The opinion
Filed 10/23/15 P. v. Ortiz CA1/5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A142579
v.
JEFFREY ORTIZ, (Contra Costa County
Super. Ct. No. 51404433)
Defendant and Appellant.
Following an incident of domestic violence against his wife, Jeffrey Ortiz was
charged with felony counts of inflicting corporal injury on a spouse and assault by means
of force likely to cause great bodily injury. (Pen. Code, § 273.5, subd. (a), 245, subd.
(a)(4).) He was placed on probation conditioned on six months in jail after a jury
convicted him of the lesser included misdemeanor offenses of battery against a spouse,
simple battery and simple assault. (Pen. Code, §§ 242, 243, subd. (e)(1), 240.) Appellant
argues the judgment must be reversed because the trial court erred in allowing a former
police officer and detective to testify as an expert in domestic violence and intimate
partner battering for the limited purpose of explaining why a victim of domestic violence
might recant or refuse to cooperate with law enforcement after initially reporting a
crime.1 We modify the judgment to reverse the simple battery and simple assault counts
as lesser included offenses of misdemeanor spousal battery, but otherwise affirm.
1
“Although often referred to as ‘battered women’s syndrome,’ ‘intimate partner
battering and its effects’ is the more accurate and now preferred term. (See, e.g.,
1
I. BACKGROUND
The following evidence was presented to the jury:
A. Prosecution Evidence
Appellant and his wife Liliana Acosta lived with their three children on California
Street in San Pablo. On January 28, 2014, at about 5:48 p.m., Acosta went next door to
the house where appellant’s grandfather lived, called 911, and reported that appellant had
just hit her.
Officer Justin Gatlin of the San Pablo Police Department responded to the call and
found appellant and Acosta inside the family home with their children. Acosta did not
smell of alcohol and did not appear to be under the influence or intoxicated. Gatlin took
an initial recorded statement from her, during which she cried at times and appeared
emotional. She had red marks in her eyes and a small laceration on her neck.2
Acosta told Gatlin that she and appellant began arguing after she came home and
asked him whether he had fed the kids. Appellant unplugged the television set Acosta
was watching and when she tried to plug it back in, he began kicking her on the floor.
“[H]e grabbed me by the neck right here, and kicked me, and threw me on the floor and
my kids thought he was crying . . . .” Their six-year-old daughter had come into the room
crying and asking what was going on, and appellant told her, “If you wanna go with your
mom, go with your fuckin’ mom.” Acosta told Gatlin she wanted appellant to go to jail
that night.
Stats. 2004, ch. 609, §§ 1, 2 [changing references in Evid. Code, § 1107 . . . from
‘battered women’s syndrome’ to ‘intimate partner battering and its effects’] . . . .)” (In re
Walker (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 533, 536, fn. 1 (Walker).) We use the preferred term in
this opinion, although “battered women’s syndrome” was used in the trial court.
2
According to Hung-Wen Sun, a physician’s assistant with experience in
strangulation, photographs of Acosta taken after the incident showed red dots in her eyes
that appeared to be petechiae consistent with strangulation. Dr. Kadeer Halimi, an
emergency room physician called by the defense, testified that the redness in the
photographs did not provide any evidence of strangulation and could have been caused
by crying and rubbing the eyes.
2
Gatlin then spoke to appellant, who did not seem angry or hostile. Appellant said
he and Acosta had gotten into an argument that escalated to a physical confrontation in
which he had pushed her. He denied choking or hitting Acosta and did not express any
fear of her. He did not indicate that Acosta had hit him.
After obtaining this initial statement from appellant, Gatlin returned to speak with
Acosta a second time. Acosta told him appellant had grabbed her neck with his right
hand, lifted her so her feet were in the air, and thrown her to the ground. She said the red
marks in her eyes had been caused by appellant “grabbing her with his big old hands.” 3
Appellant was taken into custody and was interviewed at the booking facility after
waiving his rights under Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436. In a recorded
statement, appellant told Gatlin that Acosta had come home and started an argument. He
pushed her after she threw “some candle thing” at him and she fell onto the couch. She
got up and scratched him, and he pushed her again. Appellant said she had been yelling
and calling the kids names and throwing things around. He denied slapping Acosta,
grabbing her by the neck, or choking her in any way. He denied using alcohol or
narcotics that day, but thought Acosta might have done so because she “goes to my
Grandfather’s house and drinks there all the time. And she’s been there all day.”
