The opinion
[Cite as Anderson v. Eli Lilly & Co., 2015-Ohio-5239.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
Dwight D. Anderson et al., :
Plaintiffs-Appellants, :
No. 15AP-479
v. : (C.P.C. No. 10 CV 14682)
Eli Lilly & Company et al., : (REGULAR CALENDAR)
Defendants-Appellees. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on December 15, 2015
Abroms Law Office, and Hillard M. Abroms, for appellants.
Freund, Freeze & Arnold, Mark L. Schumacher and
Sandra R. McIntosh, for appellees.
APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
TYACK, J.
{¶ 1} Dwight and Melody Anderson are appealing from the directed verdict
granted in their trial involving allegations of professional negligence. They assign four
errors for our consideration:
I. Under the common knowledge exception, the jurors can
infer Defendants were negligent to prescribe a drug to a
patient with liver disease without expert testimony, when the
FDA label expressly states the drug is contraindicated in liver
disease.
II. Expert testimony is not needed to establish Defendants
breached their duty to inform Plaintiff of the risks of taking a
drug contraindicated in liver disease, because a patient's right
to be informed of the risks of medical treatment is determined
No. 15AP-479 2
by a reasonable patient standard, not a reasonable physician
standard.
III. The report of Michelle Inkster, M.D. is sufficient to
establish the negligence of the Defendants.
IV. Plaintiff could have called either or both of the Defendants
to testify as to the standard of care and the issue of liability.
{¶ 2} Dwight Anderson suffers from Hepatitis C. His family physician prescribed
Cymbalta for him. Cymbalta now has a warning which indicates that it may be
contraindicated for persons with chronic liver disease.
{¶ 3} The Cymbalta provided Dwight Anderson relief from his back pain and
depression, but soon other serious medical conditions arose. After he was hospitalized
locally and received no definitive diagnosis for his new medical problems, the Andersons
went to the Cleveland Clinic for further diagnosis and treatment. A physician at the
Cleveland Clinic, Michelle Inkster, M.D., felt that the Cymbalta was the cause of the new
problems and advised Dwight Anderson's treating physician in the Columbus area that he
should be weaned off the Cymbalta, which occurred.
{¶ 4} The Andersons subsequently filed a claim for professional negligence
against Jeffrey Hunter, D.O., and Ahmed Ghany, M.D. Dr. Hunter had prescribed the
Cymbalta in the first place. Dr. Ghany had not terminated the prescription when he
consulted with Dwight Anderson during his local hospitalization.
{¶ 5} Counsel for the Andersons could not find a physician who would testify that
either Dr. Hunter or Dr. Ghany had been guilty of professional negligence. Still, counsel
attempted to go to trial.
{¶ 6} During opening statement, counsel for the Andersons acknowledged that he
would have no medical doctor as an expert to testify either as to the issues of professional
negligence or as to proximate cause of any injury caused by the alleged negligence.
Counsel for the defendant made a motion for a directed verdict as this was a medical
claim defined by R.C. 2305.113(E)(3) and there was no physician that would be called to
testify as to any deviation from accepted standards of care. As a result, the trial court
judge sustained the motion for a directed verdict after opening statement, but allowed
counsel to amend or amplify the opening statement provided in open court. The content
No. 15AP-479 3
of the opening statement was not amended or modified and counsel confirmed, to the
trial court, that they were not calling a doctor as an expert. The motion for directed
verdict was sustained and the Andersons timely appealed.
{¶ 7} Counsel for the Andersons has since indicated that the defendant's doctors
could testify as to the standard of care on cross-examination, but counsel did not proffer
the testimony of either Dr. Hunter or Dr. Ghany to the trial court or modify his opening
statement to include allegations that either or both of the doctors would testify about
presumed professional negligence. In their discovery depositions, the doctors did not
indicate they felt they had been negligent.
{¶ 8} According to Civ.R. 50(A), a motion for directed verdict may be made on the
opening statement of the opponent, at the close of the opponent's evidence or at the close
of all the evidence. Civ.R. 50(A)(1). " 'A trial court should exercise great caution in
sustaining a motion for a directed verdict on the opening statement of counsel; it must be
clear that all the facts expected to be proved, and those that have been stated, do not
constitute a cause of action or a defense, and the statement must be liberally construed in
favor of the party against whom the motion has been made.' " Parrish v. Jones, 138
Ohio St.3d 23, 2013-Ohio-5224, ¶ 25 (emphasis sic), quoting Brinkmoeller v. Wilson, 41
Ohio St.2d 223, 225 (1975).
{¶ 9} A trial court that rules on a motion for directed verdict following an opening
statement is not required to consider the allegations contained in the pleadings but may
do so to liberally construe the opening statement in favor of the party against whom the
motion is made. Parrish v. Jones, 138 Ohio St.3d 23, 2013-Ohio-5224, ¶ 1. "A trial court
may grant a motion for directed verdict made at the close of a party's opening statement
only when that statement indicates that the party will be unable to sustain its cause of
action or defense at trial." Id.at syllabus. "[T]he court must give the party against whom
the motion is made the benefit of the doubt" and such motions should only be granted in
rare instances. Id. at ¶ 33-34. "[H]owever, a party cannot sabotage its own case during
opening statement and expect to prevail against a motion for directed verdict." Id. at ¶ 34.
