] back

to the trial court.” 11RR73 (emphasis supplied).

31

Apart from the jury’s answer to Question No. 4 (and the trial court’s final judgment awarding

BGI damages on its “fraudulent lien” claim), the record in this case contains no trial court order,

adjudication or decree declaring Mr. Lyon’s earlier claim of lien is valid or invalid or,

alternatively, inferior to the claim of any other creditor.

-50-

Despite these entreaties by Mr. Brock, the trial court chose not to make

additional or alternative findings segregating fees among the various causes of

action, and thus a new trial on attorney’s fees is required at a minimum. Nor has

BGI at any time (even in BGI’s Exhibit 46) segregated fees for making claims

against Mr. Lyon (against whom the trial court did award attorney’s fees) as

opposed to Lyon Construction (against which the trial court held neither damages

nor attorney’s fees were recoverable). Consequently, even if some portion of the

attorney’s fees might arguably be recoverable under section 53.156 of the Property

Code (which Mr. Lyon respectfully denies), this Court cannot make original fact

findings on attorney’s fees. 32 Instead, as BGI’s attorney’s fee expert

acknowledged, a remand for further trial court proceedings on attorney’s fees

would be necessary.

On this record, the trial court’s awards of trial and appellate attorney’s fees

to BGI are legally unsupported, factually excessive, not adequately segregated

among parties and claims, and (with respect) were an abuse of discretion.

Mr. Lyon’s issue 3 should accordingly be sustained, the trial court’s excessive (and

inadequately segregated) awards for trial and appellate attorney’s fees should be

reversed, and the case should be remanded for a new trial.

32

See Trevino v. American Nat’l Ins. Co., 140 Tex. 500, 506, 168 S.W.2d 656, 660 (1943)

(reaffirmed on this point in Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Aiello, 941 S.W.2d 68, 73 (Tex. 1997)).

-51-

IV. BGI Failed In BGI’s Burden to Submit an Adequate Jury Question

Regarding Damages for Mr. Lyon’s Alleged Failure to Comply with the

Subcontract; Consequently, The Trial Court Should Have Granted

Defendants’ Motions for New Trial for This Additional Reason as Well

In light of applicable standards governing review of jury findings, Mr. Lyon

cannot challenge in this appeal the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

jury’s findings that he, individually, entered into (and failed to comply with) his

subcontract with BGI (CR127-28), even though Mr. Lyon respectfully disagrees

with those findings. When writing its judgment, however, this Court should

remember that questions of subcontract compliance were hotly disputed (on both

sides) below, and the trial court determined questions of subcontract breach (by

both sides) were raised for submission to the jury. CR127-28, 132-36.33

“[I]t was [BGI’s] burden to obtain affirmative answers to jury questions as

to the necessary elements of [BGI’s] cause of action.” Ramos v. Frito Lay, Inc.,

784 S.W.2d 667, 668 (Tex. 1990). This same rule also applies to BGI’s burden of

proving and submitting jury questions under a correct legal measure of damages.

See W.O. Bankston Nissan, Inc. v. Walters, 754 S.W.2d 127, 128 (Tex. 1988),

33

See generally Estrada v. Dillon, 44 S.W.3d 558, 562 (Tex. 2001) (per curiam), rev’g in part

23 S.W.3d 422 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 2000) (holding court of appeals erred by remanding the

case for a new trial solely on the damages issue when defendants initially contested liability in

the trial court, but did not challenge liability post-judgment or on appeal) (interpreting Tex. R.

App. P. 44.1(b)(1)); El-Khoury v. Kheir, 241 S.W.3d 82, 90 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.]

2007, pet. denied) (“we may not order a separate trial solely on the issue of damages when, as

here, the parties contested liability at trial”).

-52-

reaffirmed in part (on rehearing) by Spencer v. Eagle Star Ins. Co. of Am., 876

S.W.2d 154, 158 (Tex. 1994)).

As submitted, Question No. 3 (regarding damages from Mr. Lyon’s failure

to comply with his subcontract with BGI) with accompanying instructions and the

jury’s answers read as follows:

What sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash, would fairly

and reasonably compensate Building Galveston, Inc. for its damages,

if any, that resulted from such failure to comply?

The measure of damages for the breach of a construction

contract by a subcontractor is the difference between the subcontract

price, and the total of the following amounts:

1) The amount actually paid to the subcontractor;

2) the reasonable and necessary amounts paid by the

contractor for repairing any defective work performed by the

subcontractor,

3) the reasonable and necessary cost to the contractor of

completing the subcontractor’s work; and

4) the amounts paid by Building Galveston, Inc. that were a

natural probable, and foreseeable consequence of the failure to

comply.

Do not add any amount for interest on damages, if any.

Answer separately in dollars and cents for damages, if any.

