The opinion
Reliable Contracting Company, Inc. v. Maryland Underground Facilities
Damage Prevention Authority
No. 47, September Term 2015
Constitutional Law – Administrative Agencies – Quasi-Judicial Powers –
Public Utilities. The Maryland Underground Facilities Damage Prevention
Authority is an administrative agency in the executive branch of State government
and its exercise of quasi-judicial powers is subject to judicial review. Accordingly, its
exercise of those powers is consistent with the Maryland Constitution and it must
assess civil monetary penalties in accordance with statutory criteria. Maryland Code,
Public Utilities Article, §12-101 et seq.; State Government Article, §10-1001.
Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County
Case No. 02-C-13-182390AA
Argued: January 8, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
NO. 47
September Term, 2015
RELIABLE CONTRACTING
COMPANY, INC.
v.
MARYLAND UNDERGROUND
FACILITIES DAMAGE
PREVENTION AUTHORITY
Barbera, CJ
Battaglia
Greene
Adkins
McDonald
Watts
Rodowsky, Lawrence F.
(Retired, Specially
Assigned),
JJ.
Opinion by McDonald, J.
Filed: March 28, 2016
Underground infrastructure, such as the cables and pipes that distribute
water, gas, electricity, and other substances essential to modern life, is susceptible to
damage during excavations. To prevent such incidents, State law has established a
“one-call system,” sometimes referred to as “Miss Utility.” Maryland Code, Public
Utilities Article (“PU”), §12-101 et seq. Under that law, advance notice must be given
to the one-call system of certain types of excavation so that the location of nearby
pipes, cables, and related structures can be identified and marked. Those who fail to
do so and damage underground pipes or cables are subject to civil penalties assessed
by Respondent Maryland Underground Damage Prevention Authority (“the
Authority”).
This case arose when the Authority cited Petitioner Reliable Contracting
Company, Inc., (“Reliable Contracting”) for violating the statute and imposed a civil
monetary penalty. Reliable Contracting challenges the constitutionality of the
statutory provisions that empower the Authority to adjudicate violations and assess
penalties. It argues that the statutory scheme violates the separation of powers set
forth in the Maryland Constitution because it vests judicial power in a non-judicial
body – the Authority. Reliable Contracting also contends that the statute fails to
provide adequate guidance to the Authority for the assessment of penalties, which
would also render it unconstitutional under a prior decision of this Court.
We hold that the statutes that govern the Authority suffer from neither
constitutional defect. Like many other administrative agencies, the Authority’s
quasi-judicial powers are limited and subject to judicial review. It is true that the
statute authorizing the Authority to impose civil penalties does not itself specify the
criteria for the Authority to consider in setting the amount of a civil monetary
penalty. However, the General Assembly has enacted a general statute providing
criteria for assessment of civil penalties by State administrative agencies when no
other statute or regulation does so. Although the Authority itself questions whether
that statute applies to it, we agree with the Court of Special Appeals that it does.
I
Background
A. Statutory Framework
One-Call System to Protect Underground Facilities
In the modern world, electricity, gas, oil, water, sewage, and other substances
are transmitted underground via pipes, cables, and accessories that are subsumed
under the generic statutory phrase “underground facilities.”1 Damage or dislocation
1 See PU §12-101(o). That provision defines “underground facility” to mean:
(1)…personal property that is buried or submerged for:
(i) use in connection with the storage or
conveyance of water, sewage, oil, gas, or other substances;
or
(ii) transmission or conveyance of
electronic, telephonic, or telegraphic communications or
electricity.
(2) “Underground facility” includes pipes, sewers,
conduits, cables, valves, lines, wires, manholes,
attachments, and those portions of poles below ground.
2
of underground facilities can result in death or injury to individuals, damage to
property, and the loss of essential public services.2 To protect underground facilities,
the General Assembly has enacted a comprehensive statutory scheme for regulating
excavation or demolition that could damage them. PU §12-101 et seq. The statute
applies to all excavation or demolition unless the “excavation or demolition is
performed or to be performed: (1) entirely on the land on which the private residence
of the owner or lessee is located; and (2) without the use of machinery.” PU §12-103.
The statute creates a one-call system, colloquially known as “Miss Utility,”
which notifies owners of underground facilities of a planned demolition or excavation
that may affect those facilities. PU §12-101(i) (definition of “one-call system”).
Anyone who intends to perform a covered excavation or demolition must notify the
one-call system in advance. PU §12-124(a). After notifying the one-call system, “[a]
person may begin excavation or demolition only after the person receives notification
from the underground facilities information exchange system of the one-call system
confirming that all applicable owner-members have” marked any facilities or parts of
facilities they have in the vicinity of the excavation or demolition. PU §12-127(a). “If
a person knows or has reason to know that an underground facility in the area of a
planned or ongoing excavation or demolition is not marked as required by this
(3) “Underground facility” does not include a
stormwater drain.