Appellant had a scratch on his face.
As appellant acknowledged during his recorded statement, Acosta had previously
called the police and reported domestic violence. On August 11, 2012, Officer Enrik
Melgoza had responded to a call at the California Street address, and Acosta had met him
outside, crying and emotional. Acosta told Melgoza appellant had thrown her to the
ground, choked her and ripped her shirt. Her hair was disheveled, her shirt was ripped
and she had a couple of red marks on the front of her chest and close to her neck.
Appellant was inside the house with his friends Luis Gonzales and Julia Caudill, who told
Melgoza they had been in a different room of the house and had not seen the altercation
between appellant and Acosta. Appellant did not have any injuries. Photographs taken
3
Acosta is 5 feet 2 inches tall and weighs about 118 pounds. Appellant is 6 feet 1
inch tall and weighs about 265 pounds.
3
of Acosta a few days later showed bruising and discoloration on the left side of her neck,
left arm and shoulder.
At the preliminary hearing in the case, Acosta testified that on the day of the
charged offenses, she had returned home drunk.4 She had started drinking vodka at about
10:00 in the morning with her friend Angelina Luna and had eight to ten shots at Luna’s
house. Acosta and appellant began to argue about feeding the children, and the argument
became physical after she pushed appellant. She went next door to appellant’s
grandfather’s house to tell him what had happened and to call 911. Acosta claimed not to
remember a lot of details because she was very intoxicated that evening. She still loved
appellant and did not want anything bad to happen to him. She had called 911 because
appellant kicked her out of their house during their argument.
The six-year-old daughter of appellant and Acosta was also called as a witness at
the preliminary hearing.5 She testified that she saw her father hitting her mother as her
mother tried to plug in the television set. Her father slapped her mother on her face a
couple of times, and her mother looked sad. Her mother had been home when the
children returned from school that day.
Inspector Rickey Rivera of the Contra Costa County District Attorney’s Office
was called by the prosecution as an expert on intimate partner battering and its effects,
which occurs when a person “is battered repeatedly by someone who is in an intimate
relationship with that person and/or close with that person, another family member,
there’s physical conditions, there’s psychological conditions that they go through that
keeps them in that cycle of domestic violence over and over again. And they don’t feel
powerful enough to leave or they are fearful to leave the relationship or the abuse.”
4
Acosta and her six-year-old daughter did not testify at appellant’s trial, but
portions of their preliminary hearing testimony was read to the jury following a hearing at
which the prosecution established it had exercised due diligence to secure their presence.
(See Evid. Code, §§ 240, subd. (a)(5), 1291, subd. (a).)
5
Ibid.
4
According to Rivera, both men and women could suffer from intimate partner battering
and its effects, and alcohol or substance abuse could aggravate the situation.
Rivera testified that in his experience, as many as 95 percent of victims who report
domestic violence to the police become uncooperative as witnesses. Victims who make a
911 call are receptive toward law enforcement at the time because they do not want to be
hurt, but they typically change their stories or recant completely soon after. Rivera noted
a number of reasons explaining this behavior: love for the abuser and hope he or she can
change; feelings of responsibility for the abuse; a desire to keep the family together;
concerns about finances; and pressure from the abuser’s family. Rivera testified that in
abusive relationships, the cycle of violence has three phases: the tension-building phase,
where the stresses of everyday life cause tension to build in the abuser; the battery phase,
in which the physical abuse occurs; and the honeymoon phase, in which the abuser
expresses remorse and the victim, convinced the abuser will change, decides to stay in the
relationship. When it becomes clear to the abuser that there won’t be a criminal
prosecution and the victim is not going to leave, the tension phase will begin to build
again.
B. Defense Evidence
Appellant’s grandfather, Ralph Ortiz, testified that on the day of the charged
incident, Acosta had come to his house and started drinking alcohol at about 10:00 a.m.