1. The reasonable and necessary amounts paid by Building

Galveston, Inc. for repairing any defective work performed by Ted

Lyon III.

Answer: _26,38976____

-53-

2. The reasonable and necessary cost to Building Galveston,

Inc. of completing the work performed by Ted Lyon III.

Answer: _33037.16 ____

3. The amounts paid by Building Galveston, Inc. that were a

natural, probable, and foreseeable consequence of the failure to

comply.

Answer: _7926.92 ____

CR129.

The sum of the jurors’ findings in answer to Question No. 3 would have

been $67,353.84, but BGI never contended the jury’s findings could support

judgment for principal damages of $67,353.84. Instead, BGI repeatedly “moved

for judgment” (not on the verdict) indefensibly requesting judgment for principal

damages of either $47,820.59 (if all the jury findings in BGI’s favor were upheld)

or $40,889.84 (if the trial court granted Mr. Lyon’s motion to disregard the jury’s

answer to Question No. 4, permitting only BGI’s breach of contract theory to

stand). CR173-74, 175-76. During the December 2014 motion to disregard

hearing, Mr. Lyon’s counsel pointed out the damages portion of BGI’s motion was

inappropriate and the most Question 3 even arguably supported was a judgment

for principal damages of about $15,800 (instead of $40,000). 10RR23-25, 27-29.

Later BGI’s trial counsel admitted in correspondence to the trial court (with

an enclosed “JUDGMENT WORKSHEET”) that Question No. 3 did not support

$40,889.84 in principal damages (as BGI had previously requested) but instead

-54-

(according to counsel’s post-verdict calculations) a “Recoverable Difference” of

just $15,889.84. CR240, 242. After the trial court rendered judgment awarding

BGI $15,889.84 for breach of contract (CR245, 273) — based on BGI’s judgment

worksheet calculations (CR242), instead of the the jury’s answers to Question

No. 3 (CR129) — defendants timely filed motions for new trial asserting the jury’s

answers to Question No. 3 were not only “excessive” and “manifestly too large”

but also asserting:

Question No. 3 as submitted to the jury is also too vague and

confusing to support the Court’s awarding $15,889.84 (or any

amount) for BGI’s breach of contract damages. There is no express

finding by the jury supporting the Court’s $15,889.84 award for BGI’s

breach of contract claims, and Question No. 3 cannot salvage the

Court’s 5-19-2015 (7-31-2015) judgment on appeal. See generally

Lovelace v. Sabine Consolidated, Inc., 733 S.W.2d 648, 655

(Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ denied) (“[The appellee]

mistakes where the duty to submit separate jury findings on damages

lies. An appellant cannot be held accountable for the failure of an

appellee to secure separate jury findings upon which an accurate

judgment could be based”).

CR267-68 (309). The trial court overruled defendants’ motions for new trial by

operation of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(c); Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(b). Those rulings

were also reversible errors.

“When a special verdict is rendered . . . , the court shall render judgment

thereon unless a new trial is granted or judgment is rendered notwithstanding the

verdict or jury finding under these rules.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 300. Our rules also

provide “that upon motion and reasonable notice the court may render judgment

-55-

non obstante veredicto if a directed verdict would have been proper, and provided

further that the court may upon like motion and notice, disregard any jury finding

that has no support in the evidence.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 301.

BGI never sought judgment on the jury’s actual answers to Question No. 3

because BGI’s damages question and answer blanks did not call for an actual

verdict on recoverable subcontract damages, but rather (at most) elements of a

formula for BGI (and later the Court) to work out later in determining what

principal amount of damages should be awarded in the Court’s judgment.

That’s not the way our system of trial by jury works. In a jury trial, as here,

the plaintiff must obtain findings the Court can incorporate into its judgment (if the

evidence supports the amounts found by the jury). Otherwise, defendants are

denied their constitutional right (like the plaintiff’s right) to have the jury decide

every material fact that is disputed in the evidence (in this case, what amount of

actual damages, if any, would fairly and reasonably compensate BGI for

Mr. Lyon’s supposed failure to comply with his subcontract). 34

34

See generally Haygood v. De Escabedo, 356 S.W.3d 390, 399 (Tex. 2012) (rejecting

dissenters’ argument for “post-verdict” proceedings to finalize actual damage awards in personal

injury lawsuits because “a requirement that the trial court resolve disputed facts in determining

the damages to be awarded violates the constitutional right to trial by jury”); Texas & Pac. Ry.

Co. v. Van Zandt, 159 Tex. 178, 182-83, 317 S.W.2d 528, 531-32 (1958) (opinion overruling

plaintiff’s motion for rehearing) (usual harmless error rule cannot be applied when, as here, to

do so would deny a party’s constitutional right of trial by jury).