2 PU §12-102.
3
subtitle, the person may not begin or continue the excavation or demolition unless
the person” takes certain precautions not relevant here. PU §12-127(e).3
The Authority
The statute creates the Authority to carry out certain enforcement and public
education facets of the one-call system. The Authority consists of nine members
appointed by the Governor from lists submitted by organizations representing
various types of stakeholders. PU §12-107.4 The members serve staggered two-year
3 The statute also apportions liability for damages caused to underground
facilities based in part on whether the owner of the facility and the excavator have
complied with the statute. PU §12-120.
4 The statute provides:
The nine members shall be appointed as follows:
(1) one member from a list submitted to the
Governor by the Associated Utility Contractors of Maryland;
(2) one member from a list submitted to the
Governor by the Public Works Contractors Association of
Maryland;
(3) two underground facility owners that are
members of a one-call system from a list submitted to the
Governor by the Maryland members of the Maryland/DC
Subscribers Committee;
(4) one member from a list submitted to the
Governor by the one-call centers operating in the State;
(5) one member who represents the State’s
underground utility locator community from a list submitted
to the Governor by the Maryland members of the Maryland/
DC Damage Prevention Committee;
4
terms. “On the recommendation of the Authority, the Governor may remove a
member for incompetence or misconduct.” PU §12-107(e).
In carrying out its functions under the statute, the Authority is authorized to
conduct hearings, at which testimony is to be given under oath and recorded. PU
§12-113(a). The statute authorizes the Authority to issue subpoenas in conjunction
with its hearings and its members may administer the oath to witnesses. PU §12-
113(b)-(c). The Authority’s decisions are to be made in writing and are subject to
judicial review in accordance with the State Administrative Procedure Act. PU §12-
113(d)-(e).
To the extent that the Authority requires funding to carry out its
responsibilities, the General Assembly has directed the Authority not to look to
appropriations in the State budget, but rather to obtains funds from “(1) a federal or
State grant; (2) filing fees and administrative fees for complaints heard by the
Authority ... ; and (3) any other source.” PU §12-111(a); see also PU §12-106.
(6) one member who has experience in the field of
underground utilities from a list submitted to the Governor
by the Maryland Association of Counties;
(7) one member who has experience in the field of
underground utilities from a list submitted to the Governor
by the Maryland Municipal League; and
(8) one member of the general public from a list
submitted to the Governor by the other appointed and
qualified members of the Authority.
PU §12-107(b).
5
Enforcement of the One-Call System by the Authority
The Authority is charged with enforcing compliance with the notice provisions
of the one-call system. It conducts hearings on complaints of violations, may assess
a civil penalty when a violation is found, and may also enter into settlements in lieu
of assessing a civil penalty. PU §12-112(a). For performing “an excavation or
demolition without first providing the [required] notice ... and damag[ing],
dislocat[ing], or disturb[ing] an underground facility,” the Authority may assess a
penalty of up to $2,000 for a first offense and up to $4,000 for each subsequent offense.
PU §12-135(a)(1).5 Other violations of the one-call system are subject to a civil
penalty of up to $2,000. PU §12-135(a)(3). The Authority may also require a violator
to participate in special training or adopt certain procedures to mitigate damage, in
addition to or in lieu of a monetary penalty. PU §12-135(a)(2). As noted above, the
Authority’s decisions are subject to judicial review. PU §12-113(e).
In addition to its enforcement function, the Authority also administers a
special, non-lapsing fund devoted to public education and the development of safety
procedures. PU §12-117.6
5 The statute provides for an alternative enforcement mechanism when a
proceeding has not been initiated with the Authority. The Attorney General or the
owner of a damaged facility may bring an action in court asking the court to assess a
civil monetary penalty against the violator. PU §12-135(b). In addition, an owner or
the Attorney General may seek a writ of mandamus or injunctive relief when an
excavation or demolition threatens to damage a facility. PU §12-134.
6As with many other special funds, moneys in this fund, known by the
acronym-resistant name Maryland Underground Facilities Damage Prevention
6
B. Facts and Procedural History
In February 2013, a local utility notified the Authority that Reliable
Contracting had violated the statute by undertaking an excavation without using the
one-call system and, as a result, had damaged the utility’s facilities. On April 16,
2013, after an investigation, the Authority notified Reliable Contracting that it would
assess a civil monetary penalty of $2,000 for a violation of PU §12-124(a) (excavating
without notifying the one-call system) and a penalty of $1,000 for a violation of PU
§12-127(e) (excavating with knowledge of an underground facility and without
following proper procedures). The Authority indicated that the $1,000 penalty would
be waived if Reliable Contracting completed damage prevention training offered by
the Maryland Damage Prevention Committee. The notice stated that Reliable
Contracting had the right to a formal hearing before the Authority.
