“Statutory provisions relating to the same subject must be read in pari materia.”
How later courts described this case
- “Statutory provisions relating to the same subject must be read in pari materia.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
J-A25017-15
2015 PA Super 271
IN RE: TRUST UNDER DEED OF DAVID P. IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
KULIG DATED JANUARY 12, 2001 PENNSYLVANIA
APPEAL OF: CARRIE C. BUDKE AND
JAMES H. KULIG
No. 2891 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Decree September 12, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
Orphans’ Court at No(s): No. 2013-0179
BEFORE: DONOHUE, J., MUNDY, J., and FITZGERALD, J.*
OPINION BY MUNDY, J.: FILED December 24, 2015
Appellants Carrie C. Budke and James H. Kulig, children of David P.
Kulig (hereinafter Decedent or Settlor), appeal from the September 12, 2014
decree in a declaratory judgment action awarding Mary Jo Kulig, surviving
spouse of Decedent, a one half share of the assets in the revocable “Trust
Under Deed of David P. Kulig.” After careful review, we are constrained to
affirm.
The essential facts of this case were presented to the orphans’ court as
a stipulation of the parties and can be summarized as follows. Settlor, on
January 12 2001, executed a revocable deed of trust (the Trust), with
____________________________________________
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A25017-15
himself as trustee, for the benefit of himself and his then spouse, Joanne C.
Kulig (Joanne), and their issue. Joanne died on August 15, 2010. On
December 13 2010, Decedent executed a last will and testament. On
December 30, 2011, Decedent married Appellee, Mary Jo Kulig (Mary Jo).
Although recommended by his attorney, Decedent opted not to enter into a
prenuptial agreement prior to his marriage to Mary Jo. The parties agree
that the December 13, 2010 will was not made in contemplation of
Decedent’s subsequent marriage to Mary Jo. Decedent died on February 3,
2012. His wife, Mary Jo, and his two children from his marriage with
Joanne, Carrie C. Budke and James H. Kulig (the Kulig Children) survived
Decedent.
Upon the death of Settlor, Pasquale Hamel, succeeded as trustee of
the Trust and was appointed executor of Decedent’s estate. The terms of
the Trust provided that upon Settlor’s death, if Joanne predeceased him, the
principal balance in the Trust would be held in trust for the Kulig Children or
their issue and eventually distributed according to the terms of the trust. As
of the date of Settlor’s death, the value of the assets in the Trust was
$3,257,184.74. The estimated gross value of Decedent’s probate estate is
$2,106,417.26.1
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1
Mary Jo also received a qualified benefit plan payment of $1,500,000.00
pursuant to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ERISA, 29
U.S.C.A. §§ 1001-1461. Other assets not claimed by Mary Jo, and therefore
not at issue in this appeal, include two irrevocable trusts valued at
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Mary Jo claims her intestate share of Decedent’s estate pursuant to 20
Pa.C.S.A. § 2507(3), which she avers includes the principal of the Trust by
virtue of 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 7710.2. The Kulig Children concede Mary Jo is
entitled to an intestate share of the probate estate as a pretermitted spouse
under Section 2507(3), but dispute the same applies to the corpus of the
Trust.2 Accordingly, the Kulig Children, on March 15, 2013, filed a petition
for declaratory judgment before the orphans’ court of Bucks County
Pennsylvania, for a determination of whether Mary Jo is entitled to any share
of the Trust. Following completion of the pleadings, the parties submitted a
“Joint Stipulation of Facts” on June 11, 2014. The parties subsequently
submitted memoranda of law in support of their respective positions. On
September 12, 2014, the orphans’ court issued judgment in favor of Mary
Jo. The decree provides as follows.
AND NOW, this 12th day of September, 2014, upon
consideration of the Petition for Declaratory
Judgment filed by Carrie C. Budke and James H.