-56-

The best BGI will muster is an argument that BGI and the trial court cobbled

together bits and piece of evidence (after BGI backed down and no longer

inappropriately requested $25,000 for loss of retainage damages for breach of

contract), and the $15,889.84 awarded for subcontract damages can be teased out

of the reporter’s record. But, with respect, BGI failed to secure accurate jury

findings on which any judgment for breach of subcontract damages could properly

be awarded. BGI also failed to request or obtain any order disregarding the jurors’

excessive and confusing answers to Question No. 3, none of which supports the

trial court’s $15,889.84 award for breach of subcontract damages.

As a result, Mr. Lyon’s issue 4 should be sustained, the trial court’s

judgment should be reversed, and this cause should be remanded for a new trial.

Conclusion

Mr. Lyon and Lyon Construction primarily request that: (1) the jury’s

answer to Question No. 4 be set aside; (2) the trial court’s final judgment be

reversed; (3) this Court render judgment ordering that BGI shall take nothing from

Mr. Lyon on BGI’s claim for fraudulent lien claim under section 12.002 of the

Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code; and (4) this Court remand the cause to

the trial court for a new trial on the breach of subcontract, actual damages and

attorney’s fees issues.

-57-

Mr. Lyon and Lyon Construction also request that this Court: (5) order the

Galveston County district clerk’s office to refund to Mr. Lyon and

Lyon Construction their $65,972.00 cash deposit in lieu of supersedeas bond

(CR315-323, 347; 1SuppCR5, 96-97); (5) tax costs of the appeal(s) against BGI;

and (6) grant Mr. Lyon and Lyon Construction all other appropriate relief to which

they may be entitled (including a general remand if the Court were to sustain only

the factual sufficiency challenge concerning Question No. 4).

Respectfully submitted,

TED B. LYON & ASSOCIATES, P.C.

Ben Taylor (19684500)

btaylor@tedlyon.com

Josh Birmingham (24059329)

jbirmingham@tedlyon.com

18601 LBJ Freeway, Suite 525

Mesquite, Texas 75150-5632

Telephone: 972-279-6571

Facsimile: 972-279-3021

CRISS & ROUSSEAU LAW FIRM L.L.P.

Susan E. Criss (06630475)

susan.criss@crissrousseau.com

P.O. Box 17046

Galveston, TX 77552

Telephone: 409-515-6176

Facsimile: 409-763-1508

counsel for appellants Ted B. Lyon, III, et al.

-58-

Certificate of Word Count Compliance

Relying on the word count function in the word processing software used to

produce this document, I certify that the number of words in this brief (excluding

any caption, identity of parties and counsel, statement regarding oral argument,

table of contents, index of authorities, statement of the case, statement of issues

presented, statement of jurisdiction, statement of procedural history, signature,

proof of service, certification, certificate of compliance, and appendix items) is

11,768 [15,000 or less].

Ben Taylor

-59-

Certificate of Filing and Service

I hereby certify that on the 16th day of November, 2015, this brief (with

accompanying appendix items) has been e-filed with the Clerk of the First Court of

Appeals; also, a copy of this brief was served served upon BGI’s counsel of record

via e-file and e-mail (with a courtesy copy to the trial court by e-mail also) this

16th day of November, 2015:

Scott Lyford (slyford@millsshirley.com)

Hon. Michelle M. Slaughter (c/o dana.winston@co.galveston.tx.us)

Ben Taylor

-60-

c'&R~~ 0. KINARD

FJLE:D "

NOV 0 8 2013 3:npm

GALVESTON COUNTY TEXA

ev · s

No. 10CV2353 0

BUILDING GALVESTON, INC. § IN THE DISTRICT COURTS

§

vs. §

§ OF GALVESTON COUNTY, TEXAS

I:YON CONSIROCIION SERV'ICES, §

TED B. LYON, III, AND LYON §

PROPERTIES & CUSTOM HOMES, LLC § 405TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

Charge ofthe Court

Lad1es and Gentlemen of the Jury:

After the closing arguments, you will go to the jury room to decide the case, answer the

queglim'lg that are allaGhed, and t'<laGh a \'eHiiet ¥em may disGYss the ease with other jurors only

when you are all together in the jury room.

Remember my previous instructions: Do not discuss the case with anyone else, either in

person or by any other means. Do not do any i ndcpendent investigation about the case or conduct

any research. Do not look up any words in dictionaries or on the Internet. Do not post

information about the case on the Internet. Do not share any special knowledge or experiences

with the other jurors. Do not use your phone or any other electronic device during your

deliberations for any reason. I will give you a number where others may contact you in case of

Here are the instructions for answering the questions.

I. Do not let bias, prejudice or sympathy play any part in your deliberations.

2. Base yom answers only on the evidence admitted in court and on the lav. that is in

these instructions and questions. Do not consider or discuss any evidence that was not admitted

in the courtroom.

