holding that under the previous medical marijuana statutes, the existence of an applicable affirmative defense did not negate probable cause
How later courts described this case
- holding that under the previous medical marijuana statutes, the existence of an applicable affirmative defense did not negate probable cause
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
April 26, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 46304-1-II
Appellant/Cross Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
v.
ALFRED BURTON,
Respondent/Cross Appellant.
BJORGEN, C.J. — The State appeals the trial court’s suppression of evidence and resulting
dismissal of its charges against Alfred Burton for possession of marijuana with intent to deliver.
It contends that the trial court erred as a matter of law by suppressing the fruits of a search of
Burton’s medical marijuana collective garden storefront on grounds that the search warrant was
not supported by probable cause. The State also argues that the trial court erred by interpreting
the Medical Use of Cannabis Act (MUCA)1 as effectively decriminalizing possession of
marijuana for qualifying collective gardens. The Supreme Court’s holding in State v. Reis, 183
Wn.2d 197, 351 P.3d 127 (2015), compels our agreement with the State. Therefore, we hold that
the trial court erred in suppressing evidence and dismissing the charges against Burton.
Burton also cross appeals, arguing that the trial court erred by denying his motion to
strike several statements from the affidavit of probable cause following a Franks2 hearing on
1
Ch. 69.51A RCW.
2
Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 57 L. Ed. 2d 667 (1978).
No. 46304-1-II
grounds that they were deliberately or recklessly inaccurate. Because the statements were
ultimately immaterial, we hold that the trial court did not err.
Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s suppression ruling and dismissal and remand for
further proceedings.
FACTS
Burton was an owner of Green Path of Washington, a medical marijuana collective
garden with a storefront in Graham. Green Path had a revolving membership whereby medical
marijuana patients joined the collective when they signed in after entering the storefront and
relinquished their membership when signing out before exiting. Marijuana was grown off site
but distributed at the storefront. Burton kept each patient’s qualification documentation on hand
in two black folders at the storefront.
In April 2012, two sheriff’s deputies entered Green Path and spoke with Burton. The
deputies asked to see Green Path’s member documentation, but Burton refused to let them see
the documents without the collective’s attorney present. Burton explained to the deputies how
Green Path operated, and also told them that there were several strains of marijuana currently
available at the storefront. The deputies later obtained a warrant to search the premises based on
an affidavit declaring the basis for their probable cause to suspect that Burton possessed
marijuana at the Green Path storefront with the intent to deliver.
The deputies searched the storefront and found 995.3 grams of processed marijuana, but
did not find any patient records. The State charged Burton with possession of marijuana with
intent to deliver, a violation of Washington’s Uniform Controlled Substances Act, chapter 69.50
2
No. 46304-1-II
RCW. Burton moved for a Franks hearing, redaction of claimed misrepresentations in the
affidavit, and suppression of the evidence found during the resulting search.
In his motion for a Franks hearing, Burton challenged some of the information in the
probable cause affidavit: (1) numerous references to Green Path as a “store” or “business,” and
to its members as “customers,” (2) omission of a witness and attribution to Burton of that
witness’s oral statements, and (3) the statement that “[t]he lobby of the building smelled strongly
of marijuana.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 5-8 (emphasis omitted). The trial court granted the
Franks hearing, and both parties presented evidence relating to the accuracy of the probable
cause affidavit.
Following the Franks hearing, the trial court denied Burton’s motion to redact. The trial
court did not find the use of the commercial terminology problematic, as it used the same
terminology in its order, and commented that “‘business’ to this Court doesn’t necessarily imply
a retail operation.” Report of Proceedings (RP) at 102. The trial court found that the statement
that the deputies smelled marijuana was inaccurate and that the omitted witness was present
when the deputies spoke with Burton and may have made statements attributed to Burton.
However, the trial court concluded that these misrepresentations were neither deliberate nor
reckless and declined to strike the related statements.
