The opinion
J-A05021-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
LUCAS JOSEPH CABASSA
Appellant No. 739 EDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 13, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Northampton County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-48-CR-0002799-2013
BEFORE: OLSON, J., OTT, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.: FILED APRIL 11, 2016
Lucas Joseph Cabassa appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed
November 13, 2014, in the Court of Common Pleas of Northampton County,
following his conviction on charges of first-degree murder and possession of
a firearm by a minor.1 In a related matter, Cabassa pled guilty to a single
count of person not to possess firearms.2 He received an aggregate
sentence of 51 years to life incarceration. In this timely appeal, Cabassa
claims the trial court erred in excluding text messages from victim’s cell
phone and that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence.
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*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2502(a) and 6110.1(a), respectively.
2
18 Pa.C.S. § 6105(a)(1).
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Following a thorough review of the submissions by the parties, relevant law,
and the certified record, we conclude these issue are meritless. However,
we also note Cabassa received an illegal sentence on the charge of persons
not to possess firearms.3 Accordingly, we are required to vacate the
sentence and remand the matter for imposition of a new sentence.
The relevant facts underlying this appeal took place between the
afternoon of June 1, 2013 and the early morning hours of June 2, 2013. On
June 1, 2013, Cabassa and three of his friends were spending time together.
The day was spent drinking, smoking marijuana, taking Xanax pills, playing
video games, swimming in the Saucon Creek, and playing basketball. The
three friends were Jonathan “Big John” Martinez,4 Zach Ortiz, and Edwin
“Boobie” Rodriguez. During the day, Cabassa showed the others a .22
caliber revolver he had obtained. At approximately 2:30 a.m., June 2, 2013,
the four were standing around an electric junction box on Argus Circle,
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. A friend dropped off Jose Reyes, who was on his
way to his grandparents’ home on Argus Circle. The four invited Reyes to
join them and he did.
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3
At oral argument, the Commonwealth stated the sentence was illegal
regarding person not to possess a firearm. We appreciate the
Commonwealth’s candor.
4
Relevant to this appeal, “Big John” was so named because he is 6’ 6” tall
and weighs approximately 385 pounds.
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The original four all began making jokes at Reyes’s expense and Reyes
started to leave to go home to his grandparents’ house. However, “Big
John” called him back. As Reyes returned, “Boobie” sucker punched Reyes.
“Big John” then punched Reyes, knocking him to the ground. “Big John”
then began kicking Reyes. Cabassa then offered Reyes a hand to stand up,
but then sucker-punched Reyes, too. Reyes’s grandparents apparently
heard the commotion and came outside, causing the four to run away.
Rather than go inside, Reyes got a cigarette and smoked it outside. As he
did, the victim, Joseph Rodriguez,5 accompanied by some other men,6 came
by and started talking to Reyes, asking him what had happened. As
Rodriguez and the other men started to leave, they ran into “Big John” and
the others, who were returning to the scene. Rodriguez confronted “Big
John” about hitting Reyes and then sucker punched “Big John”. Rodriguez
was significantly smaller than “Big John”, standing approximately 5’ 8” tall
and weighing approximately 140 pounds.
“Big John” then began to beat Rodriguez, hitting him several times in
the face. While this was happening, Reyes began fighting with “Boobie.”
Cabassa was standing away from the fighting. After “Big John” hit Rodriguez
four or five times in the face, stunning him into standing with his hands
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5
Rodriquez knew Reyes’s father.
6
The actual number of people with Rodriguez was not established. The
number appears to have been at least two, but fewer than ten.
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lowered, Cabassa drew his revolver and fired a single shot at Rodriguez.
The bullet struck Rodriguez in the right temple, killing him. After the
shooting, Cabassa, Ortiz, “Big John” and “Boobie” fled. Cabassa, Ortiz and
Big John all ran to Ortiz’s house, where they spent the rest of the night.
The police arrived shortly after the shooting and found Rodriguez, still
alive, lying in the grass. He was transported to a local hospital, where he
died shortly thereafter. The police found a cellphone in his left front pocket.
The police eventually located a number of text messages stored in the
cellphone. Some of these messages were the subject of the preclusion order
at issue in this appeal.
