“Under collateral estoppel, once a court has decided an issue of fact or law necessary to its judgment, that decision may preclude relitigation of the issue in a suit on a different cause of action involving a party to the first case.”
How later courts described this case
- “Under collateral estoppel, once a court has decided an issue of fact or law necessary to its judgment, that decision may preclude relitigation of the issue in a suit on a different cause of action involving a party to the first case.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
MICHAEL SCOTT PICKLE, UNPUBLISHED
September 15, 2016
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v Nos. 327305; 327312
Lenawee Circuit Court
CAPTAIN KEITH MCCONNELL, LC No. 13-004913-NO
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and SAAD and FORT HOOD, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In Docket No. 327305, defendant appeals by leave granted an order denying his motion
for summary disposition which asserted that plaintiff’s claims were barred by the Worker’s
Disability Compensation Act (WDCA), MCL 418.101 et seq. In Docket No. 327312, defendant
appeals by right the same order denying his motion for summary disposition which also asserted
that he was entitled to immunity under the Governmental Tort Liability Act (GTLA), MCL
691.1401 et seq. We reverse and remand for entry of judgment in defendant’s favor.
Plaintiff and defendant were correctional officers and suffered injuries when they were
assaulted by a prisoner after his restraints were removed on defendant’s order. On the day of the
assault, defendant was plaintiff’s shift commander and it was known that the prisoner had
assaulted another officer earlier that day and had also attempted to swallow a razor. The prisoner
had been restrained by leg irons and a belly chain, and was wearing a bite mask to prevent him
from biting people.
Subsequently, plaintiff brought this action against defendant. In Count I, plaintiff alleged
a violation of 42 USC § 1983, averring that his constitutional right to be free from state-created
dangers was violated as a consequence of defendant’s failure to follow established prison
protocols and his order to remove the prisoner’s restraints. In Count II, plaintiff alleged an
intentional tort under MCL 418.131(1) (exception to the exclusive remedy provision of the
WDCA) and MCL 691.1407(3) (exception to governmental immunity under the GTLA)
premised on defendant ordering plaintiff to remove the prisoner’s restraints in violation of
established prison protocols designed to maintain safety. In Count III, plaintiff alleged a claim
of intentional infliction of emotional distress, stating: “Defendant’s conduct, by intentionally,
unreasonably, and deliberately refusing to follow established correctional facility protocol went
beyond all possible bounds of decency and was intended to, and did, cause emotional distress.”
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Defendant removed the action to federal court based on the § 1983 claim, and sought
summary judgment of the claim. The federal district court granted the motion, holding that
defendant was entitled to qualified immunity because the facts alleged by plaintiff did not
demonstrate that defendant had a specific intent to injure him; thus, the case sounded in
negligence and not a constitutional violation under § 1983. Pickle v McConnell, unpublished
opinion of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, issued June 27,
2014 (Docket No. 14-10208); slip op 11-12. After declining to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction over plaintiff’s remaining state-law claims, the matter was remanded to the trial
court.1 Id. at 14.
After remand to the trial court, defendant moved for summary disposition of the
intentional tort and intentional infliction of emotional distress claims pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(7) (barred claim) and (C)(10) (no genuine issue of material fact). Defendant argued
that the federal court’s determination that the facts and evidence established “at best, a claim
sounding in negligence,” was binding on the trial court and dispositive of plaintiff’s intentional
tort claims by application of collateral estoppel. That is, plaintiff’s claims were barred by the
exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA because, at most, plaintiff could only establish
negligence. Further, defendant argued that he was entitled to qualified immunity under the
GTLA as set forth in Ross v Consumers Power Co (On Rehearing), 420 Mich 567; 363 NW2d
641 (1984).2 That is, when plaintiff was injured, defendant was acting within the course of his
employment as a correctional officer, in good faith—not maliciously—and was performing a
discretionary act, i.e., an act that required decision-making and the exercise of judgment with
regard to restraining a prisoner. Defendant also argued that plaintiff’s intentional infliction of
emotional distress claim must be dismissed because defendant’s conduct was at most negligent,
not extreme and outrageous.