Reliable Contracting requested a hearing. At the hearing in September 2013,
it did not contest any of the Authority’s findings; instead, it challenged the
constitutionality of the Authority’s enabling statute. Specifically, Reliable
Contracting asserted that, in permitting the Authority to adjudicate violations and
assess civil penalties, the statute conferred judicial power on a non-judicial body and
thereby violated the separation of powers required by the State Constitution.
Reliable Contracting also asserted that the statute failed to provide adequate
guidance to the Authority for assessment of such penalties. On September 16, 2013,
Education and Outreach Fund, do not revert to the General Fund at the end of the
fiscal year. PU §12-117(d).
7
the Authority issued a written decision that confirmed its earlier finding of violations
and imposition of penalties, and that notified Reliable Contracting of its right to seek
judicial review. The Authority did not explicitly address Reliable Contracting’s
constitutional arguments.
Reliable Contracting petitioned for judicial review in the Circuit Court for
Anne Arundel County, reiterating the constitutional argument it had made to the
Authority. On June 9, 2014, the Circuit Court issued a memorandum opinion and
order rejecting those arguments and upholding the Authority’s decision.7 The Circuit
Court held that the Legislature could confer quasi-judicial adjudicatory powers on an
entity outside the judiciary so long as there was an opportunity for judicial review by
a court, and observed that the Authority’s statute allowed for such review. The
Circuit Court also held that the grant of discretion to the Authority to assess civil
monetary penalties without detailed guidance was acceptable because the Authority
regulated in the area of public health and safety.
Reliable Contracting then appealed its constitutional claims to the Court of
Special Appeals, which affirmed the Circuit Court. 222 Md. App. 683, 114 A.3d 303
(2015). The intermediate appellate court agreed with the Circuit Court that, “because
the court has the opportunity to review the Authority's decision and render a final
7 In addition to its constitutional argument, Reliable Contracting had also
asserted in the Circuit Court that the Authority, in assessing the second penalty in
the amount of $1,000, had exceeded its statutory authority. The Circuit Court
rejected that contention. Reliable Contracting has not pursued that argument and
we do not address it.
8
decision, the delegation of quasi-judicial adjudicatory power to the Authority is not
unconstitutional.” 222 Md. App. at 697. However, in contrast to the Circuit Court,
the Court of Special Appeals did not decide whether “the statute's limitation on the
circumstances in which the Authority has discretion to impose a civil penalty, along
with the availability of judicial review of the Authority's decisions, would lead to the
conclusion that the discretion given to the Authority is constitutional.” Id. at 700.
Instead, the Court of Special Appeals held that Maryland Code, State Government
Article (“SG”), §10-10018 provided the necessary standards to guide the Authority’s
exercise of discretion. Id. at 700-2.9
8 SG §10-1001 reads as follows:
(a) In this section, “unit” means an officer or
other entity in the Executive Branch.
(b) Unless otherwise provided by statute or
regulation, a unit of State government authorized by law
to impose a civil penalty up to a specific dollar amount for
violation of any statute or regulation shall consider the
following in setting the amount of the penalty:
(1) the severity of the violation for which
the penalty is to be assessed;
(2) the good faith of the violator; and
(3) any history of prior violations.
9 One member of the appellate panel would have rested the decision on the
same ground as the Circuit Court and not addressed the applicability of SG §10-1001
as the parties had not had an opportunity to brief the application of that statute to
the Authority. 222 Md. App. at 702-3 (concurring opinion of Judge Arthur). In their
briefs to us, the parties have now had the opportunity to address the application of
SG §10-1001.
9
II
Discussion
The material facts in this case are undisputed and the only issues concern the
alleged constitutional defects in the Authority’s enabling statute. Accordingly, we
consider the merits of the lower courts’ resolution of those issues without deference.
See Schisler v. State, 394 Md. 519, 535, 907 A.2d 175 (2006). We consider first the
contention that the Authority’s statute violates separation of powers in delegating
judicial power to a non-judicial body. Second, we consider the argument that the
statute fails to provide adequate guidance for the imposition of civil penalties.