{¶ 10} "Because a directed verdict tests only the sufficiency of the evidence, it
presents a question of law that appellate courts review de novo." Jarupan v. Hanna, 173
No. 15AP-479 4
Ohio App.3d 284, 2007-Ohio-5081, ¶ 8 (10th Dist.), citing Groob v. Keybank, 108 Ohio
St.3d 348, 2006-Ohio-1189, ¶ 14.
Common Knowledge Exception
{¶ 11} The first assignment of error argues that under the common knowledge
exception, the jurors can infer the defendant doctors were negligent to prescribe a drug to
a patient with liver disease without expert testimony, when the Food and Drug
Administration label expressly states the drug is contraindicated in liver disease.
{¶ 12} The Supreme Court of Ohio has clearly set forth the standard in which to
prove medical malpractice:
In order to establish medical malpractice, it must be shown by
a preponderance of evidence that the injury complained of
was caused by the doing of some particular thing or things
that a physician or surgeon of ordinary skill, care and
diligence would not have done under like or similar conditions
or circumstances, or by the failure or omission to do some
particular thing or things that such a physician or surgeon
would have done under like or similar conditions and
circumstances, and that the injury complained of was the
direct and proximate result of such doing or failing to do some
one or more of such particular things.
Bruni v. Tatsumi, 46 Ohio St.2d 127 (1976) paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶ 13} " 'Proof of malpractice, in effect, requires two evidentiary steps: evidence as
to the recognized standard of the medical community in the particular kind of case, and a
showing that the physician in question negligently departed from this standard in his
treatment of plaintiff.' " Id. at 131, quoting Davis v. Virginian Ry. Co., 361 U.S. 354, 357
(1960). "Proof of the recognized standards must necessarily be provided through expert
testimony." Bruni at 131-32. That expert must explain what a physician of ordinary skill,
care, and diligence in the same medical specialty would do in similar circumstances.
Stanley v. The Ohio State Univ. Med. Ctr., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-999, 2013-Ohio-5140,
¶ 19, citing Bruni.
{¶ 14} "[E]xpert testimony is unnecessary when 'the lack of skill or care of the
physician * * * is so apparent as to be within the comprehension of laymen and requires
only common knowledge and experience to understand and judge it[.]' " Rhoads v.
No. 15AP-479 5
Brown, 4th Dist. No. 09CA18, 2010-Ohio-3898, ¶ 32, quoting Bruni at 130. If a plaintiff's
claims are well within the comprehension of laypersons and require only common
knowledge and experience to understand them, then expert testimony is not required to
prove them. See Bruni at 130. Under the common knowledge exception, "matters of
common knowledge and experience, subjects which are within the ordinary, common and
general knowledge and experience of mankind, need not be established by expert opinion
testimony." Ramage v. Central Ohio Emergency Serv., Inc., 64 Ohio St.3d 97, 103
(1992).
{¶ 15} A claim of negligence rather than medical malpractice that relies on the
common knowledge exception sound in ordinary negligence and does not invoke
specialized elements of a professional malpractice claim. See Jones v. Hawkes Hosp. of
Mt. Carmel, 175 Ohio St. 505, 506 (1964). "Such cases involve claimed negligence in a
medical context that does not rely upon a lapse in the professional skills and judgment of
medical personnel, but relates to actionable conduct that would lie within the common
knowledge of and experience of a layperson." Franks v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr.,
10th Dist. No. 12AP-442, 2013-Ohio-1519, ¶ 8, citing Jones. Examples of such conduct
would include gross inattention or miscommunication with a patient. Cunningham v.
Children's Hosp., 10th Dist. No. 05AP-69, 2005-Ohio-4284, ¶ 1.
{¶ 16} A plaintiff must, however, present evidence when the "inquiry pertains to a
highly technical question of science or art or to a particular professional or mechanical
skill." Jones at paragraph one of the syllabus. "The common knowledge exception has a
limited scope in a world of increasing medical complexity." Cunningham at ¶ 20.
{¶ 17} Turning to the question in this case of whether the decision to prescribe
Cymbalta falls with in the common knowledge exception, even a prescription medication
which involves some risks to a patient may also have some benefit for the patient. The
FDA warning which is provided with medication does not automatically mean that no
patient subject to the warnings should use the medication. A physician has to weigh
benefits versus risks. The testimony of a licensed physician is needed to determine that a
treating physician's conduct falls below the standard for medical care in the community.
The mere fact that a physician prescribed a medication which arguably was
No. 15AP-479 6
contraindicated in certain circumstances does not in and of itself make the treating
physician guilty of professional negligence.
{¶ 18} The typical juror cannot know when a prescription medication is not to be
prescribed because the typical juror cannot know how to weigh the benefits versus the
risks. This does not make the trial judge's ruling after opening statement an error.
{¶ 19} The first assignment of error is overruled.
