Hand v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr.

[Cite as Hand v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 2016-Ohio-2850.]

JEFFREY A. HAND Case No. 2011-07192

Plaintiff Judge Patrick M. McGrath

v. DECISION

OHIO DEPARTMENT OF

REHABILITATION AND CORRECTION

Defendant

{¶1} On May 3, 2012, a trial was held for the purpose of determining liability only.

On June 18, 2012, the magistrate issued a decision recommending judgment in favor of

defendant. The court adopted the magistrate’s recommendation on the same date.

Plaintiff appealed the decision and on September 30, 2013, the 10th District Court of

Appeals reversed the decision and remanded the case for further proceedings. The

parties agreed to submit briefs and present oral arguments in lieu of a second trial. On

November 13, 2014, the oral hearing was held before a different magistrate of this

court. On May 21, 2015, the magistrate recommended judgment in favor of defendant.

{¶2} Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b)(i) states, in part: “A party may file written objections to a

magistrate’s decision within fourteen days of the filing of the decision, whether or not the

court has adopted the decision during that fourteen-day period as permitted by

Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(e)(i).” With leave of the court, plaintiff filed objections on July 2, 2015.

To date, defendant has not filed a response to plaintiff’s objections. Plaintiff raises the

following nine objections:

a. Objection 1: The Magistrate Erred in Ruling the Defendant Did Not

Breach the Duty of Ordinary or Reasonable Care.

Case No. 2011-07192 -2- DECISION

{¶3} Plaintiff argues that defendant’s employee, Farm Coordinator Dillon, was

made aware of the fact that there was a problem with the clutch on the tractor in

question. Plaintiff and another inmate informed Farm Coordinator Dillon about the

issues with the clutch on numerous occasions prior to the incident on November 23,

2010. However, the clutch was never replaced due to budget constraints and the

pending closure of the farm. Plaintiff cites to several decisions in which this court has

held that defendant has a duty to provide appropriate tools, proper safety features, and

safe conditions for working inmates, and it owes inmates a common-law duty of

reasonable care and protection from unreasonable risks of physical harm which may

arise from dangerous conditions of which it is aware or should be aware. Plaintiff also

argues that there is no other explanation for the accident, except for the explanation

offered by plaintiff.

{¶4} The magistrate found that defendant was aware of the ongoing issue with

the clutch. However, he noted that “the clutch issue was not shown to have posed an

unreasonable risk of harm to those operating the tractor based on plaintiff’s description

of the issue as it existed prior to the accident as well as the absence of evidence

tending to show that defendant’s knowledge of the issue should have alerted defendant

to any risk that the issue might lead to something more serious, like the tractor doing

what plaintiff claims that it did during the accident.” (Magistrate’s Decision, pg. 7).

{¶5} The defendant owes a common-law duty of reasonable care and protection

from unreasonable risks of harm. Woods v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 130 Ohio

App.3d 742, 721 N.E.2d 143 (10th Dist.1998); Bickerstaff v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. &

Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 13AP-1028, 13AP-1029, 2014-Ohio-2364; Jenkins v.

Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-787, 2013-Ohio-5106. The

defendant’s duty includes exercising reasonable care to prevent an inmate from being

injured by a dangerous condition about which the state knows or should know. Woods

at 745.

Case No. 2011-07192 -3- DECISION

{¶6} Reasonable or ordinary care is that degree of caution and foresight which an

ordinarily prudent person would employ in similar circumstances. McElfresh v. Ohio

Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-177, 2004-Ohio-5545.

{¶7} A determination of what degree of care defendant owed to plaintiff must

center on the foreseeability of plaintiff’s injuries. Jeffers v. Olexo, 43 Ohio St.3d 140,

539 N.E.2d 614 (1989). The extent of the duty will also vary with the circumstances.

Woods, 130 Ohio App.3d 742.

{¶8} “‘[I]f an event causing injury appears to have been closely related to the

danger created by the original conduct, it is regarded as within the scope of the risk,

even though, strictly speaking, the particular injury would not have been expected by a

reasonable man in the actor’s place.” Di Gildo v. Caponi, 18 Ohio St.2d 125, 247

N.E.2d 732 (1969) (emphasis in original), citing Restat 2d of Torts, § 7 (1979). “It is not

necessary that the defendant should have anticipated the particular injury. It is sufficient

that his act is likely to result in an injury to someone.” Neff Lumber Co. v. First Nat’l

Bank, 122 Ohio St. 302, 171 N.E. 327 (1930); Queen City Terminals v. Gen. Am.

Transp. Corp., 73 Ohio St.3d 609, 1995-Ohio-285, 653 N.E.2d 661.

{¶9} However, “* * * The state is not an insurer of inmate safety, but once it

becomes aware of a dangerous condition[,] it must take reasonable care to prevent

injury to the inmate.” Forester v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No.

11AP-366, 2011-Ohio-6296, quoting Briscoe v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist.

Franklin No. 02AP-1109, 2003-Ohio-3533, ¶ 20, citing Williams v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab.