Despite denying Burton's motion to redact, the trial court suppressed the fruits of the search
on the basis of an insufficient showing of probable cause after it interpreted MUCA as
decriminalizing qualifying operations by a collective garden. Specifically, former RCW
69.51A.085 (2011) provided that “[q]ualifying patients may create and participate in collective
gardens for the purpose of producing, processing, transporting, and delivering cannabis for medical
3
No. 46304-1-II
use,” subject to compliance with a list of conditions. The trial court ruled that compliance with
the conditions listed in former RCW 69.51A.085 rendered otherwise unlawful possession lawful.
Because the affidavit did not indicate that a quantity of marijuana in excess of the authorized 24-
72 ounces was present at the Green Path storefront and did not establish that Green Path lacked
qualifying members or the necessary documentation, it ruled that probable cause did not support
the search warrant and suppressed the evidence discovered during the search.
With the evidence necessary for conviction suppressed, the trial court dismissed the case.
The State appeals the trial court’s suppression ruling, and Burton cross appeals the trial court’s
denial of his motion to redact portions of the probable cause affidavit.
ANALYSIS
I. PROBABLE CAUSE: MEDICAL MARIJUANA AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
The State argues that the trial court erred in suppressing the fruits of the search on the
grounds that the police did not establish probable cause to suspect criminal activity. The State
bases this argument on its interpretation of MUCA under which possession with the intent to
deliver would remain criminal. In the State’s view, the claim that possession for delivery to
qualified medical patients was authorized by MUCA could only be raised as an affirmative
defense. Because our Supreme Court has endorsed this interpretation, we agree with the State
and hold that the trial court erred by suppressing the fruits of the search.
In Reis, our Supreme Court interpreted the 2011 amendments to MUCA to determine
whether they decriminalized possession for medical distribution. 183 Wn.2d 197. The court
held that despite statutory language indicating a legislative intent to decriminalize such
possession, the amended statutes actually provided only for an affirmative defense. Id. at 207. It
4
No. 46304-1-II
reasoned that because the statutory language as enacted decriminalized possession only for
qualified patients and providers whose names appear on a nonexistent state registry, all current
patients and providers could only avail themselves of a separately provided affirmative defense
to any criminal charges. Id. at 214-15.3 The court also indicated that the possibility a person
will successfully assert the affirmative defense does not negate probable cause to search
locations where the police suspect a provider is keeping marijuana for distribution. Id. at 218.
Reis controls our decision. Under Reis, the trial court erred by suppressing evidence of
the search on grounds that possession of medical marijuana had been decriminalized for
providers complying with the requirements of MUCA.4 As the appellant in Reis conceded, the
presence of the affirmative defense does not negate probable cause for a search. Id. at 218; see
also State v. Fry, 168 Wn.2d 1, 8, 228 P.3d 1 (2010) (holding that under the previous medical
marijuana statutes, the existence of an applicable affirmative defense did not negate probable
cause).
Burton argues that even as an affirmative defense, compliance with the community
garden provisions of MUCA renders lawful otherwise unlawful possession with intent to deliver.
He directs our attention to McBride v. Walla Walla County, 95 Wn. App. 33, 975 P.2d 1029
(1999), in which Division Three of our court addressed, in the context of a civil suit for false
3
Governor Gregoire vetoed a provision establishing a state registry for qualified patients and
their providers. Reis, 183 Wn.2d at 201. Because MUCA as amended and currently codified
decriminalizes possession of marijuana only for providers who are listed on that registry, our
Supreme Court determined that there is currently no way to qualify for decriminalized
possession for distribution to qualified patients. Id. at 207.
4
We recognize that the trial court did not have the benefit of the Supreme Court’s holding in
Reis when it made its suppression ruling.
