The opinion
Filed 5/26/16
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
JUAN HJ DOE et al., B264947
Plaintiffs and Appellants, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BC561238)
v.
THE ROMAN CATHOLIC
ARCHBISHOP OF LOS ANGELES et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Teresa Sanchez-Gordon, Judge. Reversed and remanded.
Anthony M. De Marco for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
McKool Smith Hennigan, J. Michael Hennigan and Lee W. Potts, for Defendants
and Respondents.
* * *
A monsignor in the Catholic church allegedly molested two teenage boys in the
late 1970’s and early 1980’s; while doing so, he allegedly lavished them with meals,
clothes, travel and money. The victims, now both men in their 50’s, sued the
Archdiocese for damages in 2014. Insurance Code section 11583 tolls the statute of
limitations period once a “person” makes an “advance payment or partial payment of
damages” unless he notifies the recipient of the applicable statute of limitations period or
1
until the recipient hires a lawyer. (§ 11583.) Did the monsignor’s contemporaneous
gifts amount to such an “advance payment or partial payment of damages?” We
conclude that they did not, to the extent those gifts were not solely to compensate for past
sexual abuse but were also to facilitate criminal conduct such as “grooming” the boys for
further sexual abuse or encouraging the boys not to report the past abuse they suffered.
Because the victims’ civil complaint alleges that the monsignor’s contemporaneous gifts
were for criminal as well as compensatory purposes, the trial court properly sustained the
demurrer. We nevertheless remand to give plaintiffs the opportunity to amend their
complaint to allege whether there were any solely compensatory payments made while
the statute of limitations period had yet to expire.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
I. Facts
We draw the following recitation of facts from the operative first amended
complaint (FAC).
Plaintiff Juan HJ Doe (J. Doe) was born in 1962 or 1963, and plaintiff Juan HL
Doe (L. Doe) was born in 1964. Monsignor Benjamin Hawkes sexually abused J. Doe
between 1976 and 1981; he sexually abused L. Doe between 1978 and 1984 or 1985.
The abuse of J. Doe started when he was 13 or 14 years old, and ended when he was 18
or 19; the abuse of L. Doe started when he was 14 years old, and ended when he was 20
1 Unless otherwise indicated, all further statutory references are to the Insurance
Code.
2
or 21. Hawkes died in 1985. From “shortly after he began grooming and molesting”
J. Doe and L. Doe until an unspecified time prior to his death in 1985, Hawkes “[p]aid for
lavish meals, clothes and entertainment” for both young men; “[p]aid for [them] to go on
trips”; “paid for the private school education of [J. Doe]”; and gave each thousands of
dollars in cash. “While Hawkes was paying [J. Doe and L. Doe] and providing for them,
he communicated in words and deeds that the compensation he was providing them was
for the abuse that he was committing upon them, and that by providing for [them] in this
manner Hawkes believe he owned [them]. Hawkes intended these payments . . . to be
partial compensation [for] his sexual abuse of them.”
While this abuse was occurring, Hawkes “ran” defendant Roman Catholic
Archbishop of Los Angeles (the Archdiocese). He acted pursuant to a power of attorney
that granted him “‘full power and authority to do and perform all and every act and thing
whatsoever requisite, necessary or appropriate to be done’” and “‘ratif[ied] all that [he]
shall lawfully do or cause to be done.’” Hawkes used his “authority” “to conduct any and
all transactions that had a monetary cost” to become “the managing agent for all financial
affairs of the” Archdiocese and to “control[] the finances of the” Archdiocese.
In 1996, J. Doe contacted the Archdiocese and reported the abuse Hawkes had
inflicted upon him. The Archdiocese paid for psychological counseling.
In 2014, J. Doe and L. Doe retained a lawyer.
II. Procedural History
On October 21, 2014, J. Doe and L. Doe (collectively, plaintiffs) sued the
Archdiocese civilly for damages. In the FAC, they sought to recover on theories of
(1) child sexual abuse and (2) negligence. The Archdiocese demurred on the ground that
the complaint, filed approximately 30 years after the abuse ended, was untimely.
After entertaining briefing, the trial court sustained the demurrer without leave to
amend and dismissed plaintiffs’ complaint. The court reasoned that the statute of
limitations on plaintiffs’ claims expired when they turned 26 in the mid-1980’s, and the
plaintiffs never filed a lawsuit during the one-year window in 2003 when the Legislature
revived the expired claims of child abuse victims. The court further found that Hawkes’
3
gifts to the plaintiffs did not trigger the tolling provisions of section 11583 because
“Hawkes was not acting on behalf of the Archdiocese when he provided compensation to
plaintiffs while demanding sexual contact with them in order to . . . ‘own them,’” so his
payments did not toll the limitations period as to the Archdiocese. The court lastly
concluded that the Archdiocese’s payment for J. Doe’s counseling in 1996 came after the
limitations period had expired and did not revive it.