Kulig, the Answer with New Matter filed by
Respondent Mary Jo Kulig in opposition thereto, after
a hearing held before the undersigned on June 11,
2014, and after the submission of briefs from
Petitioners, Respondent, and Pasquale Hamel,
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
approximately $5,500,000.00 and an IRA valued at approximately
$1,100,000.00. Orphans’ Court Memorandum Opinion, 9/12/14, at 3 n.2. A
second declaratory judgment action pertaining to a trust created by Joanne,
was ruled in favor of the Kulig Children, and is not a subject of this appeal.
2
A pretermitted heir is defined as “[a] child or spouse who has been omitted
from a will….” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 742 (8th ed. 2004).
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Executor of the Estate of David P. Kulig, deceased
and Successor Trustee of the above-captioned trust,
it is hereby ORDERED and DECREED that pursuant to
the Declaratory Judgments Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § 7531,
et seq., declaratory judgment is entered as follows:
1. Pursuant to 20 Pa.C.S. § 2507(3), Mary
Jo Kulig, surviving spouse to David P. Kulig, is
entitled to receive the share of her late husband’s
estate that she would have been entitled to had he
died intestate.
2. Pursuant to 20 Pa. C.S. § 2102(4), Mary
Jo Kulig is entitled to receive one-half of her late
husband’s estate.
3. The assets held in the revocable Trust
Under Deed of David P. Kulig, dated January 12,
2001, are subject to 20 Pa.C.S. § 2507(3), as
provided in 20 PA. C.S. § 7710.2, and the legislative
comments thereto.
4. Mary Jo Kulig, surviving spouse to David
P. Kulig, is entitled to receive a one-half share of the
assets in the Revocable Trust Under Deed of David P.
Kulig, dated January 12, 2001.
Orphans’ Court Decree, 9/12/14, at 1-2. The Kulig Children filed a timely
notice of appeal on October 2, 2014.3
On appeal, the Kulig Children raise the following issue for our
consideration.
As a matter of law, is a revocable trust that was
created and funded by the settlor before his second
marriage, and was intended to benefit the settlor’s
____________________________________________
3
The Kulig Children and the orphans’ court have complied with Pennsylvania
Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925. In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the orphan’s
court incorporated its September 12, 2014 memorandum opinion as
containing its reasons for its contested ruling.
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first spouse and children from his first marriage and
not the settlor’s second spouse, “subject to 20
Pa.C.S. § 2507(3), as provided in 20 Pa.C.S.
§ 7710.2, and the legislative comments thereto” and
thereby subject to a pretermitted spouse’s share,
notwithstanding that the provisions of the cited
statutes do not state as much and such
interpretation reverses Pennsylvania law regarding
property rights of surviving spouses?
Kulig Children’s Brief at 3.
In addressing this question, we first note the applicable standard and
scope of our review. “When the Orphans’ Court arrives at a legal conclusion
based on statutory interpretation, our standard of review is de novo and our
scope of review is plenary.” In re Trust Under Agreement of Taylor, ---
A.3d ---, 2015 WL 5474319, at *2 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted).
“The object of all interpretation and construction of statutes is to ascertain
and effectuate the intention of the General Assembly.” 1 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 1921(a).
When a statute is not explicit, we consider a variety
of factors to ascertain the legislative intent, including
the object of the provision and the consequences of
different interpretations. Absent a definition,
statutes are presumed to employ words in their
popular and plain everyday sense, and popular
meanings of such words must prevail.
In re Vencil, 120 A.3d 1028, 1034-1035 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citations
omitted).
It is only when the words of a statute are not explicit
that a court may resort to other considerations in
order to ascertain legislative intent. Consistently
with the Statutory Construction Act, this Court has
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repeatedly recognized that rules of construction are
to be invoked only when there is an ambiguity.