A. Whether the Authority’s Enabling Act is Unconstitutional
Article IV, §1, of the Maryland Constitution provides, in pertinent part, “The
Judicial power of this State is vested in a Court of Appeals, such intermediate courts
of appeal as the General Assembly may create by law, Circuit Courts, Orphans’
Courts, and a District Court.” This is the Judicial Vesting Clause of the Maryland
Constitution, analogous to Article III, Section 1, of the federal Constitution. Article
8 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights states “That the Legislative, Executive and
Judicial powers of Government ought to be forever separate and distinct from each
other; and no person exercising the functions of one of said Departments shall assume
or discharge the duties of any other.” This is the Separation of Powers clause – an
10
explicit statement of the principle of separation of powers that is only implicit in the
federal Constitution.10
The Judicial Vesting Clause, together with the Separation of Powers Clause,
“forbids any power in the Legislature to clothe administrative boards with any
judicial authority.” Dal Maso v. Board of County Commissioners, 182 Md. 200, 34
A.2d 464 (1943). However, administrative bodies may exercise quasi-judicial
authority, which essentially consists of deciding questions of fact and law subject to
judicial review. Heaps v. Cobb, 185 Md. 372, 378-79, 45 A.2d 73 (1945). “[T]he
existence of [separation of powers] does not itself inhibit the delegation to an
administrative agency of a blend of executive or legislative powers with powers
judicial in nature; the determining factor is not so much the specific powers granted
to the administrative agency, but rather the relationship of the courts to the exercise
of that power.” County Council for Montgomery County v. Investors Funding Corp.,
270 Md. 403, 436, 312 A.2d 225 (1973). The availability of judicial review is key
because “the dangers inherent in government by administrative bodies lie[s] not in
the blending of powers in a single body but in permitting that body’s power to be
10 Reliable Contracting also cites Article 24 of the Maryland Declaration of
Rights, which guarantees due process. It refers to that provision in conjunction with
the Investors Funding case, described in some detail later in the text of this opinion.
However, in assessing the due process claim in Investors Funding, the Court
considered the adequacy of the procedural due process afforded by the county
ordinance at issue in that case and whether it was void as an arbitrary, capricious,
and unreasonable exercise of the police power. County Council for Montgomery
County v. Investors Funding Corp., 270 Md. 403, 443-46, 312 A.2d 225 (1973). No
analogous contention is made here.
11
beyond check or review.” Insurance Commissioner v. National Bureau of Casualty
Underwriters, 248 Md. 292, 299, 236 A.2d 282 (1967).
The parties agree that the Investors Funding case provides a useful point of
comparison. That case concerned Chapter 93A of the Montgomery County Code,
entitled “Fair Landlord-Tenant Relations,” which created a Commission on Landlord-
Tenant Affairs (“Commission”) that had the authority to enforce the provisions of
Chapter 93A through any appropriate means, including powers:
(1) to impose a civil penalty not exceeding $1,000;
(2) to award money damages not exceeding $1,000;
(3) to award payments for temporary substitute housing;
(4) to terminate leases;
(5) to order repairs;
(6) to order the return of security deposits and rental monies paid.
Investors Funding, 270 Md. at 426-27. A number of landlords in the County,
including Investors Funding Corporation, sought a declaratory judgment that the
ordinance was unconstitutional. The landlords alleged that Chapter 93A “vest[ed] in
an administrative body judicial powers reserved exclusively to the courts by Article
IV, §1 of the Maryland Constitution.” Id. Because prior cases had allowed for an
administrative agency to adjudicate cases as long as the courts had the power to
review the agency’s decisions, the landlords suggested five additional considerations
that might serve as indicia of judicial power: “(1) the power to make a final rather
than an initial determination; (2) the power to make binding judgments; (3) the power
12
to affect the personal or property rights of private persons; (4) the exercise of power
formerly held by a court; and (5) the fashioning of remedies which are judicial in
nature.” Id. at 436.
This Court responded to those arguments as follows: (1) the Commission had
no power to make a final determination because its decisions were subject to judicial
review; (2) the Commission had no power to make binding judgments because
litigants must go to court to enforce compliance with the Commission’s orders; (3) the
power to affect the personal or property rights of private persons was delegated based
on a legislative finding of public interest in landlord-tenant relations; (4) the exercise
of power formerly held by a court was not dispositive; and (5) the Commission’s power
to fashion remedies was incidental to its regulatory powers. Id. at 437-41.
The Court’s analysis of these five points in Investors Funding underscores the
core rule arising out of the Court’s prior cases: an administrative agency, as part of
its administrative functions, may decide cases within the area delegated to it by the
legislature as long as its decisions are subject to judicial review. See Maryland
Aggregates Ass’n v. State, 337 Md. 658, 675-79, 655 A.2d 886 (1995). Hence, in this
case, the Authority’s ability to hold hearings and impose monetary penalties is not
an unconstitutional vesting of judicial power in a non-judicial body. The Authority
may decide individual cases, but its decisions are subject to judicial review. PU §12-
113(e). Its power is not judicial, but quasi-judicial, and delegation of quasi-judicial
power to an agency does not violate Article IV, §1 of the Maryland Constitution or
Article 8 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights.