2
Plaintiffs timely appeal.
DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in sustaining a demurrer to the FAC
without leave to amend. A demurrer may be sustained on statute of limitations grounds if
the time bar “‘“‘clearly and affirmatively appear[s] on the face of the complaint.’”’”
(Lee v. Hanley (2015) 61 Cal.4th 1225, 1232, quoting Committee for Green Foothills v.
Santa Clara Bd. of Supervisors (2010) 48 Cal.4th 32, 42; Code Civ. Proc., § 430.30,
subd. (a) [“when any ground for objection to a complaint . . . appears on the face thereof,
. . . the objection on the ground may be taken by a demurrer to the pleading”].) We must
accept as true all “well-pleaded facts” in the complaint, but need not accept allegations
containing “legal conclusions,” “adjectival descriptions” or “unsupported speculation.”
(Ellis v. County of Calaveras (2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 64, 70; Chicago Title Ins. Co. v.
Western Financial Corp. (1968) 69 Cal.2d 305, 327.) Because “[t]he application of the
statute of limitations on undisputed facts is a purely legal question,” our review is de
novo. (Aryeh v. Canon Business Solutions, Inc. (2013) 55 Cal.4th 1185, 1191 (Aryeh).)
Further, because we are reviewing the trial court’s ruling and not its reasoning, we may
2 The notice of appeal filed by J. Doe and L. Joe listed the correct case number and
explained that plaintiffs were appealing from a “[j]udgment of dismissal after an order
sustaining a demurrer.” Although the notice did not also list the date of the judgments,
there was only one set of judgments of dismissal under this case number. Because the
Archdiocese “‘could not possibly have been misled or prejudiced’” by the omission of
the date, we deny the Archdiocese’s motion to dismiss the appeal on this ground.
(Geffckren v. D’Andrea (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 1298, 1307.)
4
affirm on any ground supported by the record regardless of whether the trial court relied
upon it. (Small v. Fritz Companies, Inc. (2003) 30 Cal.4th 167, 201.) In deciding
whether a plaintiff whose complaint is barred should be granted further leave to amend,
we ask “whether there is a reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by
amendment”; if so, the trial court has abused its discretion in denying leave to amend and
we must reverse. (Zelig v. County of Los Angeles (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1112, 1126 (Zelig).)
I. Was the Demurrer Properly Sustained?
As pertinent here, a statute of limitations gives someone who has suffered a civil
wrong a certain period of time to sue for damages. (Gilkyson v. Disney Enterprises, Inc.
(2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 1336, 1341 (Gilkyson); Code Civ. Proc., §§ 312 & 350.)
Our Legislature fixes the time period, and that period is designed to strike a balance
between the interest in giving a plaintiff sufficient time to sue against the interests in
“‘promot[ing] the diligent assertion of [the] claim[], ensur[ing] defendants the
opportunity to collect evidence while still fresh, and provid[ing] repose and protection
from dilatory suits once excess time has passed.’” (Gilkyson, at p. 1341, quoting Aryeh,
supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1191.)
The time period starts to run once the cause of action “accrues.” (Gilkyson, supra,
244 Cal.App.4th at p. 1341.) Although a cause of action typically “accrues” “‘when [it]
is complete with all of its elements’” (Pooshs v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. (2011)
51 Cal.4th 788, 797), a cause of action will at times be deemed to accrue at a later date,
such as when the plaintiff did not discover and had no occasion to discover the cause of
action until that later date, when the defendant fraudulently concealed the existence of a
possible claim until that later date, or when the defendant committed multiple wrongs that
ended on that later date. (Aryeh, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1192.)
If the time between the date of accrual and the date the plaintiff files suit is greater
than the time period prescribed by our Legislature, the plaintiff’s claim is barred unless
he can show that (1) the running of the time period was “tolled” (that is, the time period’s
“clock” was “stopped”) and the total amount of untolled time is less than the
legislatively-prescribed time period (e.g., Pearson Dental Supplies, Inc. v. Superior Court
5
(2010) 48 Cal.4th 665, 674), or (2) our Legislature later “revived” the barred claim by
expressly declaring that persons with expired claims can once again sue (Quarry v. Doe I
(2012) 53 Cal.4th 945, 955 (Quarry)).