Taylor, supra (citation omitted). “Statutory provisions relating to the same
subject must be read in pari materia.” Pilchesky v. Lackawanna Cnty.,
88 A.3d 954, 965 (Pa. 2014), citing 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1932.
“Statutes uniform with those of other states shall be interpreted and
construed to effect their general purpose to make uniform the laws of those
states which enact them.” 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1927. “Official comments are to be
given weight in the construction of statutes.” Lessner v. Rubinson, 592
A.2d 678, 680, n.4 (Pa. 1991) (citations omitted). However, to the extent a
comment conflicts with the text of a statute, the text controls. 1 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 1922.4
At issue in this case is the proper interpretation and application of
Section 7710.2 of the Uniform Trust Act (UTA), enacted by our legislature
____________________________________________
4
The prefatory comments to Chapter 77 of the Probate, Executor, and
Fiduciary Code (PEF Code) at issue in this appeal, reiterate this principle.
The comments provided throughout this chapter
were reproduced from the April 2005 Joint State
Government Commission’s Report of the Advisory
Committee on Decedents’ Estates Laws, proposing
the Pennsylvania Uniform Trust Act, as edited by the
Commission to reflect legislative amendments during
the process of enactment. These comments may be
used in determining the intent of the General
Assembly. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1939 and In re Martin’s
Estate, 365 Pa. 280, 74 A.2d 120 (1950).
20 Pa.C.S.A., Ch. 77, Refs & Annos.
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effective November 6, 2006, as it pertains to the rights of a pretermitted
spouse. This raises a question of first impression in this Commonwealth. As
noted above, the facts of this case are not in dispute. The parties agree the
facts establish that neither the December 13, 2010 will nor the January 12
2001 Trust include any provision for Mary Jo, or were executed in
contemplation of Decedent’s marriage to Mary Jo, thus qualifying her as a
pretermitted spouse. Kulig Children’s Brief at 6-7; Mary Jo’s Brief at 3.
Section 7710.2 provides that “[t]he rules of construction that apply in this
Commonwealth to the provisions of testamentary trusts also apply as
appropriate to the provisions of inter vivos trusts.” 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 7710.2.
One such rule of construction applicable to testamentary trusts is found at
Section 2507(3).
§ 2507. Modification by circumstances
Wills shall be modified upon the occurrence of any of
the following circumstances, among others:
…
(3) Marriage.--If the testator marries after making
a will, the surviving spouse shall receive the share of
the estate to which he would have been entitled had
the testator died intestate, unless the will shall give
him a greater share or unless it appears from the will
that the will was made in contemplation of marriage
to the surviving spouse.
…
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20 Pa.C.S.A. § 2507(3).5
The parties dispute whether Section 7710.2 operates to include an
inter vivos trust into the assets distributable as an intestate share for the
purposes of Section 2507. The orphans’ court ruled that it does and
awarded Mary Jo one-half of the value of Decedent’s estate had he died
intestate including the assets held in the Trust. Orphans’ Court Decree,
9/12/14, at 1-2. The Kulig Children claim this was error. “By altering a
statutory scheme that had developed for nearly 70 years, the Orphans’
Court erroneously made new law regarding pretermitted spouses, which was
neither intended by the General Assembly nor supported by the statutory
provisions at issue in this appeal.” Kulig Children’s Brief at 12. We
disagree.
In support of their position, the Kulig Children carefully outline the
framework and legislative history of the portions of the PEF Code relating to
inter vivos trusts, decedents’ estates and spousal rights. Kulig Children’s
Brief at 20-29. Specifically, the Kulig Children cite past precedent holding
that inter vivos trust assets are not considered part of a decedent’s probate
or intestate estate and were not available for distribution to a pretermitted
spouse under Section 2507. Id. at 14, citing 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 2101(a);
Brown Trust, 26 Fid. Rep. 2d 379 (O.C. Phila. 2005). They further note
____________________________________________
5
The intestacy provisions of the PEF Code provide that Mary Jo’s intestate
share as surviving spouse, where there are surviving issue of decedent’s
prior marriage, is one half of the intestate estate. See 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 2102.