& Corr., 61 Ohio Misc.2d 699, 583 N.E.2d 1129 (Ct. of Cl.1991).

{¶10} The magistrate relied on the fact that the tractor in question had never

malfunctioned in such a severe manner prior to the accident, “and even though plaintiff

operated the tractor numerous times he stated that he never experienced any problem

more substantial than the tractor jerking when it was put in or out of gear, and that

nothing made him think he should not operate the tractor.” (Magistrate’s Decision,

Case No. 2011-07192 -4- DECISION

pg. 7). However, defendant has a duty is to protect inmates from all dangerous

conditions, not just those considered severe or substantial. If it is reasonably

foreseeable that an injury may result, defendant has a duty to protect its inmates from

said injury. Here, there is ample evidence that defendant was aware of the ongoing

clutch issues with this particular tractor. Defendant was aware that the issue caused

the tractor to jerk forward, rocking the driver back in his seat. The particular injury, a

broken hip, might not have been expected based on the knowledge that the tractor’s

clutch caused a jerking motion. However, considering the tractor was regularly

operated on uneven ground, including going up and down slopes like the one on which

the accident occurred, it was reasonably foreseeable that the jerking motion may cause

the driver to lose control, resulting in an accident and injury. In failing to properly repair

the clutch issue, defendant violated its duty of ordinary and reasonable care to plaintiff.

{¶11} Accordingly, plaintiff’s first objection is SUSTAINED.

b. Objection 2: The Magistrate Erred in Ruling Based on Facts Found by the

Magistrate that the Tractor Did Not Present an Unreasonable Risk of

Harm to Plaintiff.

{¶12} Plaintiff argues that defendant was aware that the tractor had a history of

clutch malfunctions which caused it to engage and disengage, and that the clutch

required replacement. However, it was not replaced due to budgetary issues. He

asserts that defendant was solely responsible for the maintenance of the tractor, and

had a duty to provide inmate with proper tools. He contends that, “[c]ertainly this must

include a tool that is not defective and consistently causes a lurch without warning.”

{¶13} The court agrees, and for the reasons stated above finds the tractor, in its

state of disrepair, presented an unreasonable risk of harm to plaintiff.

{¶14} Accordingly, plaintiff’s second objection is SUSTAINED.

Case No. 2011-07192 -5- DECISION

c. Objection 3: The Magistrate Erred in Finding Defendant Took Reasonable

Preventive Measure Regarding the Maintenance of the Tractor and its

Duty to Prevent Plaintiff from Being Injured by a Dangerous Condition.

{¶15} The evidence shows that defendant regularly maintained the tractor in

question. However, the clutch issues continued despite this periodic adjustment. There

was also at least one period of time during which defendant placed the tractor out of

service until it was operational again. However, the tractor was not out of service on the

date of the accident. Therefore, defendant allowed plaintiff to use the tractor knowing

that the clutch issue posed an unreasonable risk of injury. In failing to repair the tractor

to remove this risk and/or placing the tractor out of service until the risk was mitigated,

defendant violated its duty of reasonable and ordinary care.

{¶16} Accordingly, plaintiff’s third objection is SUSTAINED.

d. Objection 4: The Magistrate Erred in Finding the Injury Plaintiff Sustained

Was Not Proximately Caused by the Accident.

{¶17} Plaintiff mischaracterized the magistrate’s finding related to the proximate

cause of his injury. There is no doubt that plaintiff’s injury was caused by the tractor

falling over on him, fracturing his femur. The magistrate did not make a finding that

plaintiff’s injuries were not caused by the accident. Rather, he found that the injury was

not caused by a breach of defendant’s duty to prevent plaintiff from being injured by a

dangerous condition about which it knew or should have known.

{¶18} Accordingly, plaintiff’s fourth objection is OVERRULED.

Case No. 2011-07192 -6- DECISION

e. Objection 5: The Magistrate Erred in Ruling the Doctrine of Res Ipsa

Loquitor Does Not Apply in this Case.

{¶19} Res ipsa loquitor applies when the plaintiff produces evidence in support of

the following: (1) That the instrumentality causing the injury was, at the time of the

injury, or at the time of the creation of the condition causing the injury, under the

exclusive management and control of the defendant; and (2) that the injury occurred

under such circumstances that in the ordinary course of events it would not have

occurred if ordinary care had been observed. * * *” Hake v. George Wiedemann

Brewing Co., 23 Ohio St.2d 65, 262 N.E.2d 703 (1970).

{¶20} The existence of more than one reasonable inference regarding the

causation of an accident precludes the application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor.

See Renneckar v. Canton Terminal Restaurant, Inc., 148 Ohio St., 119. See also

Krupar v. Procter & Gamble Co., 160 Ohio St., 489. Res ipsa loquitor applies when “the

things speaks for itself.” See Stinson v. N.Y. C. R. Co., 30 Ohio App. 539, 165 N.E. 860

(8th Dist.1929).