In evaluating whether plaintiffs’ 2014 lawsuit for the sexual abuse they suffered in
the late 1970’s and early 1980’s is timely, we must therefore ask two questions: (1) are
plaintiffs’ claims timely under the legislatively prescribed time period for bringing
them?; and, if not, (2) was the limitations period tolled or their expired claims otherwise
revived?
A. Are plaintiffs’ claims timely?
To assess whether plaintiffs’ claims were brought within the applicable time
period, we need to know (1) when they accrued, and (2) what the applicable time period
is.
Generally, “[a] cause of action for childhood sexual molestation accrues at the
time of molestation.” (Shirk v. Vista Unified School Dist. (2007) 42 Cal.4th 201, 210.)
Where the molestation continues over a period of time, “accrual is measured from the
date of the last molestation.” (K.J. v. Arcadia Unified School Dist. (2009) 172
Cal.App.4th 1229, 1239.) In this case, J. Doe was last molested in 1981 and L. Doe was
last molested in 1984 or 1985. Plaintiffs have alleged no basis to postpone those accrual
dates.
Fixing the applicable time period is more complicated. That is because the
limitations period for child sexual abuse has changed a lot over the last several decades.
3
What matters is not what the limitations period is now (Code Civ. Proc., § 340.1), but
3 Under current law, a child sexual abuse victim may sue a third party (that is,
someone other than the perpetrator of the abuse) at any time before the victim’s 26th
birthday. (Code Civ. Proc., § 340.1, subds. (a)(2), (a)(3) & (b)(1).) If the third party
“knew or had reason to know, or was otherwise on notice, of any unlawful sexual
conduct by any employee, volunteer, representative, or agent, and failed to take
reasonable steps, and to implement reasonable safeguards, to avoid acts of unlawful
sexual conduct in the future by that person,” then the victim may sue “within three years
6
what it was at the time the plaintiffs’ claims against the Archdiocese accrued. We focus
on the statute in effect at the time of accrual because subsequent amendments to the
limitations period, like all statutory amendments, are presumptively prospective in effect.
(Code Civ. Proc., § 3.) The only time a court will apply a limitations period enacted after
the underlying wrong occurs is when the pre-amendment limitations period has not yet
expired (because, in that situation, the plaintiff’s claim is still viable and the new
limitations period is not being applied retroactively) or, as noted above, when the
Legislature “expressly” declares its intent to revive expired claims. (Quarry, supra,
53 Cal.4th at pp. 955-956; Doe v. Doe 1 (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1185, 1194-1195 (Doe
1); see also Andonagui v. May Dept. Stores Co. (2005) 128 Cal.App.4th 435, 441-442.)
In 1981 and in 1985, victims of childhood sexual abuse had to file suit (1) within one
year of the date the abuse ended, or (2) if they were under the age of 18 at that time,
within one year of their 18th birthday. (Former Code Civ. Proc., § 340, par. (3), as
amended by stats. 1973, ch. 20, p. 32, § 1; former § 340, par. (3), as amended by Stats.
1982, ch. 517, § 97, p. 2334; § 352, subd. (a); Quarry, at pp. 960-961.)
This case present an unusual wrinkle because the alleged abuse occurred before
and after J. Doe’s and L. Doe’s age of majority. J. Doe turned 18 in 1980 or 1981,
L. Doe turned 18 in 1982; at that time, they ceased being the victims of childhood sexual
abuse (see Code Civ. Proc., § 340.1, subd. (e) [defining “childhood sexual abuse” as an
“act . . . that occurred when the plaintiff was under the age of 18”]) and started being the
adult victims of assault, battery and unlawful injury. We need not decide whether we
must evaluate the accrual of plaintiffs’ childhood sexual abuse claims separately from the
accrual of their assault, battery and wrongful injury claims or whether the “continuing
violation” doctrine serves to postpone the date of accrual for both types of claims until
the continual abuse stopped. (Accord, Aryeh, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1198 [“(a)llegations
of the date the plaintiff discovers or reasonably should have discovered that
psychological injury or illness occurring after the age of majority was caused by the
sexual abuse,” even if that date is after the victim’s 26th birthday (id., subds. (a) &
(b)(2)).