She left and returned crying 20 minutes later, said she and appellant had argued, and
called the police. Ralph Ortiz had never seen appellant physically abuse Acosta, but he
had seen Acosta abuse appellant. About a week before the charged incident, Acosta was
drinking and had hit and kicked appellant. Six months earlier, she had assaulted Ralph
Ortiz, but he had not called the police because she was family. On the night of the
charged incident, Ralph Ortiz told the police that Acosta had said appellant hit her. He
did not tell the police that Acosta had been drinking that day.
Appellant testified that on the day of the charged incident, he was playing with the
children when Acosta came home acting like she had been drinking. She fell asleep on
5
the couch for a few minutes then awakened and started cursing and saying hurtful things
to appellant. Acosta, who gets violent when she drinks, started cursing at the children
about their room being messy and appellant helped them pick up their things. When
Acosta turned on the television, appellant unplugged it and asked her to leave. Acosta
pushed him and got close to his face, and he pushed her back because he was fearful of
being attacked. Acosta fell on the couch but got back up and pushed appellant even
harder. Appellant pushed Acosta again in her face. Acosta then walked out of the house
and yelled, “Fuck you, bitch. You’re going to jail.” Appellant denied hitting or choking
Acosta.
Appellant testified about the August 2012 incident in which Acosta called 911 and
claimed he had assaulted her. He explained that he and Acosta had been visiting with his
friends Espinoza and Caudill, talking and drinking in the kitchen. Acosta stormed out of
the room after Espinoza and Caudill kissed, and a short time later there was a loud noise.
Appellant went into the other room and saw that a table had been tipped over. Acosta
was angry and asked appellant why he didn’t treat her the way Espinoza treated Caudill.
Appellant tried unsuccessfully to hug Acosta and calm her down, but she left and
returned with the police.
Regarding Acosta’s character for violence, appellant testified that during a
gathering one Halloween she argued with and knocked down appellant’s grandmother,
who had cancer and was undergoing chemotherapy. Joseph Sandino, a friend and
coworker of appellant’s, witnessed this incident and testified that appellant was honest
and peaceful, whereas Acosta was violent. Espinoza and Caudill testified about the
August 2012 incident during which the police were called and described the evening in a
manner consistent with appellant’s version of events. They believed appellant to be an
honest and peaceful person and Espinoza believed Acosta to be a violent person.
In February 2014, appellant made a video of an incident at the house at California
Street in which Acosta appeared to have been drinking and told appellant to “[g]et the
fuck out, just fucking leave.” Appellant told Acosta to stop touching him and to get away
from him. Appellant had been subject to a criminal restraining order at the time.
6
Acosta had been previously convicted of misdemeanor embezzlement.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Expert Testimony on Intimate Partner Battering and Its Effects
Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion in allowing Inspector
Rivera to testify as an expert on intimate partner battering and its effects because he
lacked the necessary qualifications. We disagree.
1. General Principles and Standard of Review
Evidence Code section 1107 provides in relevant part: “(a) In a criminal action,
expert testimony is admissible by either the prosecution or the defense regarding intimate
partner battering and its effects, including the nature and effect of physical, emotional, or
mental abuse on the beliefs, perceptions, or behaviors of victims of domestic violence,
except when offered against a criminal defendant to prove the occurrence of the act or
acts of abuse which form the basis of the criminal charge. [¶] (b) The foundation shall be
sufficient for admission of this expert testimony if the proponent of the evidence
establishes its relevancy and the proper qualifications of the expert witness. Expert
opinion testimony on intimate partner battering and its effects shall not be considered a
new scientific technique whose reliability is unproven.” Evidence Code section 801,
subdivision (a) more generally permits an expert witness to offer an opinion that is
“[r]elated to a subject that is sufficiently beyond common experience that the opinion of
an expert would assist the trier of fact” and supplies an alternative ground for admitting
expert testimony relating to domestic violence. (See People v. Brown (2004) 33 Cal.4th
892, 907 (Brown).)