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that Section 2203 of the PEF Code establishes a right in a surviving spouse
to elect a share of a decedent’s probate estate and certain categories of
other property passing upon decedent’s death, including revocable inter
vivos trusts. Id. at 22. “Probate estates, testamentary trusts, revocable
inter vivos trusts, and irrevocable inter vivos trusts are different entities, and
it is important to distinguish among them. [T]he General Assembly has
developed clear categories of property and detailed legal structures
regarding a surviving spouse’s rights, if any, to each.” Id. at 15. The Kulig
Children suggest that the application of Section 7710.2 to Section 2507(3),
as ruled by the orphans’ court, represents a radical change to this existing
and longstanding statutory scheme and fails to consider these provisions in
pari materia. Id. at 30, 34. The Kulig Children maintain that Section
7710.2 does not demonstrate a sufficiently clear and unequivocal intent by
the Legislature to warrant such an interpretation. Id. at 34.
The Kulig Children emphasize Section 7710.2’s limiting phrase “as
appropriate” for application of the rules of construction to inter vivos trusts.
Id. at 35. The Kulig Children maintain that this limitation precludes reliance
on the comments to the Section absent direct support in its text. Id. at 36.
“Section 7710.2 applies only ‘as appropriate’ so the mention of Section 2507
in the comment cannot be interpreted to mean that Section 2507 is simply
imposed upon inter vivos trusts without qualification or limitation.” Id. The
Kulig Children posit that application of Section 2507(3), construing a
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decedent’s intent in the event of a divorce subsequent to the signing of a
will, to inter vivos trusts would be “appropriate” under Section 7710.2. Id.
at 45-46.
The Kulig Children contrast other sections of the UTA that specifically
reference sections of the PEF Code in the text of the sections as examples
where they claim such legislative intent to incorporate the PEF Code
provisions is clear. Id. at 36, citing 20 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 7755 (dealing with
creditor claims), 7799.2 (dealing with accountings). The Kulig Children also
contrast sections of the UTC where the comments make a clear statement
that the provision constitutes a change in Pennsylvania law. Id. at 39, citing
20 Pa.C.S.A. § 7752(a) (addressing revocability, and including the Joint
State Government Commission Comment noted, “[a]dopting the position of
the UTC, subsection (a) reverses prior Pennsylvania law…”). Because of the
perceived lack of clear legislative intent, and applying the “as appropriate”
limiting language, the Kulig Children conclude that the comments to Section
7710.2, upon which the orphans’ court relied, are insufficient to support a
conclusion that the Legislature intended for inter vivos trusts to be subject to
the rules of construction applicable to testamentary trusts relative to Section
2507(3). Id. at 51.
We conclude the orphans’ court was correct to refer to the comments
to Section 7710.2 to discern our Legislature’s intent. See 1 Pa.C.S.A.
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§ 1927. This Court has recently noted the relevance of the Uniform Law
Comments to the UTA.
Of some use is the prefatory comment to Chapter 77
of the PEF Code, which states that Chapter 77 is
based upon the Uniform Trust Code [“UTC”]. 20
Pa.C.S.A., Ch. 77, Refs. & Annos. (2005). However,
not all sections of the UTC were adopted into the PEF
Code. Id. Further, several PEF Code provisions,
while based upon the UTC, were substantially
rewritten by our General Assembly. Id. Sections of
the chapter that are substantially similar to their
equivalent provisions contained in the UTC are
indicated as such by a reference to the relevant UTC
section number in the PEF Code section headings.
Id. For these provisions, the General Assembly has
indicated that “the UTC comments are applicable to
the extent of similarity.” Id.
In re McKinney, 67 A.3d 824, 831 (Pa. Super. 2013) (construing Section
7766(b)(4) relative to removal of a trustee). Section 7710.2 references UTC
112 in its section heading, hence the UTC comments are relevant here.