DCJucv~

Ju ry Charge &nd Verd1ct

1 f47 123

3. You are to make up your own minds about the facts. You are the sole judges of the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight to give their testimony. But on matters of law, you

must follow all of my instructions.

4. Any notes you have taken are for your own personal use. You may take your notes

back into the jury room and consult them during deliberations, but do not show or read your

notes to your fellow jurors during deliberations. Your notes are not evidence. Each of you

should rely on your independent recollection of the evidence and not be influenced by the fact

that another juror has or has not taken notes.

5 If my jnstnwtjons lJSP a word in a nray that is different from its ordinary tneaning, vse

the meaning I give you, which will be a proper legal definition.

6. All the questions and answers are important. No one should say that any question or

answer is not im ortant.

7. Answer "yes" or "no" to all questions unless you are told otherwise. A "yes" answer

must be based on a preponderance of the evidence unless you are told otherwise. Whenever a

questiOn requrres an answer other than "yes" or "no," your answer must be based on a

preponderance of the evidence unless you are told otherwise.

The term "preponderanee of the evidenee" means the greater v:eight of eredible evidenee

presented in this case. If you do not find that a preponderance of the evidence supports a

"yes" answer, then answer "no." A preponderance of the evidence is not measured by the

rmrnber of witnesses or by the illlmber of documents admitted in evidence. For a fact to

be proved by a preponderance of the evidence, you must find that the fact is more likely

true than not true.

2

124

8. Do not decide who you think should win before you answer the questions and then just

answer the questions to match your decision. Answer each question carefully without

considering who will win. Do not discuss or consider the effect your answers will have.

9. Do not answer questwns by drawmg straws or by any method of chance.

10. Some questions might ask you for a dollar amount. Do not agree in advance to decide

on a dollar amount by adding up each juror's amount and then figuring the average.

I I. Do not trade your answers. For example, do not say, "! will answer th1s question your

way if you answer another question my way."

12. The answers to the questions must be based on the deeision of at least ten of the

twelve jurors. The same ten jurors must agree on every answer. Do not agree to be bound by a

vote of anything less than ten jurors, even if it would be a majority.

As I have said before, jf you do not foJJo,rv these instnJctions, yo11 wjll he guilty ofjvror

misconduct, and I might have to order a new trial and start this process over again. This would

waste your time and the parties' money, and would require the taxpayers of this county to pay for

another trial. If a juror breaks any of these rules, tell that person to stop and report it to me

immediately.

1vTilren wotds me used in this charge in a sense that varies flout the rneaning connnonly

understood, you are given a proper legal definition, which you are bound to accept in place of any

other meaning.

A faet may be established by direct e' idence or by circumstantial c v·idence or both. A faet

is established by direct evidence when proved by documentary evidence or by witnesses who saw

3

125

the act done or heard the words spoken. A fact is established by circumstantial evidence when it

may be fairly and reasonably inferred from other facts proved.

The Rules of Evidence ordinarily do not permit witnesses to testify as to their opinions or

concluswns. Two exceptwns to this rule ex1st. The first exceptiOn allows an ordmary c1t1zen to

give his or her opinion as to matters that he or she observed or of which he or she has first-hand

knowledge. The second exception allows witnesses who, by education, training and experience,

have acq Ulred a certam specwhzed kliowledge m some art, sc1ence, professiOn or callmg, to state

an opinion as to relevant and material matters.

The purpose of opinion witmlss testimony is to assist you in understanding the evidence

and deciding the facts in this case. You are not bound by this testimony and, in weighing it, you

may consider his or her qualifications, opinions and reasons for testifying, as well as all other

considerations that apply ¥/hen you evaluate the credibility of any witness In other words, yon

should give it such weight as you think it fairly deserves and consider it in light of all the evidence

in this case.

4

126

QUESTION NO. 1

Did Ted Lyon III, individually, and Building Galveston, Inc. agree to enter into a

subcontract agreement for the construction of the Patty Cakes Bakery?

You are instructed that Ted Lyon III is presumed to have individually agreed to enter into a

subcontract agreement for the construction of the Patty Cakes Bakery unless, prior to making the

subcontract agreement, Ted Lyon III disclosed to Building Galveston, htc., or Building Galveston

had aetna! knowledge, that Ted Lyon III was signing the subcontract as an agent for Lyon

Properties & Custom Homes, LLC.

You are iflslrueted that an age!lt is defined as a person who aets for another person or legal

entity with that person or entity's authority. Authority for another to act for a party must arise from

the party's agreement that the other act on behalf and for the benefit of the party. If a party so

authorizes another to perfonn an act, that other party is also authorized to do whatever else is

proper, usual, and necessary to perform the act express! y authorized.

Answer: .Q..S

5

127

If you answered "Yes" to Question No. I, then answer the following question. Otherwise,

do not answer the following question.

QUESTION NO.2

Did Ted Lyon III fail to comply with his subcontract with Building Galveston, Inc.?