7
of a pattern of reasonably frequent and similar acts may, in a given case, justify treating
the acts as an indivisible course of conduct actionable in its entirety, notwithstanding that
the conduct occurred partially outside and partially inside the limitations period”].) This
question is not squarely presented here because our conclusion is the same no matter how
it is resolved: The limitations period for J. Doe’s childhood sexual abuse claim expired
in 1981 or 1982, and for his assault, battery or unlawful injury claim—which is subject to
a one-year limitations period starting at the conclusion of the abuse (former § 340,
subd. (3), as amended by Stats. 1973, ch. 20, § 1, p. 32; former § 340, subd. (3) as
amended by Stats. 1982, ch. 517, § 97, p. 2334)—expired in 1982; the limitations period
for L. Doe’s childhood sexual abuse claim expired in 1983 and for his assault, battery and
wrongful injury claim expired in 1986. Even if we postponed the accrual of J. Doe’s and
L. Doe’s childhood sexual abuse claims until the adult abuse they suffered stopped, the
limitations period for J. Doe’s claims still expired in 1982, and L. Doe’s in 1986.
Because plaintiffs did not bring suit until 2014, their claims were filed more than
one year after the end of their childhood abuse and one year after the end of their
adulthood abuse; their claims are consequently untimely under any scenario absent
tolling or revival.
B. Were plaintiffs’ claims tolled or revived?
1. Were plaintiffs’ claims tolled under section 11583?
Section 11583 provides that any “advance payment or partial payment of damages
made by any person” (1) may not “be construed as an admission of liability,” and
(2) shall be credited against any final settlement or judgment. However, if the person
making that “advance payment or partial payment of damages” does not give the
recipient written notice of the applicable statute of limitations, the statute will be tolled
until written notice is given or until the person retains an attorney, whichever happens
8
4
first. (Ibid.) This section seeks to walk the line between two competing goals:
“[E]ncourag[ing] early payments on prima facie meritorious claims while at the same
time avoiding the risk that such early payments would lull a claimant into a sense of
complacency about filing a lawsuit because of the apparent cooperativeness of the
defendant.” (Evans v. Dayton Hudson Corp. (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 49, 54 (Evans);
Blevin v. Coastal Surgical Institute (2015) 232 Cal.App.4th 1321, 1325-1326 (Blevin);
Doe 1, supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at p. 1191.) Although this provision is entitled “Motor
vehicle insurance; Advance or partial payment of damages” and is located in the
Insurance Code, it applies in child sexual abuse cases. (Doe 1, at pp. 1194-1195; Doe v.
San Diego-Imperial Council (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 81, 91 (San Diego-Imperial
Council).)
In this case, Hawkes and/or the Archdiocese allegedly provided both plaintiffs
money and gifts from the time their molestation began until an unspecified time prior to
Hawkes’s death in 1985, and provided J. Doe with psychological counseling in 1996.
Because neither Hawkes nor the Archdiocese provided plaintiffs with written notice of
the limitations period for sexual abuse claims, the applicability of section 11583 turns on
(1) whether the money and gifts given contemporaneously with the sexual abuse, and the
counseling provided in 1996, constituted the “advance payment or partial payment of
4 In pertinent part, the statute provides: “[n]o advance payment or partial payment
of damages made by any person . . . shall be construed as an admission of liability by the
person claimed against . . . Any such payments shall, however, constitute a credit and be
deductible from any final settlement made or judgment rendered . . . which does not
expressly take into account such advance payments. Any person . . . who makes such an
advance or partial payment, shall at the time of beginning payment, notify the recipient
thereof in writing of the statute of limitations applicable to the cause of action which such
recipient may bring against such person as a result of such injury or death . . . Failure to
provide such written notice shall operate to toll any such applicable statute of limitations
or time limitations from the time of such advance or partial payment until such written
notice is actually given. That notification shall not be required if the recipient is
represented by an attorney.”
9
damages,” and (2) whether, as to the money and gifts provided by Hawkes, those
payments were made by the Archdiocese rather than Hawkes in his personal capacity.
a. Are the money and gifts contemporaneous with the sexual
abuse, or the psychological counseling provided to J Doe in 1996, “advance payment
or partial payment of damages?”
In determining the meaning of the phrase “advance payment or partial payment of
damages,” we are construing section 11583. In so doing, we start with the text, and if
that text is unambiguous and consistent with our Legislature’s apparent intent, we look no
further. (California Charter Schools Assn. v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist.
(2015) 60 Cal.4th 1221, 1237 (California Charter Schools Assn.).) However, if the text
is ambiguous or contrary to the Legislature’s apparent purpose, we may look to
“‘“‘extrinsic sources, including the ostensible objects to be achieved and the legislative
history.’”’” (Burquet v. Brumbaugh (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1140, 1145-1146.) Because
“‘“[t]he fundamental purpose of statutory construction is to ascertain the intent of the
lawmakers so as to effectuate the purpose of the law”’” (Connerly v. State Personnel Bd.