Plaintiff responded, arguing that collateral estoppel did not apply because the federal
district court specifically noted that it was not ruling on the state-law claims, and no discovery
had occurred so plaintiff did not have a full and fair opportunity to litigate the state-law claims.
Further, plaintiff argued, he had a viable claim under the intentional tort exception to the
exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA because genuine issues of material fact existed with
regard to whether defendant had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and
willfully disregarded that knowledge. And, plaintiff argued, he had a viable intentional tort
claim under the GTLA because defendant was his superior officer and was performing a
ministerial act when he issued the order to remove the prisoner’s restraints in reckless disregard
and indifference for plaintiff’s safety. Moreover, genuine issues of material fact existed as to
whether defendant’s actions were extreme and outrageous to an average member of the
community. In his supplemental brief, plaintiff reiterated that defendant committed an
intentional tort—which is excepted from the WDCA exclusive remedy provision—because he
ordered the removal of the prisoner’s restraints although an injury was certain to occur
1
The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals subsequently affirmed the district court’s decision. Pickle v
McConnell, 592 Fed Appx 493, 494 (CA 6, 2015).
2
See Odom v Wayne Co, 482 Mich 459, 461-462; 760 NW2d 217 (2008).
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considering both the prisoner’s history of assaulting officers and the violations of the prison’s
established procedures.
Following oral arguments, the trial court denied defendant’s motion for summary
disposition, holding that the federal court remanded the state-law claims to the trial court;
collateral estoppel did not apply; discovery had not been conducted; and there were fact issues
that needed “to both be discovered and presented to the trier of fact.” Accordingly, the trial court
entered an order denying defendant’s motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(7).
Thereafter, as set forth above, defendant filed his application for leave to appeal, as well
as his appeal by right, challenging the order denying his motion for summary disposition. This
Court entered an order granting defendant’s application for leave to appeal and consolidated it
with defendant’s appeal by right. Pickle v McConnell, unpublished order of the Court of
Appeals, entered October 2, 2015 (Docket Nos. 327305, 327312).
Defendant argues that his motion for summary disposition should have been granted
because the federal courts’ opinions holding that he had no intent to injure plaintiff and, at worst,
acted negligently, were binding on the trial court by application of collateral estoppel; thus,
plaintiff’s intentional tort claims were barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA.
We agree.
We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition. Davis v
Detroit, 269 Mich App 376, 378; 711 NW2d 462 (2006). A court reviewing a motion brought
under MCR 2.116(C)(7) “considers the affidavits, pleadings, and other documentary evidence
presented by the parties and accepts the plaintiff’s well-pleaded allegations as true, except those
contradicted by documentary evidence.” McLean v Dearborn, 302 Mich App 68, 72-73; 836
NW2d 916 (2013). “A motion for summary disposition under this subrule does not test the
merits of a claim but rather certain defenses which may make a trial on the merits unnecessary.”
DMI Design & Mfg, Inc v Adac Plastics, Inc, 165 Mich App 205, 208; 418 NW2d 386 (1987).
Thus, summary disposition may be granted under subrule (C)(7) if a claim is barred by collateral
estoppel based on a prior judgment. Eaton Co Bd of Rd Comm’rs v Schultz, 205 Mich App 371,
375-376; 521 NW2d 847 (1994). The applicability of collateral estoppel is also reviewed de
novo. Estes v Titus, 481 Mich 573, 579; 751 NW2d 493 (2008).
“Collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, precludes relitigation of an issue in a
subsequent, different cause of action between the same parties or their privies when the prior
proceeding culminated in a valid final judgment and the issue was actually and necessarily
determined in the prior proceeding.” Ditmore v Michalik, 244 Mich App 569, 577; 625 NW2d
462 (2001). Collateral estoppel promotes comity between Michigan and federal courts and
reduces unnecessary litigation. Allen v McCurry, 449 US 90, 95-96; 101 S Ct 411; 66 L Ed 2d
308 (1980). “Under collateral estoppel, once a court has decided an issue of fact or law
necessary to its judgment, that decision may preclude relitigation of the issue in a suit on a
different cause of action involving a party to the first case.” Id. at 94. Collateral estoppel
prevents inconsistent decisions and encourages reliance on adjudication. Monat v State Farm Ins
Co, 469 Mich 679, 692-693; 677 NW2d 843 (2004) (citation omitted).