{¶21} The magistrate correctly determined that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor

does not apply. However, the court disagrees with his reasoning: that the proximate

cause of the accident had not been established beyond a speculative degree. The

court finds that res ipsa loquitor does not apply because this is not the type of incident

that “speaks for itself.” It is reasonable to infer that this accident could have occurred

even if defendant had replaced the clutch. Accidents of moving vehicles occur for many

reasons, including user error, surface conditions, etc. There is no evidence to establish

that the accident was caused by a reason other than the faulty clutch. However, the

fact that one could reasonably infer other causes precludes the application of res ipsa

loquitor.

{¶22} Accordingly, plaintiff’s fifth objection is OVERRULED.

Case No. 2011-07192 -7- DECISION

f. Objection 6: The Magistrate Erred in Ruling it was Reasonable to Infer the

Accident Resulted from Negligence on Part of the Plaintiff because of

Excessive Speed, Improper Braking, Turning Too Sharp, Failing to Lower

the Throttle, Failing to Downshift out of Highway Gears, Pressing the

Wrong Pedal, or a combination of these Factors.

{¶23} There is simply no evidence to support any of the magistrate’s assertions

regarding negligence on the part of plaintiff. In fact, plaintiff directly refuted that any of

the above named causes played any role in the accident. Plaintiff was the only witness

to the accident, and there is no finding by the magistrate that plaintiff lacked credibility.

Likewise, upon careful review of his testimony, the court finds no reason to question

plaintiff’s account of the accident.

{¶24} Accordingly, plaintiff’s sixth objection is SUSTAINED.

g. Objection 7: The Magistrate Erred in Finding that Plaintiff Failed to Prove

Poor Maintenance or any Act or Omission by Defendant Proximately

Caused the Accident.

{¶25} For the reasons stated above, in regards to plaintiff’s first, second, and

third objections, plaintiff’s seventh objection is SUSTAINED.

h. Objection 8: The Magistrate Erred in Finding that the Evidence was

Insufficient to Find the Clutch Issue, as Opposed to some other

Unidentified Mechanical Issue, Caused the Accident of which Defendant

Did Not Have Notice.

{¶26} For the reasons stated above, in regards to plaintiff’s first, second, and

third objections, plaintiff’s eighth objection is SUSTAINED.

Case No. 2011-07192 -8- DECISION

i. Objection 9: The Magistrate’s Decision is Against the Manifest Weight of

the Evidence and is Contrary to Law.

{¶27} Plaintiff’s testimony regarding the manner in which the tractor reared up

and slid down the hill and over onto its side is corroborated by the condition of the trailer

after the accident. Plaintiff testified that the steel of the hitch of the trailer was bent

straight up at its point of connection with the tractor. Plaintiff is not qualified to offer an

expert opinion on the type of accident and resulting damage to the tractor. However,

plaintiff’s exhibit 3 is a photograph of the trailer hitch/tongue and clearly depicts a

portion of metal which is bent straight up. This circumstantial evidence is corroborative

of plaintiff’s explanation of the accident.

{¶28} Considering plaintiff’s exhibit 3, and for the reasons stated above, plaintiff’s

ninth objection is SUSTAINED.

PATRICK M. MCGRATH

Judge

[Cite as Hand v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 2016-Ohio-2850.]

JEFFREY A. HAND Case No. 2011-07192

Plaintiff Judge Patrick M. McGrath

v. JUDGMENT ENTRY

OHIO DEPARTMENT OF

REHABILITATION AND CORRECTION

Defendant

{¶29} On May 21, 2015, the magistrate issued a decision recommending

judgment for defendant.

{¶30} Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b)(i) states, in part: “A party may file written objections to a

magistrate’s decision within fourteen days of the filing of the decision, whether or not the

court has adopted the decision during that fourteen-day period as permitted by

Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(e)(i).” Plaintiff timely filed objections.

{¶31} Upon review of the record, the magistrate’s decision and the objections, the

court finds that the magistrate has properly determined the factual issues and

appropriately applied the law with the exceptions noted in the decision filed concurrently

herewith. Therefore, the objections are OVERRULED, in part, and SUSTAINED, in

part. The court modifies the magistrate’s decision and recommendation, including

findings of fact and conclusions of law contained therein, consistent with this decision.

Case No. 2011-07192 -10- DECISION

{¶32} The court finds defendant liable for the injuries caused to plaintiff which

were proximately caused by defendant’s failure to repair the tractor’s clutch. Judgment

is rendered in favor of plaintiff. A case management conference is set for April 8, 2016,

at 10:00 a.m., to discuss further proceedings. The court shall initiate the conference via

telephone.

PATRICK M. MCGRATH

Judge

cc:

Richard F. Swope Frank S. Carson

6480 East Main Street, Suite 102 James P. Dinsmore

Reynoldsburg, Ohio 43068 Assistant Attorneys General

150 East Gay Street, 18th Floor

Columbus, Ohio 43215-3130

Filed March 11, 2016

Sent to S.C. Reporter 5/5/16