(2006) 37 Cal.4th 1169, 1176), we must ultimately “‘“‘“‘select the construction that
comports most closely with the apparent intent of the Legislature, with a view to
promoting rather than defeating the general purpose of the statute, and avoid an
interpretation that would lead to absurd consequences’”’”’” (Burquet, at p. 1146).
As applied here, the critical word within the phrase “advance payment or partial
payment of damages” is “damages.” Because “damages” are an element of every civil
5
claim, the word is well defined and every definition is the same: Damages compensate.
(Civ. Code, § 3281 [“(e)very person who suffers detriment from the unlawful act or
5 “Punitive damages” punish. (Civ. Code, §§ 3294 & 3295.) We need not decide
whether Insurance Code section 11583 applies to advance payments of punitive damages
(in the unlikely event a putative defendant would choose to punish itself by making
advance payments on as-yet-unimposed punitive damages) because there is no allegation
that Hawkes in giving the plaintiffs money and gifts, or the Archdiocese in paying for
J. Doe’s psychological counseling, was engaged in such remunerative flagellation.
10
omission of another, may recover from the person in fault a compensation therefor in
money, which is called damages”]; id., § 3333 [“(f)or the breach of an obligation not
arising from contract, the measure of damages, except where otherwise expressly
provided by this code, is the amount which will compensate for all the detriment
proximately caused thereby, whether it could have been anticipated or not”].) As our
Supreme Court put it, “[w]hatever their semantic differences, the statutory and dictionary
definitions of ‘damages’ share several basic concepts. Each requires there to be
‘compensation,’ in ‘money,’ ‘recovered’ by a party for ‘loss’ or ‘detriment’ it has
suffered through the acts of another.” (AIU Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d
807, 826; see also Howell v. Hamilton Meats & Provisions, Inc. (2011) 52 Cal.4th 541,
551 [same]; Foster-Gardner, Inc. v. National Union Fire Ins. Co. (1998) 18 Cal.4th 857,
875 [same]; Estate of De Laveaga (1958) 50 Cal.2d 480, 488 [“‘(t)he primary object of
an award of damages in a civil action, and the fundamental principle or theory on which
it is based, is just compensation or indemnity for the loss or injury sustained by
complainant, and no more’”].) Thus, not all payments of money to a plaintiff are
“damages.” (E.g., Torres v. Xomox Corp. (1996) 49 Cal.App.4th 1, 37 [“neither workers’
compensation benefits nor settlement proceeds are, at bottom, ‘damages’”].) Instead, as
noted above, only those payments that are “compensatory” or “restitutive” are
“damages.” (AIU Ins. Co., at p. 826 & fn. 11.) Courts have accordingly confined the
application of section 11583 to payments for a plaintiff’s medical expenses (Malinski v.
Wegman’s Nursery & Landscaping, Inc. (1980) 102 Cal.App.3d 282, 285-287; Blevin,
supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at p. 1325), for a plaintiff’s property damage (Jackson v. Andco
Farms, Inc. (1982) 130 Cal.App.3d 475, 477-478 (Jackson)), and, in sexual abuse cases,
for a plaintiff’s psychological counseling (San Diego-Imperial Council, supra,
239 Cal.App.4th at pp. 88-91; Doe 1, supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1188, 1193-1194).
But what if a payment serves two purposes—one to compensate, and another to
facilitate a crime? Is that payment an “advance payment or partial payment of damages”
within the meaning of section 11583? We conclude it is not, and conclude that a
11
payment must be solely compensatory in order to qualify as “damages” under section
11583. Three reasons dictate this conclusion.
First, construing section 11583 to encompass money and gifts paid to facilitate
crimes as well as to compensate leads to an absurd result we must avoid. (California
Charters Schools Assn., supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1237.) Payments a child molester makes
to seduce and keep his victims open to future abuse—so-called “grooming” payments—
are part and parcel of the sexual abuse itself. (E.g., United States v. Long (D.C. Cir.
2003) 328 F.3d 655, 665 [“the ‘seduction process’” of a sex offender includes the use of
“attention, kindness, gifts, and money to lower his or her victims’ inhibitions”];
Los Angeles County Dept. of Children & Family Services v. Superior Court (2013)
222 Cal.App.4th 149, 158 [“sexual grooming consists of planning and deliberate
behaviors to befriend and establish an emotional connection with a child to have the child
lower and abandon whatever inhibitions the child might have had against inappropriate
sexual activities”].) Sexual abuse of a child is a crime. (Pen. Code, §§ 288, 288.5, 288a
& 289.) So is paying a child not to report the sexual abuse. (Id., § 136.1, subd. (b)(1)
[efforts to “dissuade” a victim or witness not to report the offense to law enforcement];
see also id., § 138 [payments not to testify].) People who make payments in furtherance
of a crime cannot sue to recover those payments. (See General Motors Acceptance Corp.
v. Kyle (1960) 54 Cal.2d 101, 112 [noting “the general rule that the guilty party to an
illegal contract cannot enforce it or recover on principles of quasi contract benefits he has
conferred under the contract”]; Asmus v. Pacific Bell (2000) 23 Cal.4th 1, 31 [party to an
illegal contract may not sue to enforce that contract]; Potvin v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co.
