“It cannot be doubted that a genuinely deadlocked jury is a classic example of ‘manifest necessity’ which allows the reprosecution of a criminal defendant without violating the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment.”
How later courts described this case
- “It cannot be doubted that a genuinely deadlocked jury is a classic example of ‘manifest necessity’ which allows the reprosecution of a criminal defendant without violating the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment.”
- second trial not barred after mistrial due to jury deadlock
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
PER CURIAM.
The sole issue on this appeal is whether the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution bars the retrial of a criminal defendant following a trial which resulted in a hung jury. We affirm the decision of District Judge Anna Diggs Taylor that a retrial is not barred under these circumstances.
The appellant, a bank employee, was indicted by a federal grand jury for misapplying bank funds in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 656. Her jury trial commenced on October 30, 1979, with District Judge Julian A. Cook presiding. On November 8, 1979, after almost two days of deliberation, the jury announced that it was hopelessly deadlocked. Judge Cook declared a mistrial.
The case was reassigned to Judge Taylor. The appellant filed a motion to dismiss the indictment on the ground that the retrial was barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause. Judge Taylor denied the motion. This appeal followed.
Appellant recognizes that there have been a number of Supreme Court decisions, including an opinion written in 1976,
United States v. Sandford,
429 U.S. 14 , 97 S.Ct. 20 , 50 L.Ed.2d 17 (1976) (per curiam), which have rejected her contention. Appellant asserts, however, that all of these decisions are based upon an improper premise, an erroneous interpretation of the holding of
United States v. Perez,
22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 579 , 6 L.Ed. 165 (1824).
The Supreme Court, appellant asserts, consistently has misread
Perez .
She argues that Justice Story’s opinion in
Perez
addressed the right of the trial judge to dismiss a hung jury; he never mentioned the Constitution or the Fifth Amendment. Since, in the era of the
Perez
decision, jeopardy did not attach until a verdict had been returned, appellant’s argument is that Justice Story never considered the Fifth Amendment when writing the opinion in
Perez .
Upon this premise appellant asserts that there is “an appearance of settled case law in this area that in fact never existed.”
Appellant’s argument and analysis rely upon an article by Wayne State Associate Professor Janet E. Findlater,
Reprosecution Following a Hung Jury: The Double Jeopardy Problem,
129 U.Pa.L.Rev. 701 (1981). Although we find Professor Findlater’s article a scholarly and well written work, we agree with Justice Stewart’s observation in
Crist v. Bretz,
437 U.S. 28 , 34 n.10, 98 S.Ct. 2156 , 2160 n.10, 57 L.Ed.2d 24 (1978), that “to cast new light on
Perez
at this late date would be of academic interest only.” This court must follow Supreme Court precedent, not law review articles expressing contrary views.
It cannot be doubted that a genuinely deadlocked jury is a classic example of “manifest necessity” which allows the re-prosecution of a criminal defendant without violating the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
See United States v. DiFrancesco,
449 U.S. 117, 130 , 101 S.Ct.
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426, 433, 66 L.Ed.2d 328 (1980). The contention of appellant that “Double Jeopardy policies and principles” indicate that it is improper to retry an accused after a hung jury is contrary to well established precedent.
Affirmed.