13
.
Reliable Contracting argues that the Authority’s power is wholly judicial
rather than quasi-judicial, even though the Authority’s decisions are subject to
judicial review, because the Authority does nothing but issue and decide citations.
That is, the Authority’s power to fashion remedies is not incidental to its regulatory
powers, because it has no other regulatory functions.11 It merely decides cases.
This contention is not entirely accurate. The legislative history of the
Authority’s enabling statute indicates that it was created to serve certain educational
functions as well. Although the statutory one-call system has existed since 1974,12
the Authority was not established until 2010. Chapter 635, Laws of Maryland 2010.
That 2010 amendment was intended to satisfy standards for federal grants set forth
in the Pipeline Inspection, Protection, Enforcement, and Safety Act of 2006, 49
U.S.C. §60134, which required “public education” efforts as well as enforcement
through civil penalties by a state authority. See Revised Fiscal and Policy Note to
Senate Bill 911 (April 8, 2010); Bill Review Letter of Attorney General Douglas F.
11 In a related argument, Reliable Contracting “takes issue with having to
submit to the plenary jurisdiction of an administrative body with which it has no
relationship[,]” such as a permit or license. However, there is no requirement that a
quasi-judicial administrative body issue licenses or permits in order to carry out the
duties assigned to it by the Legislature. The Authority regulates excavations and
demolitions as provided in the statute. Reliable Contracting performed an excavation
or demolition subject to the statute that the Authority enforces. To be called to
account by an administrative agency, an entity need have no more “relationship” with
an agency than that the entity allegedly violated the statute that the agency enforces.
12 See Chapter 863, Laws of Maryland 1974.
14
Gansler to Governor Martin O’Malley concerning Senate Bill 911 (May 12, 2010). In
that regard, the Authority administers a special fund devoted to public education and
outreach and it is authorized to allow a violator to mitigate a penalty by participating
in special training, adopting safety procedures, and carrying out similar measures
devised by the Authority.
Even if Reliable Contracting’s description of the Authority’s function were
accurate, the Authority’s power would still be quasi-judicial. The essence of quasi-
judicial power is not that it is accompanied by other powers; it is that it is limited and
initial, rather than plenary and ultimate in its sphere. The Maryland judiciary has
general jurisdiction, and its final decisions are final; it may decide all cases of State
law, and no other adjudicative body may reverse its judgments on the basis of State
law. By contrast, the Authority’s jurisdiction is sharply limited by statute, and its
decisions are subject to affirmation or reversal by the courts. Thus, the Authority has
quasi-judicial, rather than judicial, power, and the delegation of quasi-judicial
authority does not violate Article IV, §1 of the Maryland Constitution or Article 8 of
the Maryland Declaration of Rights.
B. Whether There are Guidelines for Exercise of the Authority’s Discretion
Because agencies with quasi-judicial authority must be subject to judicial
review, the Investors Funding decision held that an agency with the power to impose
a civil penalty up to a specified amount must be given guidelines for determining the
15
penalty. Without such guidelines, there is no way for a reviewing court to determine
whether the agency assessed a proper penalty. Investors Funding, 270 Md. at 441.13
Reliable Contracting contends that the statute creating the Authority has no
such guidelines.14 The Authority responds that there are detailed provisions
specifying the circumstances when a penalty may be assessed, which is accurate but
beside the point. The question in this case is not whether the statute provides
adequate notice of the conduct that might subject an entity to a penalty, but whether
the statute provides adequate guidance to the Authority and a reviewing court in
order for the court to review the Authority’s assessment of that penalty.
1. SG §10-1001
As noted above, the Court of Special Appeals held that the necessary guidelines
are to be found in SG §10-1001, which instructs an administrative agency to consider
(1) the seriousness of the violation, (2) the intent (“good faith”) of the violators, and
(3) any past history of violations. There is obviously little to quarrel with in these
common sense criteria and SG §10-1001 would thus appear to put the issue to rest.
But, by its terms, SG §10-1001 applies only to an officer or entity in the executive
branch of State government and the Authority appears to be reluctant to embrace
13 At least one commentator has suggested that subsequent decisions have
diluted this aspect of the Investors Funding decision. See A. Rochvarg, Principles and
Practice of Maryland Administrative Law (2011) at 212-14.
14Reliable has not argued that the Authority’s determination of liability is
unreviewable, as opposed to its assessment of the appropriate penalty.