(2000) 22 Cal.4th 1060, 1081 [same].) Because Insurance Code section 11583 provides
that any prepayment of “damages” that tolls the limitations period must also be offset
against any subsequent judgment or settlement, interpreting “damages” to encompass the
payments Hawkes allegedly made in part to “groom” the plaintiffs and to keep them quiet
would entitle the Archdiocese to offset those payments against any award the plaintiffs
eventually obtained. The Archdiocese cannot sue to recover those payments, so it is
12
inconsistent and therefore absurd to let the Archdiocese accomplish the same result by
reducing any subsequent damages award by those payments.
Second, interpreting section 11583 to apply to payments that further a crime as
well as compensate would also implicitly repeal the statute of limitations period for the
tort of child sexual abuse, another result we must avoid. (Tuolumne Jobs & Small
Business Alliance v. Superior Court (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1029, 1039 [“there is a strong
presumption against repeal by implication”].) Under section 11583, the statute of
limitations is tolled upon the very first “advance payment or partial payment of damages”
made without written notice of the applicable limitations period. (Associated Truck
Parts, Inc. v. Superior Court (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 864, 868-869.) If payments made in
part to “groom” a child victim or to buy his silence qualify as “damages,” then section
11583 would toll the limitation period from the moment of the very first gift or the very
first payment of money (unless, of course, the molester also gave his victim
contemporaneous written notice of the statute of limitations, something we doubt has or
will ever happen). Because “grooming” payments are a common tool of child abusers,
interpreting “damages” under section 11583 to reach payments made in part to groom
would toll the limitations period in a large majority (if not all) of child sexual abuse
cases. This would effectively repeal Code of Civil Procedure section 340.1, the statute of
limitations for that tort. Our Legislature has devoted a great deal of attention to striking
the right balance between redress and repose in defining the statute of limitations period
for childhood sexual abuse and, toward this end, amended the pertinent statute in 1990,
1994, 1998, 1999, and 2002. (See Stats. 1990, ch. 1578, § 1; Stats. 1994, ch. 288, § 1;
Stats. 1998, ch. 1032, § 1; Stats. 1999, ch. 120, § 1; Stats. 2002, ch. 149, § 1.) We are
loathe to interpret section 11583 in a manner that would implicitly repeal Code of Civil
Procedure section 340.1 and, at the same time, render all of the Legislature’s efforts—all
of which came after section 11583’s enactment in 1986—“idle acts.”
(Imperial Merchant Services, Inc. v. Hunt (2009) 47 Cal.4th 381, 390 [“‘we do not
presume that the Legislature performs idle acts’”], quoting Shoemaker v. Myers (1990)
52 Cal.3d 1, 22.)
13
Lastly, reading section 11583 to encompass payments that facilitate crimes as well
as compensate is inconsistent with that section’s purpose. That purpose is straight-
forward: Give putative defendants an incentive to compensate putative plaintiffs early by
precluding evidence of such payments at trial and by crediting any payments against any
future award, and ensure that the plaintiffs are not misled into viewing the defendants’
largesse as an excuse not to diligently pursue litigation. (Evans, supra, 234 Cal.App.3d
at p. 54.) Its purpose is not to give defendants who engage in criminal acts the right to
recover payments made in pursuit of those acts. Its purpose is also not to exclude
evidence relevant to show the defendant’s substantive liability. However, if “damages”
include payments made in part to “groom” or “hush” sexual abuse victims, then section
11583 would be co-opted to serve both of these impermissible goals, goals that are at
odds with our Legislature’s true purpose. As noted above, it would allow for offset of
payments to further criminal conduct. Because section 11583 also precludes a plaintiff
from treating an early payment of “damages” as “an admission of liability” (§ 11583), it
would also preclude that plaintiff from introducing evidence of money and gifts conferred
in part for purposes of “grooming” the victim or to bribe the victim to remain quiet—
even though the first type of payment is an aspect of the abuse itself and the second type
is probative of consciousness of guilt (and thus corroborative of the abuse).