0.

Answer: --f~'""p-''"'S_______

6

128

If you have answered "Yes" to both Questions Nos. 1 and 2, then answer the following

question. Otherwise, do not answer the following question.

QUESTION NO.3

What sum of money, 1f any, If pmd now m cash, would fmrly and reasonably compensate

Building Galveston, Inc. for its damages, if any, that resulted from such failure to comply?

The measure of damages for the breach of a construction contract by a subcontractor is

the dtfterence between the subcontract pnce, and the total of the followmg rmounts:

I) The amount actually paid to the subcontractor;

2) the reasonable and necessary rmounts paid by the contractor for repamng any

defective work perfmrned by the subconttactm,

3) the reasonable and necessary cost to the contractor of completing the subcontractor's

work; and

4) the amounts paid by Building Galveston, Inc. that were a natural probable, and

foreseeable consequence of the failure to comply.

Do not add any rmount for interest on damages, if any.

4 n£wer £eparately in dollar£ ~nd cent£ for damage£, if any.

1. The reasonable and necessary amounts paid by Building Galveston, Inc. for repairing

any defective work performed by Ted Lyon III.

Answer: 'JJo 3'6 q14J

2. The reasonable and necessary cost to Building Galveston, Inc. of completing the work

performed by Ted Lyon III.

Answer:

3. The rmounts paid by Building Galveston, Inc. that were a natural, probable, and

foreseeable consequence of the failure to comply.

Answer:

7

129

QUESTION NO.4

Did Ted Lyon III make, present or use a document or other record with knowledge that the

Clocument or otner recora was a rrauaulent hen or clatm agamst real propeny or an mterest m real

property with the intent to defraud and with the intent that the document be given the legal effect of

evidencing a valid lien or claim against real property or an interest in real property with the intent

to cause Bu!ldmg Galveston, Inc. to suffer financial 111Jury!

A lien or claim is fraudulent if the person who files it has actual knowledge that the lien or

claim was not valid at the time it was filed.

A lien is invalid if the amount of a lien claimed by a subcontractor exceeds:

(I) An amount equal to the proportion of the total subcontract price that the sum of the

labor performed, materials furnished, materials specially fabricated, reasonable overhead

costs incurred, and proportionate profit margin bears to the total subcontract price; minus

(2) the sum of previous payments received by the claimant on the subcontract.

"'T- " ,~..,_T- "

" ~· > W V> ' ' Vo

Answer: ~Q.S

8

130

If you have answered "Yes" to Question No. 4, then answer the following question.

Otherwise, do not answer the following question.

QUESTION NO. 5

What sum of money, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably compensate

Building Galveston, Inc. for its damages, if any, that resulted from Ted B. Lyon, III presenting or

using a fraudulent lien or claim against real property?

Answer in dollars and cents for damages, if any:

j:>tJJ

Ans .. er: $ 9~ ~ S..: 'D I q "%0, '7 5"

9

131

QUESTION NO.6

Did Lyon Properties & Custom Homes, LLC fail to comply with its subcontract with

Building Galveston, Inc.?

Answer '"'Yes" or ''No."

f\(

Answer: ~u

10

132

If you have answered "Yes" to Question No. 6, then answer the following question.

Otherwise, do not answer the following question.

QUESTION NO.7

What sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably compensate

Building Galveston, Inc. for its damages, if any, that resulted from such failure to comply?

The measure of damages for the breach of a constmction contract by a subcontractor is

the difference between the subcontract price, and the total of the following amounts:

I) The amount actually paid to the subcontractor;

2) the reasonable and necessary amounts paid by the contractor for repamng any

defective work performed by the subcontractor;

3) the reasonable and necessary cost to the contractor of completing the subcontractor's

work' and

4) the amounts pmd by Bmldmg Galveston, Inc. that were a natura~ probable, and

foreseeable consequence of the failure to comply.

Do not add any amount for interest on damages, if any.

Answer separately in dollars and cents for damages, if any.

I. The reasonable and necessary amounts paid by Building Galveston, Inc. for repairing

any defective work performed by Lyon Properties and Custom Homes, LLC.

Answer:

2. The reasonable and necessary cost to Building Galveston, Inc. of completing the work

performed by Lyon Properties and Custom Homes, LLC.

nswer:

3. The amounts paid by Building Galveston, Inc. that were a natural, probable, and

foreseeable consequence of the failure to comply.

Answer:

II

133

If you answered "No" to Question No. I, then answer the following question. Otherwise,

do not answer the following question.

QUESTION NO. 8

Did Building Galveston, Inc. and Lyon Properties & Custom Homes LLC enter into a

subeonlrftet agreement for the construction of Patty Cakes Bakery?