Cabassa claimed both self-defense and defense of others at trial. He
testified he believed his friend “Big John” was in danger regarding his fight
with the victim. He also claimed he fired at Rodriguez in response to being
charged by two of Rodriguez’s cohorts.
Cabassa argues the trial court abused its discretion by excluding text
messages sent by the victim as irrelevant. Our standard of review regarding
the admission of evidence is well settled:
With regard to the admission of evidence, we give the trial court
broad discretion, and we will only reverse a trial court's decision
to admit or deny evidence on a showing that the trial court
clearly abused its discretion. An abuse of discretion is not merely
an error in judgment, but an overriding misapplication of the
law, or the exercise of judgment that is manifestly unreasonable,
or the result of bias, prejudice, ill-will or partiality, as shown by
the evidence of the record.
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Commonwealth v. Flamer, 53 A.3d 82, 86 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations
and quotation marks omitted).
We also recognize “that hearsay evidence concerning the victim’s state
of mind is admissible only where the victim’s state of mind is a “factor in
issue” at trial.” Commonwealth v. Luster, 71 A.3d 1029, 1041 (Pa. Super.
2013) (citation omitted). A victim’s “state of mind evidence is relevant
where an issue of self-defense, suicide, or accidental death is raised by the
defendant.” Commonwealth v. Moore, 937 A.2d 1062, 1070 (Pa. 2007)
(citation omitted).
As noted, the police found a cellphone on or under the victim when
they arrived on the scene shortly after the shooting. Many text messages
were found on the phone. Cabassa sought to introduce those messages as
evidence of Rodriguez’s intent to commit violence against “Big John” for
having beaten Reyes. Accordingly, this state of mind evidence was intended
to support Cabassa’s claim of self-defense/defense of others. A list of those
messages is referred to and is part of the reproduced record, but was never
formally made part of the certified record; therefore, we cannot consider the
list as a whole. However, the substance of several of the messages was
made part of the certified record during argument on their admissibility at
trial. Accordingly, the record is such that we are able to conduct a
meaningful review.
Five of the text messages sought to be introduced by trial counsel
were sent by Rodriguez to an unnamed person or people between the hours
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of 12:53 a.m. and 3:06 a.m. on the morning of June 2, 2013. However, the
evidence at trial indicated that Rodriguez did not know about Reyes’s
beating until sometime after 3:15 a.m. Accordingly, none of the five texts
were relevant.7
One of the text messages was from the relevant period, having been
sent at 3:30 a.m. That message read: “U knows who Big John from Five
Points is. He just jump my man’s son. I need to know where these niggas
at.” See N.T. Trial, 4/9/2104, at 357.8 This message conveys a clear
meaning that Rodriguez is looking for his cohorts and intends to confront
“Big John.” Cabassa purportedly sought to introduce the text messages to
show Rodriguez wanted to pick a fight. However, the message provided no
information that the jury did not already know. The jurors had been
presented with evidence that Rodriguez and some others arrived at the
scene and confronted “Big John.” Although the text was otherwise relevant,
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7
The five messages make reference to a fist fight between “Saby and Ricky”
with “Pitie”, as well as an apparently different problem with someone named
“Big Head Izzy.” In referring to “Big Head Izzy”, there was a mention that
Rodriquez needed “all the hammers”; “hammers” meaning guns. There is
no evidence of record that Rodriguez or any of his cohorts arrived in
possession of, nor used, any weapons. The only gun at the scene was the
gun Cabassa used to kill Rodriguez. Cabassa put forth no argument as to
how these messages related to him.
8
Assuming the time signature on the text message is correct, the police
were dispatched to the scene at 3:34 a.m. and arrived at the scene at 3:37
a.m., by which time Rodriguez had been fatally wounded.
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it was redundant.9 As such, any error in precluding this message was
harmless. See Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 20 (Pa. Super.
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9
Cabassa sought admission of the text messages to support his claim of
self-defense/defense of others. Although no one raised this argument, it is
not certain that Cabassa was legally entitled to that defense. In relevant
part, 18 Pa.C.S. § 506 states:
The use of force upon or toward the person of another is
justifiable to protect a third person when: (1) the actor would be
justified under section 505 (relating to use of force in self-
protection) in using such force to protect himself against the
injury he believes to be threatened to the person he seeks to
protect.