Applying what we have determined to be the proper definition of “damages,” we
conclude that Hawkes’s payments to J. Doe and L. Doe, contemporaneous with their
sexual abuse, were not an “advance payment or partial payment of damages.” Plaintiffs
allege that Hawkes “lavish[ed]” them with meals, clothes, entertainment, travel, tuition,
and cash to “compensat[e] . . . for the abuse he was commit[ting] upon them” and to
“own” them. By these allegations, Hawkes’s payments were designed both to
compensate and to facilitate Hawkes’s crimes of sexual abuse and dissuading a victim to
report a crime (as aspects of Hawkes’s “own[ership]” of them). Because these payments
are not solely compensatory, they were not an “advance payment or partial payment of
damages.”
14
We also conclude that Archdiocese’s payment of J. Doe’s psychological
counseling in 1996 was “an advance payment or partial payment of damages.”
(San Diego-Imperial Council, supra, 239 Cal.App.4th at pp. 88-91; Doe 1, supra,
208 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1188, 1193-1194.) However, section 11583 tolls the limitations
period; it does not revive a period that has already expired. (Jackson, supra,
130 Cal.App.3d at p. 479.) Because the limitations period on J. Doe’s claim lapsed at the
latest in 1982, the Archdiocese’s payment in 1996 is of no avail unless J. Doe’s claim
was somehow revived by the Legislature and still unexpired prior to that payment; we
discuss that below.
b. Were Hawkes’s payments of money and gifts authorized by
the Archdiocese?
Section 11583 applies its tolling provision to “the person” who made the “advance
payment or partial payment of damages.” (§ 11583.) In this case, Hawkes was the
person who gave the plaintiffs money and gifts in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s; unless
those payments are also considered payments by the Archdiocese, section 11583’s tolling
provision would not apply in this lawsuit against the Archdiocese. In determining
whether Hawkes’s acts are those of the Archdiocese, our focus is necessarily on the acts
pertinent to tolling—that is, Hawkes’s acts of making payments to the plaintiffs (not his
acts of sexual abuse). We reach this question because its resolution may be relevant if
plaintiffs opt to amend their complaint on remand.
As pertinent here, a principal may be liable for the wrongful conduct of its agent,
even if that conduct is criminal, in one of three ways: (1) if the “‘principal directly
authorizes . . . [the tort or] crime to be committed’” (People v. Williams (2004)
118 Cal.App.4th 735, 743); (2) if the agent commits the tort “in the scope of his
employment and in performing service on behalf of the principal” (Draper v. Hellman
Commercial Trust & Sav. Bank (1928) 203 Cal. 26, 38-39; Johnson v. Monson (1920)
183 Cal. 149, 151), “regardless of whether the wrong is authorized or ratified by [the
principal]” (Nuffer v. Insurance Co. of North America (1965) 236 Cal.App.2d 349, 355;
Hudson v. Nixon (1962) 57 Cal.2d 482, 484), and even if the wrong is criminal (Nuffer,
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at p. 355); see generally Civ. Code, § 2338; or (3) if the principal ratifies its agent’s
conduct “after the fact by . . . voluntar[ily] elect[ing] to adopt the [agent’s] conduct . . . as
its own” (Delfino v. Agilent Technologies, Inc. (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 790, 810;
Rakestraw v. Rodrigues (1972) 8 Cal.3d 67, 73).
Here, Hawkes’s alleged control over the Archdiocese’s finances and his power to
spend the Archdiocese’s money were within the scope of his employment. Plaintiffs
allege that for many years Hawkes “controlled the finances of the” Archdiocese and had
the authority “to conduct any and all transactions that had a monetary cost.” His cash and
other gifts to plaintiffs fall within this grant of authority, regardless of whether those
payments also constituted a tort or crime and regardless of whether the Archdiocese ever
authorized or ratified those payments. Plaintiffs argue that the power of attorney limited
Hawkes’s authority to act to conduct that was “lawful[].” However, the express language
of the power of attorney did two things—it granted Hawkes the “full power and authority
to do and perform all and every act” and it ratified his “lawful[]” acts. The “lawful[]”
limitation constrained the Archdiocese’s ratification, but not its initial conferral of
authority, and it is this authority that forms the basis for the Archdiocese’s liability here.
Because Hawkes’s payments are attributable to the Archdiocese on this basis, we have no
occasion to examine whether Hawkes’s actions were also directly authorized or otherwise
ratified by the Archdiocese.