You are instructed that Ted Lyon III is presumed to have individually agreed to enter into a

subcontract agreement for the construction of the Patty Cakes Bakery unless, prior to making the

subcontract agreement, Ted Lyon III disclosed to Building Galveston, Inc., or Building Galveston

had actual knowledge, that Ted Lyon III was signing the subcontract as an agent for Lyon

Properties & Custom Homes, LLC.

You are instructed that an agent is defined as a person who acts for another person or legal

entity with that person or entity's authority. Authority for another to act for a party must arise from

the party's agreement that the other act on behalf and for the benefit of the party. If a party so

authorizes another to perform an act, that other party is also authorized to do whatever else is

proper, usual, and necessary to perfumt the act expressly authorized.

Answer "Yes" or "No."

Answer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

12

134

If you answered " Yes" to Question No. 8, then answer the following question. Otherwise,

do not answer the following question.

QUES liON NO.9

Did Building Galveston, Inc. fail to comply with its subcontract with Lyon Properties &

Answer '"Yes" or ''No."

13

135

If you have answered "Yes" to Question No. 9, then answer the following question.

Otherwise, do not answer the following question.

QUESTION NO. 10

Vv1rat smn ofnroney, if any, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably compensate

Lyon Properties & Custom Homes, LLC for its damages, if any, that resulted from such failure to

comply?

The measme of damages is the diffe1ence between the value of the work peiformed by Lyon

Properties & Custom Homes, LLC under the agreement, and the total of the amount actually paid

to Lyon Properties & Custom Homes, LLC and the reasonable and necessary amounts paid by

Building Galveston, Inc. for repairing any defective work performed by Lyon Properties &

Custom Homes, LLC d/b/a Lyon Construction Services.

Consider the following elements of damages, if any, and none other.

Do not add any amount for interest on damages, if any.

Answer separately in dollars and cents for damages, if any.

1. The value of the work perfonned and the matenals proVlded by Lyon Properties &

Custom Homes, LLC for services performed under the agreement.

Answer:

2. The reasonable and necessary amounts paid by Building Galveston, Inc. for repairing

any defective work performed by Lyon Properties & Custom Homes, LLC.

Answer:

14

136

Presiding Juror:

1) When you go into the jury room to answer the questions, the first thing you will

need to do is choose a presiding juror.

2) The presidingjurm has these duties.

a. have the complete charge read aloud if it will be helpful to your deliberations;

b. preside over your deliberations, meaning manage the discussions, and see that

c. give written questions or comments to the bailiff who will give them to the

·ud e·

d. write down the answers you agree on;

e. get the signatures for the verdict certificate; and

f. notify the bailiff that you have reached a verdict.

Do you understand the duties of the presiding juror? If you do not, please tell me now.

15

137

Instructions for Signing the Verdict Certificate:

I. Unless otherwise instructed, )OU may ansl'ier the questions on a vote often jurors. The

same ten jurors must agree on every answer in the charge. This means you may not have one

group of ten jurors agree on one answer and a different group of ten jurors agree on another

answer.

2 If ten jurors agree on every answer, those ten jurors sign the verdict

If eleven jurors agree on every answer, those eleven jurors sign the verdict

If all twelve of you agree on every answer, you are unanimous and only the presiding

juror signs me veraicr.

3. All jurors should deliberate on every question. You may end up with all twelve of you

agreeing on some answers, while only ten or eleven of you agree on other answers. But when

you sign the verdict, only those ten who agree on every answer will sign the verdict.

Do you understand these instr uetions? If you do not, please tell me now.

//7

~{/ -----·

HONORABLE MICHELLE M. SLAUGHTER

PR TT Jn(;F

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138

JOliN D. Kll'IARJa.r

Verdict Certificate

GAL:IIE51'Eitl COUNTY TEXAS

/ Our verdict is unanimous. All twelve of us have agreed to each and every answer. The

presiding juror has signed the certificate for all twelve of us

I

g Juror

Our verdict js not unanimons Eleven of ns have agreed to each and every answer and

have signed the certificate below.

Our verdict is not unanimous. Ten of us have agreed to each and every answer and have

signed the certificate below.

Signature Name Printed

1.

3.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

17

139

. 10-CV-2353

DCNUPTD

~

~~n;'l~~ Tunc Order

No. 10CV2353

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IN ny:~:. ,., :§55

GA!o¥E~'I'QW,

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IHJIU>IWG IWG.

vs. § - t}'!_7: T_~~-3tJ.-:pi:;-Ef\:K

.• r ...