18 Pa.C.S. § 506.
Essentially, section 506 applies the rules of self-defense to the defense of
others. In relevant part, 18 Pa.C.S. § 505 states:
An actor who is not engaged in a criminal activity, who is not in
illegal possession of a firearm and who is attacked in any place
where the actor would have a duty to retreat under paragraph
(2)(ii) has no duty to retreat and has the right to stand his
ground and use force, including deadly force, if:
(iii) the person against whom the force is used displays or
otherwise uses:
(A) a firearm or replica of a firearm; or
(B) any other weapon readily or apparently capable of
lethal use.
18 Pa.C.S. 505 (2.3)(iii)(A)-(B).
Applying those requirements to the defense of others, Cabassa was a minor
in possession of a firearm, meaning Cabassa was in possession of an illegal
firearm, and Rodriquez never displayed or otherwise used a firearm or any
other purportedly lethal weapon. Because Cabassa was not allowed to
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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2014) (harmless error exists where defendant suffers no or de minimis
prejudice).
Based on the above, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial court in
excluding the text messages sent from Rodriguez’s phone.
Next Cabassa argues the verdict was against the weight of the
evidence. Our scope and standard of review are well settled:
A motion for a new trial based on a claim that the verdict is
against the weight of the evidence is addressed to the discretion
of the trial court. Commonwealth v. Widmer, 560 Pa. 308,
319, 744 A.2d 745, 751-51 (2000); Commonwealth v. Brown,
538 Pa. 410, 435, 648 A.2d 1177, 1189 (1994). A new trial
should not be granted because of a mere conflict in the
testimony or because the judge on the same facts would have
arrived at a different conclusion. Widmer, 560 Pa. at 319-20,
744 A.2d at 752. Rather, “the role of the trial judge is to
determine that ‘notwithstanding all the facts, certain facts are so
clearly of greater weight that to ignore them or to give them
equal weight with all the facts is to deny justice.’ ” Id. at 320,
744 A.2d at 752 (citation omitted). It has often been stated that
“a new trial should be awarded when the jury's verdict is so
contrary to the evidence as to shock one's sense of justice and
the award of a new trial is imperative so that right may be given
another opportunity to prevail.” Brown, 538 Pa. at 435, 648
A.2d at 1189.
An appellate court's standard of review when presented with a
weight of the evidence claim is distinct from the standard of
review applied by the trial court:
Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the
exercise of discretion, not of the underlying question of
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
defend himself with an illegal firearm, nor use lethal force against a person
who did not visibly possess a lethal weapon, it appears he was not entitled
to so defend “Big John.”
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whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence.
Brown, 648 A.2d at 1189. Because the trial judge has had
the opportunity to hear and see the evidence presented,
an appellate court will give the gravest consideration to the
findings and reasons advanced by the trial judge when
reviewing a trial court's determination that the verdict is
against the weight of the evidence. Commonwealth v.
Farquharson, 467 Pa. 50, 354 A.2d 545 (Pa. 1976). One
of the least assailable reasons for granting or denying a
new trial is the lower court's conviction that the verdict
was or was not against the weight of the evidence and that
a new trial should be granted in the interest of justice.
Widmer, 560 Pa. at 321-22, 744 A.2d at 753 (emphasis added).
This does not mean that the exercise of discretion by the trial
court in granting or denying a motion for a new trial based on a
challenge to the weight of the evidence is unfettered. In
describing the limits of a trial court's discretion, we have
explained:
The term “discretion” imports the exercise of judgment,
wisdom and skill so as to reach a dispassionate conclusion
within the framework of the law, and is not exercised for
the purpose of giving effect to the will of the judge.
Discretion must be exercised on the foundation of reason,
as opposed to prejudice, personal motivations, caprice or
arbitrary actions. Discretion is abused where the course
pursued represents not merely an error of judgment, but
where the judgment is manifestly unreasonable or where
the law is not applied or where the record shows that the
action is a result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will.
Widmer, 560 Pa. at 322, 744 A.2d at 753 (quoting Coker v.