Additionally, the Joint State Government Commission provided a comment
with specific reference to Section 2507.
The 2005 Joint State Government Commission Comment to Section
7710.2 notes that Section 7710.2 “imports 20 Pa.C.S. §§ 2507, 2514 and
2517 and other statutory and judicial rules of interpretation that apply to
trusts under wills.” 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 7710.2, cmt. (Jt. St. Govt. Comm.-2005)
(emphasis added). The Uniform Law Comment pertaining to Section 7710.2
explains some of the reasons for equating rules of interpretation between
inter vivos and testamentary trusts.
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The revocable trust is used primarily as a will
substitute, with its key provision being the
determination of the persons to receive the trust
property upon the settlor’s death. Given this
functional equivalence between the revocable trust
and a will, the rules for interpreting the disposition of
property at death should be the same whether the
individual has chosen a will or revocable trust as the
individual’s primary estate planning instrument. …
Rules of construction can also concern assumptions
as to how a donor would have revised donative
documents in light of certain events occurring after
execution. …
Id. cmt. (Uniform Law Cmt.).
Based on these comments and the plain unambiguous text of Section
7710.2, we conclude our Legislature intended the rule of construction
employed to ascertain a decedent’s intent in connection to a pretermitted
spouse be applied to inter vivos trusts. The text unambiguously applies
existing rules of construction employed for testamentary trusts to the
interpretation of inter vivos trusts. See 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 7710.2.
The Kulig Children’s emphasis on Section 2203’s spousal election as
the means for a spouse to receive assets from a revocable inter vivos trust is
misplaced. In contrast to Section 2507(3), the Section 2203 spousal
election provision is not a rule of construction. The former is a construction
applied in the absence of contrary intent to provide for a surviving spouse
based on the presumption that a decedent did not intend to omit the
surviving spouse from his or her testamentary decisions. The latter is a
right of a surviving spouse available notwithstanding any contrary intent of
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the decedent to protect against disinheritance. In recognition of the
“functional equivalency” between inter vivos trusts and testamentary
dispositions, the Legislature in adopting Section 7710.2 merely sought to
impose consistency on the construction of such instruments. Accordingly,
there is little reason to treat a decedent’s presumed intent differently when
considering his will or his inter vivos trust. The fact that surviving spouses
retain other rights independent of that intent is irrelevant. Therefore, it is
unnecessary to read Section 7710.2 in pari materia with Section 2203,
because they relate to different concerns. “Statutes or parts of statutes are
in pari materia when they relate to the same persons or things or to the
same class of persons or things.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 741 A.2d
726, 733 (Pa. Super. 1999) (en banc), citing 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1932, appeal
denied, 790 A.2d 1013 (Pa. 2001).
The Kulig Children’s suggestion that the 2005 Joint State Government
Commission Comment to Section 7710.2, importing Section 2507, when
read with the “as appropriate” language of the text should result in a
selective incorporation of only certain subsections of Section 2507 is
similarly misplaced. We agree with the orphans’ court’s following
observation.
Although [the Kulig Children] contend that it is not
appropriate to apply Section 2507(3) to revocable
inter vivos trusts, they admit that “[i]t must be
appropriate for Section 2507 to apply to inter vivos
trusts in some regard; otherwise, the comment to
Section 7710.2 would be meaningless as it relates to
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Section 2507.” … We note that the Pennsylvania
Comment references Section 2507 in its entirety.
We perceive that the General Assembly intended to
permit the modification of an inter vivos trust in the
event of a pretermitted spouse and, therefore, we
believe that Petitioners’ claim is without merit.