16
State agency status. Reliable Contracting is, of course, happy to agree that the
statute does not apply to the Authority. Further analysis is therefore necessary.
2. Factors that Determine Whether an Entity is a State Agency
To decide whether the Authority’s discretion is guided by SG §10-1001 we must
determine whether it is a State agency for the purposes of that statute.15 This Court
has noted that “there is no single test for determining whether a statutorily-
established entity is an agency or instrumentality of the State for a particular
purpose. All aspects of the interrelationship between the State and the statutorily-
established entity must be examined in order to determine its status.” A.S. Abell
Pub. Co. v. Mezzanote, 297 Md. 26, 35, 464 A.2d 1068 (1983); see also Central
Collection Unit v. DLD Associates LP, 112 Md. App. 502, 505-9, 685 A.2d 873 (1996).
A few examples are instructive. In Moberly v. Herboldsheimer, 276 Md. 211,
345 A.2d 855 (1977), this Court considered whether the Board of Governors of the
Memorial Hospital of Cumberland (“Hospital”), was a private corporation or an
agency of the City of Cumberland within the scope of the Public Information Act. The
Court concluded that the Hospital was a City agency because: as a medical facility,
the Hospital served a public purpose; two City officials, the Mayor and the President
of the Board of Commissioners of Allegany County, served ex officio on the seven-
member Board of Governors for the Hospital; and the Hospital was, by statute,
15We need not decide whether the Authority is a State agency for any other
purpose. Cf. Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission v. Phillips, 413 Md. 606,
632, 994 A.2d 411 (2010) (“[A]n entity may qualify as a State agency for some
purposes, while being classified as a local agency for other purposes.”).
17
exempt from tort liability for the negligent operation of the Hospital. 276 Md. at 223-
25.
In Mezzanote, this Court considered whether the Maryland Insurance
Guaranty Association (“MIGA”) was an agency or instrumentality of the State, also
for purposes of the Public Information Act. The Court concluded that MIGA was a
State agency because: it served a public purpose, namely “protect[ing] claimants,
policyholders, and ... the public, by preventing member insurer insolvency and paying
claimants on covered claims against an insolvent member insurer”; a public official,
the State Insurance Commissioner, appointed the Board of Directors; the acts of the
Board of Directors were generally subject to the State Insurance Commissioner’s
amendment and approval; and, by statute, it was exempt from State and local taxes
other than property taxes, and from liability for actions taken in the performance of
its duties. Mezzanote, 297 Md. at 37-39.
A statement in enabling legislation that disclaims an entity’s connection to
State government is not conclusive as to whether it is an agency or instrumentality
of the State for certain purposes. For example, in Napata v. Univ. of Maryland Med.
Sys. Corp., 417 Md. 724, 12 A.3d 144 (2011) a statute stated that the University of
Maryland Medical System (“UMMS”) was not “a State agency, political subdivision,
public body, public corporation, or municipal corporation.” Maryland Code,
Education Article (“ED”), §13-303(a)(2); see also ED §13-302(5)-(7). Nonetheless,
applying the criteria developed in the cases described above and others, this Court
18
held that the UMMS was “an instrumentality of the State” for purposes of the PIA
rather than a private corporation. 417 Md. at 736-37.
Similarly, in Central Collection Unit v. DLD Associates LP, supra, the Court of
Special Appeals considered whether the Injured Workers’ Insurance Fund (“IWIF”)
was a State entity for purposes of sovereign immunity even though IWIF’s enabling
legislation stated that it was “independent of all State units.”16 After considering
“the entire relationship between IWIF and the State,” including many of the factors
considered in Mezzanotte, the court concluded that IWIF was properly characterized
as a State agency or instrumentality. The intermediate appellate court noted that
IWIF had been established by the Legislature, that the members of its governing
board were appointed by the Governor, and that various other obligations were
imposed on it by statute. Notably, although it was required to submit copies of its
budget to the Legislature “for informational purposes,” it was not funded by
appropriations in the State budget. Also, IWIF’s existence could be ended by the
Legislature. Although various other statutory provisions granted IWIF “self-control”
– e.g., it was exempt from State personnel laws – the court concluded that the “entire
relationship” between IWIF and the State indicated that it was a State agency for
purposes of sovereign immunity.
16The law relating to IWIF has been substantially amended with the creation
of the Chesapeake Employers’ Insurance Company in 2012. See Maryland Code,
Labor and Employment Article, §10-101 et seq.; Insurance Article, §24-301 et seq.