S.M. Flickinger Co., 533 Pa. 441, 447, 625 A.2d 1181, 1185-85
(1993)).
Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1054-55 (Pa. 2013) (emphasis in
original).
In denying Cabassa’s post-sentence motion on this issue, the trial
court stated:
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In the instant case, [Cabassa] relies upon his characterization of
the evidence, that he was a scared young juvenile “confronted
with a gang of adults”[10] at the time of the murder, who did not
have the specific intent to kill Joseph Rodriguez. The Court
having already determined that the evidence of record was
sufficient to the jury’s finding of specific intent, it likewise finds
that the jury’s verdict was not against the weight of the
evidence. In light of the evidence that [Cabassa] shot and killed
the victim from a distance of at least twenty feet at a time when
the victim was engaging in a losing fight with a third party, the
jury’s verdict does not shock the conscience.
Trial Court Opinion, 2/19/2015, at 6.
Our review of the certified record reveals no abuse of discretion in
denying Cabassa’s claim that the verdict was against the weight of the
evidence.
Although Cabassa is not entitled to relief on either of the issues he
raised before this Court, we note that he was illegally sentenced regarding
his conviction of persons not to possess firearms, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6105(a)(1).
“[L]egality of sentence questions are not waivable and may be raised sua
sponte by this Court.” Commonwealth v. Mosley, 114 A.3d 1072, 1087
(Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted).
Generally, a violation of section 6105(a)(1) is classified as a first-
degree misdemeanor. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 6119. However, Cabassa was
charged with, convicted of and sentenced to violating 18 Pa.C.S. §
6105(a)(1) as a second-degree felony pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. §
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10
See Cabassa’s Brief in Support of Post-Sentence Motions, 2/11/2015, at
7.
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6105(a.1)(a), which enhances the grade of the crime from a first-degree
misdemeanor to second-degree felony if the person convicted had a prior
conviction for certain enumerated felonies, including burglary. It is
undisputed that Cabassa had a prior adjudication for burglary. Accordingly,
Cabassa was sentenced to 4-8 years’ incarceration on this charge.11
While this appeal was pending, our Supreme Court issued its decision
in Commonwealth v. Hale, 128 A.3d 781 (Pa. 2015), that determined that
for purposes of section 6105(a.1)(a), a juvenile adjudication is not the
equivalent of a conviction. Accordingly, the enhancement found at section
6105(a.1)(1) cannot apply to prior juvenile adjudications. Cabassa is
subject to punishment for violating section 6105(a)(1) as a first-degree
misdemeanor. Because he was sentenced consecutively for all his
convictions, we believe vacating the sentence for section 6105(a)(1) upsets
the trial court’s sentencing scheme. “[W]here this Court vacates a
conviction in a multiple count appeal, and vacating the conviction upsets the
trial court's overall sentencing scheme, this Court must remand for re-
sentencing because sentencing lies within the sole discretion of the trial
court.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 26 A.3d 485, 510 (Pa. Super. 2011)
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11
Cabassa was also sentenced to 46 years to life for first-degree homicide
and 1-2 years’ incarceration for minor in possession of a firearm. All three
sentences were consecutive to produce the aggregate 51 years-life sentence
Cabassa received.
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(citation omitted). Therefore, we vacate the entire judgment of sentence and
remand this matter resentencing on all counts.12
In sum, we conclude the issues raised on appeal warrant no relief.
However, because, in light of Hale, supra, the sentence imposed on the
charge of persons not to possess firearms is illegal, we vacate the judgment
of sentence and remand for resentencing.
Judgment of sentence vacated. This matter is remanded for
resentencing consistent with this decision. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/11/2016
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12
By vacating the entire sentence, we do not mean to suggest that the trial
court should amend the sentences imposed for homicide and minor not to
possess a firearm. We are simply returning this matter to its original
sentencing posture. However, we do note an important typographical error
on the Court Commitment Form (DC-300B (Part 1)), docket entry number
67. This form indicates Cabassa was sentenced to a term of 5552 months to
life incarceration for first-degree murder. 5552 months is more than 460
years. The correct figure for the sentence announced is 552 months. As the
sentence has been vacated, we trust, whatever the new sentence may be,
the correct figure will be transcribed.
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