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Generally, for collateral estoppel to apply three elements must be satisfied:
(1) a question of fact essential to the judgment must have been actually litigated
and determined by a valid and final judgment; (2) the same parties must have had
a full [and fair] opportunity to litigate the issue; and (3) there must be mutuality of
estoppel. [Id. at 682-684, quoting Storey v Meijer, Inc, 431 Mich 368, 373 n 3;
429 NW2d 169 (1988) (internal quotation marks and footnote omitted).]
In this case, the federal district court dismissed plaintiff’s § 1983 claim which was based
on defendant’s alleged violation of his substantive due process right to be free from state-created
dangers when defendant failed to follow established prison protocols and when he ordered
plaintiff to remove the prisoner’s restraints. Defendant had moved for summary judgment
raising the defense of qualified immunity, which is available to a government official unless, in
the course of performing a discretionary function, a plaintiff’s clearly established constitutional
right was violated. Jones v Byrnes, 585 F3d 971, 974 (CA 6, 2009). Thus, the issue was
whether defendant was entitled to qualified immunity as to plaintiff’s § 1983 claim. In that
regard, the federal district court noted that it must first determine whether the challenged conduct
violated a constitutional right. Pickle, unpub op of ED Mich; slip op at 8-9. And to give rise to a
substantive due process violation, plaintiff had to demonstrate an intentional injury or arbitrary
conduct designed to punish. Id. at 11 (citations omitted). The court concluded that the facts
alleged by plaintiff “amount to, at best, a case sounding in negligence and not a constitutional
violation under § 1983.” Id. at 12. Thus, defendant was entitled to qualified immunity because
his challenged conduct did not violate plaintiff’s constitutional right, i.e., plaintiff did not
demonstrate that defendant had a specific intent to injure to him or that he even acted with
deliberate indifference. Id. at 11-12. Subsequently, the Sixth Circuit affirmed that defendant’s
“conduct identified in the record and complaint simply does not suggest intent to injure
[plaintiff].” Pickle v McConnell, 592 Fed Appx 493, 494 (CA 6, 2015). The Sixth Circuit noted
that defendant’s attempt to help plaintiff during the attack, in which he also suffered injury,
strongly suggested the opposite intent. Id. And, the court held, even if defendant failed to
adhere to prison security procedures, such errors were “likely mere negligence and gross
negligence at worst.” Id.
Similarly, the WDCA provides that it is the exclusive remedy for employees injured
during the course of their employment, even as a consequence of the negligent acts of the
employer or a coemployee, unless the intentional tort exception applies. See MCL 418.131(1);
Harris v Vernier, 242 Mich App 306, 309-310; 617 NW2d 764 (2000). In that regard, MCL
418.131(1) provides:
An intentional tort shall exist only when an employee is injured as a result
of a deliberate act of the employer and the employer specifically intended an
injury. An employer shall be deemed to have intended to injure if the employer
had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and willfully disregarded
that knowledge. The issue of whether an act was an intentional tort shall be a
question of law for the court.
The dispositive fact issue, then, with respect to both the application of qualified immunity and
the application of the WDCA’s exclusive remedy provision was whether defendant acted with
the intent to injure plaintiff. While there is some language disparity between the standards, they
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are substantially similar in substance for us to conclude that the issue whether defendant intended
to injure plaintiff was conclusively decided and, thus, defensive collateral estoppel applies. See
Barrow v Pritchard, 235 Mich App 478, 484-485; 597 NW2d 853 (1999).