19
These cases indicate that some of the relevant factors include: the purpose of
the entity (public or private); the degree of control exercised by the government over
the membership and decision-making of the entity; and any special immunities from
tax or tort liability granted the entity. Neither a disclaimer of agency status nor
funding outside the budget process necessarily precludes status as a State agency or
instrumentality. The goal of the analysis is to examine the relationship between the
State and the entity, so these factors are not necessarily exhaustive.
3. Application to the Authority
Public Purpose
Here, the Authority was created by statute to serve a public purpose, namely
maintaining public safety in underground facilities. To carry out that purpose, the
Authority exercises governmental powers – e.g., it issues subpoenas, conducts
contested case hearings, imposes civil penalties, requires individuals and entities to
undergo training and adopt safety measures, and oversees a special fund established
by law. Its decisions in contested cases are reviewable in the same manner as those
of most other administrative agencies in the executive branch.17 The Authority’s
officials and employees are designated as “State personnel.” SG §12-101(a)(2)(xiii).
This factor alone is a strong indication that the Authority is a government agency, in
17 As noted above, under PU §12-113(e), the decisions of the Authority are
reviewed under the State Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). The contested case
provisions of the APA, including those concerning judicial review, apply to executive
branch agencies (though some executive branch agencies are exempted) and explicitly
not to agencies of the legislative or judicial branches. See SG §10-203.
20
part because it suggests that the General Assembly actually intended the Authority
to be part of the government.
State Control
It is argued that the Authority is not subject to the control of other State
officials or entities. In the first place, it is worth noting that the State need not
exercise complete control over the Authority in order that the Authority be a State
agency. See Mezzanote, 297 Md. at 37. Hence, even if the State does not exercise
complete control over the Authority at every moment and in every respect, that is not
dispositive. The State still oversees the Authority and retains essential control over
major actions of the Authority, because the Governor appoints and removes members
of the Authority, the Authority’s decisions are subject to judicial review, and the
Authority’s existence depends on the Legislature.
There is no question that the Authority is a somewhat unusual entity. For
example, it is at least somewhat financially independent. It is the expressly declared
intent of the General Assembly that the Authority “not be funded by appropriations
from the State budget.” PU §12-106(b). But this does not mean that the Authority
will never receive funding from the State. The Fiscal and Policy Note to the bill
creating the Authority acknowledged that appropriated funds might be used in some
circumstances to support the Authority. See Revised Fiscal and Policy Note for
Senate Bill 911 (April 8, 2010) at 7 (“To the extent other sources are not sufficient to
cover administrative expenses, it is assumed general funds would be required.”).
21
Thus, although the Authority ordinarily is financially independent of the State, it
may receive State funding under some circumstances.
Moreover, even if the Authority were completely financially independent, there
can be independently funded government agencies. As noted above, IWIF was not
funded through the State budget. The hospital in Moberly was effectively financially
independent: if the Hospital ran a budget deficit in a year, the City of Cumberland
was empowered, but not required, to cover the gap. See Moberly, 276 Md. at 224.
For another example of the Authority’s unusual nature, the Governor appoints
and removes members of the Authority, but the Governor’s discretion is constrained.
Appointment must be from lists submitted by stakeholders. PU §12-107(b). Removal
is for cause and “[o]n the recommendation of the Authority[.]” PU §12-107(e).
Appointment by the Governor from a list or nomination originating with
another entity is not unprecedented. See, e.g., Maryland Code, Health Occupations
Article (“HO”), §14-202 (certain members of Board of Physicians to be chosen from
lists submitted by medical schools)18; HO §4-202 (dentist and dental hygienist
members of Board of Dental Examiners to be appointed from lists submitted by
Board); Maryland Code, Criminal Procedure Article (“CP”), §14-102(a)(2), (c)(1) (State
Prosecutor, whose office is an independent unit in the Office of the Attorney General,
18 In Commission on Medical Discipline v. Stillman, 291 Md. 390, 435 A.2d 747
(1981), this Court considered a predecessor of the Board of Physicians – the
Commission on Medical Discipline – whose membership was heavily dependent on
the State medical society. Nonetheless, even though members were appointed from
a list submitted by a private entity and some members served ex officio due to their
positions in that entity, this Court had no doubt that the Commission on Medical
Discipline was a government agency. 291 Md. at 394.
22
is appointed by Governor based on nomination by the State Prosecutor Selection and
Disabilities Commission).
A statute that provides for removal of a public official for cause by the Governor
on the recommendation of someone else is unusual, but again it is not unprecedented
for removal of a member of a State agency to be initiated by someone other than the
appointing authority. See, e.g., HO §20-202(h)(2) (removal from State Board for
Certification of Residential Child Care Program Professionals, based on the
recommendation of the Children’s Cabinet); HO §21-202(g) (removal from the State
Board of Environmental Health Specialists, based on the recommendation of the
Secretary of Health and Mental Hygiene); CP §14-102(d) (removal of State
Prosecutor, based on the recommendation of the State Prosecutor Selection and
Disabilities Commission).19 Hence, the unusual appointment and removal provisions
for members of the Authority do not prevent the Authority from being a State agency.