Orphans’ Court Opinion, 9/12/14, at 11-12 (citation omitted). Rather, we
consider the “as appropriate” language to indicate that application of rules of
construction should be used, as in any case, only when the express language
of the underlying instrument is unclear or the intent is made unclear through
intervening circumstances. “[I]t is well established that resort to the rules
of statutory construction is to be made only when there is an ambiguity in
the provision.” Oliver v. City of Pittsburgh, 11 A.3d 960, 965, (Pa. 2011)
(citation omitted). The aim of Section 7710.2 is to impose uniformity in
interpretation of testamentary dispositions and inter vivos trusts, it is not an
invitation to a court to impose ad hoc considerations that would result in
non-uniform applications.
Our review of our sister states that have enacted all or portions of the
UTC, has disclosed no case directly on point. The Kulig Children cite to Bell
v. Estate of Bell, 181 P.3d 708 (N.M. Ct. App. 2008) in support of their
position. Kulig Children’s Brief at 40-41, citing 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1927. In Bell,
without any reference or discussion of its version of UTC Section 1126, the
____________________________________________
6
The New Mexico statute provides as follows.
§ 46A-1-112. Rules of construction
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Court held that a pretermitted spouse’s share of the decedent’s assets would
not include his inter vivos trust. Bell, supra at 716. The pretermitted
spouse statutory rule of construction in Section 45-2-301 differs from our
Pennsylvania provision. In New Mexico, a qualifying pretermitted spouse will
receive an intestate share of the probate estate assets, only after excluding
any bequest to decedent’s children that are not also children of the
pretermitted spouse. Id. at 712. The interlocutory issue before the Court in
Bell was whether a bequest to a revocable inter vivos trust created to
benefit decedent’s children was equivalent to a direct bequest to the children
when determining a pretermitted spouse’s share. Id. at 711. The Bell
Court held it was not. Id. at 712. It went on, sua sponte, to advise that on
remand the assets already in the trust would not be included with the assets
available to calculate the pretermitted spouse’s share. Id. at 713. It did so
without any reference or discussion of its version of the UTC Section 112,
Section 46A-1-112. Id. The Kulig Children suggest that this lack of mention
was a tacit recognition that the rule of construction did not apply to an inter
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
The rules of construction that apply in this state to
the interpretation of and disposition of property by
will also apply as appropriate to the interpretation of
the terms of a trust and the disposition of the trust
property.
N.M. STAT. § 46A-1-112.
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vivos trust when considering a deceased settlor’s intent toward a
pretermitted spouse. Kulig Children’s Brief at 43.
We conclude that Bell is unpersuasive. We again agree with the
orphans’ court’s observations. “Unlike enactments of the UTC in other
jurisdictions such as New Mexico, our iteration of the rules of construction
includes a directive from the General Assembly to import protections to
pretermitted spouses. Compare, 20 PA.C.S. § 7710.2 with N.M. STAT.
§ 46A-1-112.” Orphans’ Court Opinion, 9/12/14, at 11.
In sum, we conclude that the plain language of Section 7710.2,
consistent with the legislative comments appended thereto, reveals the
intention of the Legislature to make rules of construction consistent whether
interpreting testamentary dispositions or inter vivos trusts. See Taylor,
supra. The use of such rules will occur only “as appropriate,” as when there
exists an ambiguity in an instrument’s terms or in a decedent’s intent. See
Oliver, supra. In the instant case, an ambiguity relative to Decedent’s
intent arose relative to his surviving pretermitted spouse. Accordingly, we
conclude the orphans’ court did not err by applying Section 2507(3) to
Decedent/Settlor’s will and Trust, as directed by Section 7710.2. We
therefore affirm the orphans’ court’s September 12, 2014 decree.7
____________________________________________
7
Whether the result achieved by this decision is just under the facts of this
case, where the surviving spouse receives approximately $120,000.00 for
each day of her marriage to Decedent is not for us to opine. The Legislature
is free to revisit and refine its clear directive as it sees fit. Further, we
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Decree Affirmed.
Judge Donohue joins the opinion.
Justice Fitzgerald concurs in the result.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/24/2015
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
express no opinion relative to the effect of Section 7710.2 on irrevocable
inter vivos trusts.
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