§ OF GALVEstb#tot:JNify;ftiE~X~

LYON CONSTRUCTION SERVICES §

TED B. LYON, III, AND LYON §

I

PROPERTIES & CUSTOM HOMES, LLC § 405m JUDICIAL DISTRICT

i JUDGMENT NUNC PRO TUNC

I

I

'fhe abe•te sty led and ntlf!lbered ea\lse eame en fer J\lfj 'frial en the 4th da, ef

November, 2013. Plaintiff Building Galveston, Inc. and Defendants Lyon Properties & Custom

I

Homes, LLC d/b/a Lyon Construction Services and Ted B. Lyon, III, appeared through their

attorneys of record and announced that they were ready for trial. The parties agreed on the record

I

I

!

and before the Court that the issues of recovery of attorney's fees by either Plaintiff or

I

'

Defendants would be tried to the Court following the Jury's verdict on the merits of the causes of

t action asserted by the parties.

I

i

A jury was duly accepted, impaneled, and sworn. After hearing evidence, arguments of

I

I

counsel, and the Court's instructions and after receiving guestions to be answered, the iurx

returned its verdict, which is incorporated herein as if set forth in full.

On January 30, 2014, defendant Ted B. Lyon, III, filed his motion requesting the Court to

disregard the jmy 's answer to ~aestion No. 4. en S"ptember 21}, 2()14, !'lain tiff Building

Galveston, Inc. moved for judgment based on the jury's verdict. The Court conducted a hearing

on those motions on December 16, 2014. The Court, having heard and considered all of the

above, is of the opinion that defendant's Motion to Disregard should he DENTED

Thereafter, on February 5, 2015, Plaintiff filed its Application for Attorney's Fees. On

April 9, 20 I 5, Plaintiff filed its First Supplemental Petition. On April I 0, 2015, Defendants filed

98

their Objections to the Application and the filing of the Supplemental Petition. On Aprill7,

2015, th@ Court R@ard @Yid@nC@ and argum@nt of counsel in regard to the issues concerning

attorney's fees.

At the hearing, Plaintiff sought leave of court to file its First Supplemental Petition, to

which Defendants objected. The Court denied Plaintiff leave to file the supplemental petition on

the record at the hearing as such petition was untimely. On request for reconsideration urged by

Plaintiff in its post-hearing briefing and in consideration ofthe briefing supplied by both parties

following the heating, the Comt hereby DENIES the Plaintiffs oral motion fm leave to file its

First Supplemental Petition.

At the hearing, Defendants made objections to the evidence which the Court took under

advisement. The Court makes the following rulings on the objections:

I. Defendants objected to Plaintiffs presentation of evidence on presentment

claiming that Plaintiff' failed to plead presentment. The Court SUSTAINS that

~J .~ \JUler ~~ ~ eviaence or

presentment as such evtdence would be melevant.

2. Defendants objected to Plaintiffs presentation of evidence on attorney's fees to

the Court arguing that Plaintiff's application for attorney's fees requested fees

solely under TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE$ 38 001 The Court OVERRULES

that objection because the pleadings properly allege attorney's fees under more

than one statute, and Defendants had fair notice of Plaintiffs. pleadings on

attorney's fees. Moreover, before Plaintiffs filed the Application for Attorney's

Fees, the parties agreed in open court that they would submit the issue of

attorney's fees to the Court after the jury verdict.

The Court, havmg heard and constdered all of the above, IS of the opm10n that Plamtlff's

Motion for Judgment should be GRANTED and attorney's fees should be awarded to Plaintiff

under TEX. PROP. CODE§ 53.156AND TEX Ciy PRAC & REM CODE§ 12 002

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.

'

Defendants' Cross-Claims

Witfl fespest te I)e!enaants byen PFepefties & 8ustem Hames, bb8 dfb/a byen

Construction Services and Ted B. Lyon, III's claims for breach of contract against Plaintiff

Building Galveston, Inc. the Court ENTERS JUDGMENT in favor of Plaintiff Building

Galveston, Inc. and against Defendants Lyon Properties & Custom Homes, LLC d/b/a Lyon

Construction Services and Ted B. Lyon, III. Defendants Lyon Properties & Custom Homes, LLC

d/b/a Lyon Construction Services and Ted B. Lyon, III shall TAKE NOTHING by those claims.

Plaintiff's Breach of Contract Clatms

With respect to Plaintiff Building Galveston, Inc.'s claim against Defendants Lyon

Properties & Custom Homes, LLC d/b/a Lyon Construction Services and Ted B. LyQn, III fQ[

breach of contract; based on the jury's verdict the Court ENTERS JUDGMENT in favor of

Plaintiff Building Galveston, Inc. against Defendant Ted B. Lyon, III. It is ADJUDGED that

l'laintifffiailding <Jalveston, Inc. shall, recover from Defenaanf Tea B. I:yon, TTT, actual

damages in the principal amount of$15,889.84.