Thus, the unusual, though not unprecedented budgetary, appointment, and
removal provisions in the Authority’s statute do not eliminate State control over the
Authority. On the contrary, the State maintains considerable control over the
composition and actions of the Authority.
19 We note that Article II, §15 of the State Constitution provides that the
Governor may remove civil officers for incompetence or misconduct without regard to
whether removal is recommended by another official or entity. For purposes of this
opinion, we need not decide whether PU §12-107(e), which states that the Governor
may remove members of the Authority for incompetence or misconduct “[o]n
recommendation of the Authority” purports to limit the Governor’s authority contrary
to the Constitution.
23
Immunities
As noted above, the Authority’s officials and employees have been designated
as “State personnel” in SG §12-101 and accordingly, like others designated as State
personnel in that statute, have immunity from tort liability under the Maryland Tort
Claims Act. SG §12-105; Maryland Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article, §5-
522(b). That immunity, of course, is linked to the State’s waiver of its own immunity
for the particular tortious action. This is another factor that strongly indicates that
the Authority is a State agency.
Consistency with the Purpose Underlying SG §10-1001
A final consideration is that we are deciding whether the Authority is a State
agency under SG §10-1001, rather than any other statute. As the Court of Special
Appeals noted, the legislative history of SG §10-1001 shows that the General
Assembly intended it to apply to agencies like the Authority.20 The 1993 legislation
was a direct response to Investors Funding, intended to bring every agency that had
not already adopted its own criteria for monetary penalties into compliance with
Investors Funding such that the problem identified in that case would never recur.
See Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee, Bill Analysis, Senate Bill 122 (1993)
(Senate Bill 122 “is designed to address [Investors Funding] by codifying a basic set
of guidelines for setting civil penalties while allowing an existing statute, ordinance,
or regulation to control.”); Letter from Attorney General J. Joseph Curran, Jr. to
20 222 Md. App. at 700-2.
24
Governor William Donald Schaefer (April 23, 1993) (Senate Bill 122 was passed to
bring agencies into compliance with Investors Funding “by establishing statutory
standards, but without impinging on agency discretion to adopt different standards
by rule.”). The 1993 legislation was meant to cover any administrative agency
affected by the holding in Investors Funding; it enacted not only SG §10-1001
applicable to State administrative agencies and officers, but also a similar provision
applicable to administrative officers and agencies in local governments.21
Summary
In short, the Authority is a State agency for the purposes of SG §10-1001 and
the standards for the amount of the penalty that the Authority imposes are those set
forth in SG §10-1001.
Although we agree with the Court of Special Appeals that, in assessing a civil
monetary penalty, the Authority is to apply the criteria in SG §10-1001, we differ
slightly in our disposition of this case, as it is not clear that the Authority applied
those criteria in this case. The Authority’s decision does not make reference to the
seriousness of the violation, or the good faith of Reliable Contracting, although the
Authority’s decision does refer to it as a “first time violation” which indicates no
history of past violations. Moreover, given the Authority’s position before us that SG
§10-1001 does not apply to it, we cannot infer that it silently considered the other two
criteria in that statute. Accordingly, we will remand this case to the Authority for
21 That provision is now codified as Maryland Code, Local Government Article,
§1-1304.
25
consideration of those criteria and reassessment of the penalty. In doing so, we do
not mean to suggest that the Authority must necessarily come to a different result.
III
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, we hold:
1 – The Authority is an administrative agency that exercises quasi-judicial
powers that are subject to judicial review. Accordingly, its enabling law is not
contrary to either the Judicial Vesting Clause of Article IV, §1, of the Maryland
Constitution or the Separation of Powers Clause of Article 8 of the Maryland
Declaration of Rights.
2 – Because the Authority is an administrative agency in the executive branch
of State government, SG §10-1001 provides guidelines for the exercise of its discretion
in assessing civil penalties.
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS VACATED
AND CASE REMANDED TO THAT COURT WITH
INSTRUCTIONS TO REMAND THE CASE TO THE CIRCUIT
COURT FOR ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY WITH INSTRUCTIONS
FOR THAT COURT TO REMAND THE CASE TO THE
MARYLAND UNDERGROUND DAMAGE PREVENTION
AUTHORITY FOR REASSESSMENT OF THE CIVIL MONETARY
PENALTY CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. COSTS TO BE
PAID BY PETITIONER.
26