Expert testimony about the effects of intimate partner battering “speaks directly to
both recantation and reunion by a domestic abuse victim.” (People v. Gadlin (2000) 78
Cal.App.4th 587, 594 (Gadlin); see People v. Morgan (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 1210, 1215-
1217 (Morgan).) “[W]hen the victim’s trial testimony supports the defendant or
minimizes the violence of his actions, the jurors may assume that if there really had been
abusive behavior, the victim would not be testifying in the defendant’s favor.” (Brown,
7
supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 906.) Expert testimony to explain the phenomenon of recantation
and minimization may be admissible even when the evidence shows only a single
incident of domestic violence. (Id. at pp. 906-908; People v. Williams (2000) 78
Cal.App.4th 1118, 1129.)
A witness is qualified to testify as an expert if he or she “has special knowledge,
skill, experience, training, or education sufficient to qualify him [or her] as an expert on
the subject to which his [or her] testimony relates.” (Evid. Code, § 720, subd. (a).)
Expertise is “ ‘relative to the subject,’ and is not subject to rigid classification according
to formal education or certification.” (People v. Ojeda (1990) 225 Cal.App.3d 404, 408
[police officer qualified to give expert testimony regarding horizontal gaze nystagmus
test as an indicator of the influence of alcohol6].)
A trial court is given “considerable latitude” in determining an expert’s
qualifications and its ruling will not be disturbed on appeal unless the record
demonstrates a manifest abuse of discretion. (People v. Bloyd (1987) 43 Cal.3d 333, 357;
see People v. Dowl (2013) 57 Cal.4th 1079, 1089.) “Such an abuse of discretion will be
found only where ‘ “the evidence shows that a witness clearly lacks qualification as an
expert . . . .” ’ ” (People v. Chavez (1985) 39 Cal.3d 823, 828.) “[C]omplaints regarding
the degree of an expert’s knowledge go more to the weight of the evidence than to its
admissibility.” (People v. Tuggle (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 1071, 1080 (Tuggle) [crime
lab employee who was not a criminalist but had attended several fingerprint identification
courses and had worked in lab examining and processing fingerprints was qualified to
testify as expert in fingerprint identification].)
2. Evidence Code Section 402 Hearing
The prosecution filed a motion in limine seeking to introduce expert testimony
regarding intimate partner battering and its effects and designated Rivera as its expert
6
In People v. Williams (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 1326, 1334-1335, the court reached
a different conclusion about the qualifications of a police officer who offered an expert
opinion about the relationship between alcohol ingestion and horizontal gaze nystagmus.
8
witness. Defense counsel objected and the court held a hearing under Evidence Code
section 402 to determine Rivera’s qualifications.7
Rivera testified that before he began working as a senior inspector with the district
attorney’s office a year and a half before the trial, he had been an officer with the
Concord Police Department for 18 years. His assignments there included patrol, the
juvenile bureau, the sexual assault unit as a detective, the homicide and domestic
violence unit as a detective, and the special victims unit as a detective for domestic
violence. He worked as a detective on domestic violence cases from 2006 to 2011 and
had received formal training in domestic violence: basic training at the police academy,
certified domestic violence training on a yearly or bi-yearly basis from the detective in
the unit, two “very comprehensive” schools that covered domestic violence, as well as
schools covering domestic violence as part of courses on sexual assault and homicide,
and a one-week course on the specific subject of domestic violence. Rivera had read
binders, leaflets and manuals on the effects of intimate partner battering. He became a
certified trainer on domestic violence and in 2007 was responsible for training the
officers and dispatchers in the department on that subject. He had been found qualified to
testify as an expert in intimate partner battering in two previous trials.
While working as a patrol officer, Rivera handled about 2,000 cases involving
domestic violence. As a detective, he did follow-up interviews with more than 3,000
persons who were alleged victims of domestic violence. More than half of these
individuals had allegedly been abused more than once by the same batterer. Over 95
percent of the alleged domestic violence victims Rivera had interviewed were initially
cooperative with law enforcement but became uncooperative.
Rivera explained that after an incident of violence, the victim might feel she was
responsible for being beaten; she might receive threats or pressure from the batterer or his
7
The prosecution additionally sought to call Rivera as an expert on strangulation
injuries based on his experience investigating such cases. The court found he was not
qualified to testify as an expert on that subject, which required medical knowledge and
training.