Informed Consent
{¶ 20} We also disagree with the assertion in the second assignment of error that
expert testimony is not required in this case to raise the issue of informed consent. The
Supreme Court of Ohio adopted the reasonable-patient standard in setting forth the
elements of a cause of action for a physician's failure to obtain informed consent:
The tort of lack of informed consent is established when:
(a) The physician fails to disclose to the patient and discuss
the material risks and dangers inherently and potentially
involved with respect to the proposed therapy, if any;
(b) the unrevealed risks and dangers which should have been
disclosed by the physician actually materialize and are the
proximate cause of the injury to the patient; and
(c) a reasonable person in the position of the patient would
have decided against the therapy had the material risks and
dangers inherent and incidental to treatment been disclosed
to him or her prior to the therapy.
Nickell v. Gonzalez, 17 Ohio St.3d 136, 139 (1985). "Although the scope of disclosure is
measured by information a reasonable patient would need to know in order to make an
informed and intelligent decision, the physician need not disclose every conceivable risk."
White v. Leimbach, 131 Ohio St.3d 21, 2011-Ohio-6238, ¶ 33.
{¶ 21} "In the context of a claim for lack of informed consent, '[e]xpert testimony is
necessary to establish the material risks and other pertinent information regarding the
treatment or procedure.' " White at ¶ 35, quoting Univ. of Maryland Med. Sys. Corp. v.
Waldt, 411 Md. 207 (2009). We have also previously found that expert testimony is
required in informed consent cases. See, e.g., Ullmann v. Duffus, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-
No. 15AP-479 7
299, 2005-Ohio-6060, ¶ 28 (in a lack of informed consent action, expert testimony would
be required to establish what claimed undisclosed material risks and dangers are, and, if
disputed, which are issues beyond the knowledge of the layperson); Fairand v. Urology
Surgeons, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 05AP-1066, 2006-Ohio-2266, ¶ 9; Fernandez v. Ohio State
Pain Control Ctr., 10th Dist. No. 03AP-1018, 2004-Ohio-6713, ¶ 14-15. Expert testimony
has been required in informed consent cases involving the prescribing drugs. Freed v.
Burrows, 11th Dist. No. 3860, (Dec. 4, 1987) (expert medical testimony was required to
indicate negligence in the type and/or amount of drugs prescribed); Klein v. Biscup, 109
Ohio App.3d 855, 864 (8th Dist.1996) (the decision whether or not to use a drug for an
off-label purpose is a matter of medical judgment not of regulatory approval, failure to
disclose FDA status does not raise a material issue of fact as to informed consent).
{¶ 22} Cymbalta does in certain cases help relieve depression. Cymbalta carries
some risks, as do all medications. Expert testimony is required to support an allegation
that a treating or consulting physician did not tell the patient enough about the
medication being prescribed.
{¶ 23} The second assignment of error is overruled.
Defendants Would Not Testify They Violated the Standard of Care
{¶ 24} The third assignment of error argues the report of Michelle Inkster, M.D. is
sufficient to establish the negligence of the defendants with the testimony of Dr. Hunter.
The Andersons claim the opinion of Dr. Inkster might be admissible hearsay. It would be
offered not to prove the truth of the matter asserted, but that the appellee Dr. Hunter
received, read, and agreed with and then followed the recommendations. Dr. Hunter
would then testify to his medical diagnosis and be questioned as to why he immediately
weaned Dwight Anderson off the Cymbalta after receiving that information.
{¶ 25} Michelle Inkster, M.D.'s letter recommending that the Cymbalta be
discontinued is not a document accusing Dr. Hunter or Dr. Ghany of medical malpractice.
The letter could be viewed as nothing more than a recommendation that the medication
be discontinued as a way of ruling it out as a possible cause of Dwight Anderson's
additional medical problems. The letter clearly would not qualify as the requisite medical
expertise testimony to establish medical malpractice. Further, the letter, in and of itself,
was not admissible for a variety of reasons, including the requirement of Ohio law setting
No. 15AP-479 8
stringent standards for a physician who testifies about professional negligence. Once
again the Andersons attempt to argue that the defendant physicians would not only
provide the standard for medical care, but admit themselves that they did not follow it in
open court.
{¶ 26} The third assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 27} The fourth assignment of error argues again that the Andersons could have
called either or both of the appellees to testify as to the standard of care and the issue of
liability. The Andersons argue following Parrish, that "[o]nly if the opening statement
shows that a party is completely unable to sustain a cause of action should the court take
the case away from the jury by directing a verdict." Parrish at 32. The Andersons state a
cause of action could be sustained when the defendants were on cross-examination.
{¶ 28} As indicated earlier, nothing in the record before us indicates whether Dr.
Hunter or Dr. Ghany were going to testify that they had violated the standard of medical
care. Further, this allegation was not placed before the trial court judge at the time the
judge was evaluating the opening statement given in the case.
{¶ 29} The fourth assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 30} In summary, the trial court judge did not err in granting a directed verdict.
The assignments of error are overruled, and the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
KLATT and DORRIAN, JJ., concur.
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