5
No. 46304-1-II
arrest, whether the availability of an affirmative defense can negate probable cause. The court in
McBride held that
[s]elf-defense is an affirmative defense which can be asserted to render an
otherwise unlawful act lawful. But the arresting officer does not make this
determination. The officer is not judge or jury; he does not decide if the legal
standard for self-defense is met.
Id. at 40. Burton relies primarily on the statement that an affirmative defense may “render an
otherwise unlawful act lawful.” See Br. of Resp’t at 31-32 (emphasis omitted). The court in
McBride, however, clearly explained that “[t]he self-defense claim did not vitiate probable
cause.” Id. Our Supreme Court further clarified this matter in Fry, discussing McBride and
stating that “[a]n affirmative defense does not per se legalize an activity and does not negate
probable cause that a crime has been committed.” 168 Wn.2d at 10. McBride does not support
Burton’s argument, and the availability of an affirmative defense does not negate probable cause.
II. DENIAL OF BURTON’S MOTION TO REDACT
In his cross appeal, Burton claims that the trial court erred by denying his motion to
redact certain statements in the probable cause affidavit because they constituted deliberate
misrepresentations or reckless misstatements of fact. We disagree, because even if the trial court
had granted the motion, the affidavit would still have supported a finding of probable cause.
Where a law enforcement officer deliberately or recklessly omits material facts or
includes material misstatements of fact in a probable cause affidavit, a court may invalidate any
search warrant issued on the basis of the affidavit. State v. Ollivier, 178 Wn.2d 813, 847, 312
P.3d 1 (2013), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 72 (2014). If a defendant makes “a substantial
preliminary showing of such a material misrepresentation or omission,” he is entitled to a Franks
hearing at which he may produce evidence showing the misrepresentation. Id. The trial court
6
No. 46304-1-II
must determine whether the evidence supports the information in the affidavit, then assess the
validity of the warrant on the basis of only the qualifying information. Id.
We review the trial court’s findings following a Franks hearing to determine whether
they are supported by substantial evidence, State v. Vickers, 148 Wn.2d 91, 116, 59 P.3d 58
(2002), but review de novo the trial court’s legal determination that the qualifying information
shows probable cause. Ollivier, 178 Wn.2d at 848.
In light of Reis, the inaccuracies in the affidavit that Burton challenged were immaterial
and therefore need not have been stricken. Burton contested the accuracy of references to Green
Path as a commercial enterprise rather than a collective garden and statements regarding whether
Burton was a qualified patient under MUCA. He asserts that these were material facts because
they showed that Burton’s activities were lawful and thereby negated probable cause for a search
warrant. Under Reis, however, MUCA only provides an affirmative defense, which cannot
negate probable cause to suspect a violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act. 183
Wn.2d at 218.
Burton also challenged the statement that the Green Path storefront lobby smelled
strongly of marijuana. The trial court actually agreed that the statement was inaccurate, finding
that the deputies “could not see or smell growing marijuana.” CP at 29; RP at 44-45. Whether
the deputies smelled marijuana, though, was immaterial because the trial court found that Burton
told them that the premises were generally used for storing and distributing marijuana. See State
v. Jackson, 150 Wn.2d 251, 264, 76 P.3d 217 (2003); cf. State v. Olson, 73 Wn. App. 348, 357,
869 P.2d 110 (1994). Because such possession and distribution is unlawful subject only to an
affirmative defense, this information gave the deputies probable cause to search the premises.
7
No. 46304-1-II
CONCLUSION
Reis demands the conclusion that probable cause to suspect that a provider is violating
the Uniform Controlled Substances Act is a valid basis for a search warrant, regardless of
whether the provider complies with MUCA. Therefore, the trial court erred in suppressing the
fruits of the search and dismissing the case. Because the claimed misrepresentations in the
probable cause affidavit were immaterial, the trial court did not err by denying Burton’s motion
to redact. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s suppression of the evidence and its dismissal
and remand for further proceedings.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
BJORGEN, C.J.
We concur:
MAXA, J.
MELNICK, J.
8