As discussed above, the federal courts clearly found that defendant did not act with the
specific intent to injure plaintiff. Likewise, an intent to injure cannot be inferred because the
federal courts also determined that defendant’s actions sounded in negligence and that he did not
act with “deliberate indifference,” which negates a finding that defendant willfully disregarded
actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur. See Travis v Dreis & Krump Mfg Co, 453
Mich 149, 178-179; 551 NW2d 132 (1996). Therefore, a question of fact essential to the federal
judgment—whether defendant had the intent to injure plaintiff—was actually litigated and
determined by a valid and final judgment. See Monat, 469 Mich at 682-684. Further, both
plaintiff and defendant had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue, and both parties were
mutually estopped by the federal decisions. See id. Therefore, the doctrine of collateral estoppel
barred plaintiff from relitigating the issue whether defendant specifically intended to injure him
for purposes of the intentional tort exception to the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA.
While plaintiff argues that the federal district court did not decide the state-law claims, a
refusal of a federal court to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state-law claims does not
preclude the application of collateral estoppel because collateral estoppel is issue preclusion and
not claim preclusion. See Ditmore, 244 Mich App at 577. Thus, the fact that the federal courts
decided the issue of defendant’s intent to injure is sufficient to invoke collateral estoppel.
Based on our determination that collateral estoppel bars plaintiff’s intentional tort claims,
which are all premised on defendant’s alleged failure to follow established prison protocols and
his order to remove the prisoner’s restraints, we need not consider whether the trial court also
erred in denying defendant’s motion for summary disposition on the basis of governmental
immunity. Nevertheless, we reviewed the trial court’s decision and conclude that the trial court
erred. As explained in Odom v Wayne Co, 482 Mich 459, 480; 760 NW2d 217 (2008), a
governmental employee may be immune for intentional torts if he satisfies the following
elements:
(a) The acts were undertaken during the course of employment and the employee
was acting, or reasonably believed that he was acting, within the scope of his
authority,
(b) the acts were undertaken in good faith, or were not undertaken with malice,
and
(c) the acts were discretionary, as opposed to ministerial. [Id., citing Ross, 420
Mich at 633-634.]
In this case, plaintiff does not contest the first element, but challenges the second and
third elements. However, plaintiff is barred by collateral estoppel from successfully arguing that
defendant acted with malice. The federal district court held that defendant did not intend to
injure plaintiff; that defendant did not engage in “arbitrary conduct intentionally designed to
punish” plaintiff; that defendant did not engage in conscious-shocking behavior; and that
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defendant did not act with deliberate indifference to plaintiff’s rights. Pickle, unpub op of ED
Mich; slip op at 11-12. It held that, at best, defendant’s actions were negligent. Id. The Sixth
Circuit affirmed, finding that the facts as alleged by plaintiff did not suggest that defendant had
the intent to injure plaintiff. Pickle, 592 Fed Appx at 494. The Sixth Circuit held that
defendant’s failure to adhere to prison security procedures was “likely mere negligence and gross
negligence at worst.” Id. Because there is a previous final judgment holding that defendant did
not act with intent to harm or with deliberate indifference to plaintiff’s rights, courts are
collaterally estopped from finding that defendant acted with malice. See Allen, 449 US at 94
(“Under collateral estoppel, once a court has decided an issue of fact or law necessary to its
judgment, that decision may preclude relitigation of the issue in a suit on a different cause of
action involving a party to the first case.”). Thus, the second of the Ross elements is satisfied.
See Odom, 482 Mich at 480.
Further, plaintiff is barred by collateral estoppel from successfully arguing that
defendant’s acts were ministerial as opposed to discretionary. The federal courts held that
defendant was entitled to qualified immunity. “Under the doctrine of qualified immunity,
governmental officials, including police officers, are immune from civil liability unless, in the
course of performing their discretionary functions, they violate the plaintiff’s clearly established
constitutional rights.” Pickle, unpub op of ED Mich; slip op at 2. Thus, the challenged actions
performed by defendant were discretionary in nature, not ministerial, and the third Ross element
was satisfied. Accordingly, defendant was also entitled to qualified immunity under the GTLA
and the trial court erred in denying his motion for summary disposition. See Odom, 482 Mich at
473.
Reversed and remanded to the trial court for entry of judgment in defendant’s favor. We
do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
/s/ Henry William Saad
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
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