9
family; and she might lack the financial resources to leave the relationship, all of which
could contribute to a decision to recant or stop cooperating in the prosecution. Domestic
violence victims were unlike most other crime victims because of the bond they have
with their batterer. Because of the cycle of violence in a typical battering relationship,
the victim would want to make things better for herself and the batterer by not pressing
charges. In Rivera’s opinion, not all victims of domestic violence suffer from the
symptoms of intimate partner battering.
Rivera acknowledged he did not have a degree in psychology or medicine and had
not read articles or books on the psychology of intimate partner battering and its effects.
He did not know whether the effects of intimate partner battering amounted to a
psychological or psychiatric disorder.
The trial court ruled that Rivera could testify as an expert on intimate partner
battering and its effects, “limited to the relationship between the cycle of violence and a
potential or alleged victim of domestic violence’s initially being cooperat[ive] and not
being cooperative later.” Rivera was not to mention threats as a reason a victim might
change her mind about cooperating, as there was no evidence of threats being made in
this case.
Rivera testified before the jury, as more completely outlined in the previous
section of this opinion, discussing the cycles of violence and stating some of the reasons
an initially cooperative victim of domestic violence might recant or become
uncooperative. The court gave CALCRIM No. 850, advising the jury it could not
consider Rivera’s testimony as proof that appellant had committed the charged crimes
and could “consider the evidence only in deciding whether or not Liliana Acosta’s
conduct was not inconsistent with the conduct of someone who has been abused, and in
evaluating the believability of her testimony.”
3. Analysis
Appellant does not dispute the relevancy of intimate partner battering and its
effects on the issue of Acosta’s credibility. Acosta initially reported an incident of
10
domestic violence by calling 911 and gave a statement at the scene that appellant had
assaulted her, but during her preliminary hearing testimony (which was introduced at
trial) she claimed she had been drunk and had instigated the physical confrontation. Her
credibility was clearly at issue, and evidence that it was common for a woman who had
been battered by an intimate partner to recant or stop cooperating with the police was
relevant and admissible to explain her motives and to reconcile the inconsistencies
between her initial statements to police and her preliminary hearing testimony. (See
Gadlin, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 594; Morgan, supra, 58 Cal.App.4th at p. 1215.)
Rivera’s testimony on intimate partner battering and its effects was specifically
aimed at debunking the myths regarding the behavior of people abused by their spouses
or domestic partners. His experience as a police officer and a detective who had received
special training on domestic violence and had interviewed thousands of victims in such
cases qualified him to testify about the cycle of violence, the behavior of victims caught
in this cycle, and reasons such victims might recant or cease cooperating in the criminal
prosecution of their abuser. Although Rivera noted there were “psychological
conditions” at play, his testimony was based on his real-world experience with domestic
violence cases, and did not invade the sphere of the psychologist or psychiatrist by
offering a medical opinion or diagnosis. The defense was able to demonstrate through
cross-examination that Rivera was not trained in psychology and did not understand the
dynamics of intimate partner battering on that level. But this went to the weight of his
testimony rather than its admissibility. (See Tuggle, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 1080;
People v. Dunnahoo (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 561, 577 [police officers who qualified as
experts in the field of child molestation properly testified that children find it difficult to
discuss sexual acts with adults].)
Appellant argues that the effects of intimate partner battering constitute a
psychological disorder and that consequently, only mental health professionals such as
psychiatrists, psychologists and counselors have the qualifications to testify as experts on
that subject. We are not persuaded. Evidence Code section 1107, subdivision (a)
originally referred to “battered women’s syndrome” before it was amended to substitute
11
the phrase “intimate partner battering and its effects.” (Stats. 2004, ch. 609, § 1.) The
latter term reflects a more contemporary understanding of the phenomenon. (Walker,
supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at p. 536, fn. 1.) Though the theory of “battered women’s
syndrome” as originally conceived relied on the psychological concept of “learned
helplessness” to explain the behavior of women who would not leave abusive
relationships, that aspect of the theory “has been criticized as lacking empirical support
[citation], and as demeaning to women [citation]. In particular, many critics assert that
victims of domestic violence do not typically suffer from a pathological condition
[citation].” (Brown, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 900; see People v. Humphrey (1996) 13
Cal.4th 1073, 1083-1084, fn. 3 (Humphrey).)