Plaintiff's Fraudulent Lien Claim

With respect to Plaintiff Building Galveston, Inc 's claim against Defundants Lyen

Properties & Custom Homes, LLC d/b/a Lyon Construction Services and Ted B. Lyon, III for

liability under§ 12.002 of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code for filing a fraudulent lien,

basea on fhe JUry's vera1c!, !he Court EN I ERS J 0 DGMEN I m favor of Plamtlff Bmlding

Galveston, Inc. against Defendant Ted B. Lyon, III. It is ADJUDGED that Plaintiff Building

Galveston, Inc. shall, reQQYer from Defendant Ied B I :¥OD, lll, actual damages in the amonllt ot'

$31,930.75.

100

,

Plaintiff's Claims for Filing an Invalid Lien

With f0SfJ0Gt te Plaintiff Building Galvesten, Ine.'s elaim against Befendants cyon

Properties & Custom Homes, LLC d/b/a Lyon Construction Services and Ted B. Lyon, III under

§ 53.156 of the Texas Property Code for filing an invalid lien, based on the jury's verdict, the

Court ENTERS JUDGMENT in favor of Plaintiff Building Galveston, Inc and against

Defendant Ted B. Lyon, III. It is ADJUDGED that Plaintiff Building Galveston, Inc. shall,

recover from Defendant Ted B. Lyon, III, costs and reasonable attorney's fees as set forth below.

Plaintiff's Claims for Attorney's Fees

The Court finds that Building Galveston, Inc., is entitled to recover attorney's fees on the

causes of action for fraudulent lien and invalid lien, as to which it Qhtained fa:~~orable answers in

the Jury's verdict.

• The Court finds that reasonable and necessary attorney's fees for fraudulent lien and

invalid lien are $142,556.'12.

Judgment

It is therefore ADJUDGED that Building Galveston, Inc., Plaintiff, recover from

Defendant Ted B I yon T"dgment for actual damages in til@ amount ef$47,820.59.

It is further ADJUDGED that Building Galveston, Inc., Plaintiff, recover from Defendant

Ted B. Lyon, III Judgement for pre-judgment interest on the actual damages in the amount of

'I>Y,~UO.JU.

It is further ADJUDGED that Building Galveston, Inc., Plaintiff, recover from Defendant

Ted B. Lxon, III, attQrney's fees in tbe amount of"$142,556 42.

101

Attorney's Fees on Appeal

Ihe ColU;t find~ that I'laintift'I:luiiE!ing Galveston, Ine. will inellf fttfthef attemey's rees iu

the event that Defendants appeal this judgment to the court of appeals and the Texas Supreme

Court.

• The Court finds that in the event Defendant Ted B. Lyon. lll takes an unsuccessful appeal

to the Court of Appeals, Plaintiff will incur an additional $20,000.00 in attorney's fees.

• The Court finds that in the event Defendant Ted B. Lyon, III files a Petition for Review

in the Texas Supreme Court followmg an unsuccessful appeal, Plamtlft wtll mcur an

additional $10,000.00 in attorney's fees.

• The Court finds that in the exent the Iexas Supreme Court requests briefing en th<> mefits

Plaintiff will incur an additional $10,000.00 in attorney's fees.

• The Court finds that in the event oral argument is requested by the Texas Supreme Court,

Ptamtlftwtll mcur an aaa1ttonal $7,500.00 m attorney's fees.

It is therefore further ADJUDGED that Building Galveston, Inc, Plaintiff, recover from

Defendant Ted B. Lyon, III:

• the additional sum of $20,000.00 as attorney's fees in the event that Defendant Ted B.

Lyon, III takes an unsuccessful appeal to the Court of Appeals;

• the additic:mal sum et' $Hl,QQQ.Q() as attemey's rees in the e 1ent that Bereudant 'f.,d fl .

Lyon, III files a Petition for Review to the Texas Supreme Court that is denied;

• the additional sum of$10,000.00 as attorney's fees in the event that Defendant Ted B .

Lyon, III's Petition for Review to the Texas Supreme Court is denied after hriefing on the

merits is requested by the Court; and

102

• the additional sum of$7,500.00 as attorney's fees in the event that Defendant Ted B .

byen, HI's Petitien for R:e~iew to tire 'fexas Supreme eourt is denied after oral argument

in the Texas Supreme Court

It is further ADJUDGED that Building Galveston, Inc., Plaintiff, recover from Defendant

Ted B. Lyon, III its costs of court herein; and that this Judgment shall bear 1nterest at the statutory

rate of five percent (5%) per annum on the total amount of the Judgment from the date of this

Judgment until paid.

It is ORDERED that Plaintiff shall have all writs of execution and other process

necessary to enforce this judgment.

'fhisjudgrnent corrects the Judgment of!VIay !9, 20!5, fmally arsposes oi all parties ana

all claims, and is appealable. Any relief requested by any party not granted herein is hereby

DENIED.

SIGNED and ORDERED entered on ~~~b!z'"' l

n '2015.

.,.;;:::.· -~

--

Han. Michelle M. Slaughter, District Judge

103