2. Were plaintiffs’ claims revived by subsequent legislative act?
As explained above, J. Doe had until 1981 or 1982 to file suit for Hawkes’s sexual
abuse and L. Doe had until 1982 or 1986. Because our Legislature has the power to
revive expired claims (Quarry, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 955, 970), we must examine
whether any of our Legislature’s subsequent amendments to the statute of limitations for
childhood sexual abuse claims revived plaintiffs’ claims. (The Legislature extended the
statute of limitations for battery, assault and wrongful injury to adults from one year to
two years in 2003, but that amendment did not revive expired claims. (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 335.1, added by Stats. 2002, ch. 448, § 2.).)
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In 1986, 1990 and 1994, the Legislature extended the limitations period against the
persons who perpetrated the child sexual abuse, and revived any claims that were timely
under the amendment even if they had expired prior to the amendment. (See former
Code Civ. Proc., § 340.1, subds. (a) & (e)(1) (1986); Stats. 1986, ch. 914, § 1 [extending
period from one to three years for perpetrators who were “household or family
member(s)”]; Code Civ. Proc., § 340.1, subds. (r) & (s); former § 340.1, subd. (a) (1990)
[extending period to plaintiff’s 26th birthday or within three years of discovery of
psychological injury]; former § 340.1, subds. (o) & (p) (1994) [reviving claims that
would be timely under the 1990 amendment]; Stats. 1994, ch. 288, § 1; 1994 Cal. ALS
288; Stats. 1990, ch. 1578, § 1.) Because these amendments did not alter the time period
involving third parties, such as the Archdiocese, they are irrelevant.
In 1998 and 1999, the Legislature extended the limitations period for suing third
parties for childhood sexual abuse, but only if the lawsuit was filed before the victim’s
26th birthday, and revived any claims that were timely under this new rule, even if they
had previously expired. (Code Civ. Proc., § 340.1, subd. (u); Quarry, supra, 53 Cal.4th
at p. 967; Stats. 1999, ch. 120, § 1, p. 1735; former § 340.1, subds. (a)(2), (a)(3) & (b)
(1998); Stats. 1998, ch. 1032, § 1; 1998 Cal. ALS 1302; Quarry, at p. 965 [noting how
1998 amendment “for the first time included certain third party defendants”].) Plaintiffs
cannot avail themselves of this revival period because, in 1998, they were both well over
age 26 (J. Doe was 35 or 36, and L. Doe was 34).
In 2002, the Legislature carved out an exception to the rule that a plaintiff suing
for sexual abuse always had to sue a third party before the victim’s 26th birthday. This
exception authorized suit “within three years of the date the plaintiff discovers or
reasonably should have discovered that psychological injury or illness occurring after the
age of majority was caused by the sexual abuse,” even after the plaintiff’s 26th birthday,
if the third party “knew or had reason to know, or was otherwise on notice, of any
unlawful conduct by an employee, volunteer, representative, or agent, and failed to take
reasonable steps, and to implement reasonable safeguards, to avoid acts of unlawful
sexual conduct in the future by that person.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 340.1, subds. (a)(2),
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(a)(3) & (b)(2); Stats. 2002, ch. 149, § 1; 2002 Cal. ALS 149.) The Legislature expressly
stated that plaintiffs whose claims would be timely under this amendment could bring
suit “within one year of January 1, 2003,” even if their claims had expired. (§ 340.1,
subd. (c).) Although plaintiffs’ claims may have been revived by this 2002 amendment,
they did not file suit until 2014, far outside the statutory window for claims revived by
this amendment to be filed.
We consequently conclude that plaintiffs’ claims expired, were not tolled by
section 11583, and were never revived. The trial court correctly sustained the demurrer
to their complaint.
II. Should Plaintiffs Be Granted Leave to Amend?
As noted above, plaintiffs must be granted leave to amend if “there is a reasonable
possibility that the defect can be cured by amendment.” (Zelig, supra, 27 Cal.4th at
p. 1126.) Although the gifts and money Hawkes gave to the plaintiffs contemporaneous
with their sexual abuse were not an “advance payment or partial payment of damages,”
the operative complaint indicates that the abuse of J. Doe stopped in 1981 and the abuse
of L. Doe stopped in 1984 or 1985. The complaint alleges when the payments started,
but is silent as to when they stopped. To the extent Hawkes made payments that were not
in part for purposes of grooming or encouraging the plaintiffs not to report the abuse,
there is a “reasonable possibility” that those payments may be solely compensatory and
thus subject to tolling under section 11583. We remand to give plaintiffs the opportunity
to so plead, if the facts support such an allegation and are consistent with the allegations
pled in earlier complaints.
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DISPOSITION
The order of the trial court is reversed and remanded. Each party to bear its own
costs on appeal.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION.
_________________________, J.
HOFFSTADT
We concur:
_________________________, P.J.
BOREN
_________________________, J.
CHAVEZ
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