Rivera did not offer an opinion that encompassed the psychological aspects of
intimate partner battering. Rather, he described the typical dynamic between abusers and
their victims and the behaviors commonly exhibited by victims in response to the abuse.
A degree in psychology was not a prerequisite to understanding this dynamic; indeed, it
is not settled that the effects of intimate partner battering constitute a “syndrome” or a
psychological disorder. (Brown, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 900.) Certainly, psychologists
and psychiatrists who have treated domestic violence victims or studied the subject may
testify as experts on the effects of intimate partner battering, but this does not mean they
are uniquely qualified to do so, at least with respect to certain aspects of the phenomenon.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it determined Rivera had the “special
knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education sufficient to qualify him as an expert
on the subject to which his testimony relate[d].” (Evid. Code, § 720, subd. (a).)
Our opinion should not be construed to mean that law enforcement officers, even
those experienced in handling domestic violence cases, are qualified to testify about the
more purely psychological aspects of intimate partner battering. (See Humphrey, supra,
13 Cal.4th at pp. 1078-1079 [psychologist testified “ ‘battered women who kill in self-
defense their abusers, it’s always related to their perceived change of what’s going on in a
relationship. They become very sensitive to what sets off batterers. They watch for this
stuff very carefully. [¶] . . . Anybody who is abused over a period of time becomes
12
sensitive to the abuser’s behavior and when she sees a change acceleration begin in that
behavior, it tells them something is going to happen . . .”].) In this case, Rivera’s
testimony focused on the behaviors of domestic violence victims rather than
psychological conditions, and did not exceed the scope of his expertise.
B. Multiple Convictions
Appellant was initially charged with two crimes arising out of the same incident:
inflicting corporal injury on a spouse and assault by means of force likely to cause great
bodily injury. (Pen. Code, §§ 273.5, subd. (a), 245, subd. (a)(4).) The jury acquitted him
of the charged offenses but convicted him of misdemeanor spousal battery, misdemeanor
battery, simple assault as a lesser included offense of the corporal injury count, and an
additional count of simple assault as a lesser included offense of assault by means likely
to cause great bodily injury. (Pen. Code, §§ 240, 242, 243, subd. (e)(1).) The parties
agree that the simple battery and simple assault counts must be reversed as lesser
included offenses of spousal battery.
A defendant may not stand convicted of both a greater and a lesser included
offense. (People v. Moran (1970) 1 Cal.3d 755, 763.) “If the evidence supports the
verdict as to a greater offense, the conviction of that offense is controlling, and the
conviction of the lesser offense must be reversed.” (Ibid.) The result is the same when
the defendant is convicted of multiple lesser included offenses that are also lesser
included offenses of each other. (See People v. Eid (2014) 59 Cal.4th 650, 656.) Simple
battery and simple assault are lesser included offenses of spousal battery. (See People v.
Yeats (1977) 66 Cal.App.3d 874, 878; Cisneros-Perez v. Gonzales (9th Cir. 2006) 465
F.3d 386, 395 & fn. 1.) The judgment must be modified to reverse appellant’s
convictions for simple battery and simple assault.
Although our reversal of the simple battery and simple assault counts does not
affect appellant’s time in custody or the other terms of his probation, it does affect the
assessments he is obligated to pay. The trial court ordered appellant to pay a court
operations assessment of $160 under Penal Code section 1465.8, subdivision (a)(1),
13
which requires an assessment of $40 for each conviction of a criminal offense, and a
court facilities assessment fee of $120 under Government Code section 70373,
subdivision (a)(1), which requires an assessment of $30 for each misdemeanor offense.
The parties agree that these assessments must be reduced to $40 and $30, respectively,
the amounts allowed for a single misdemeanor conviction.
DISPOSITION
Appellant’s conviction of simple battery under Penal Code section 242 (a lesser
included offense of count 1) and his two convictions of simple assault under Penal Code
section 240 (lesser included offenses under counts 1 and 2) are reversed. The judgment is
modified to reduce the court operations assessment under Penal Code section 1465.8,
subdivision (a)(1), to $40, and the court facilities assessment under Government Code
section 70373, subdivision (a)(1), to $30. As so modified, the judgment is affirmed.
NEEDHAM, J.
We concur.
JONES, P.J.
BRUINIERS, J.
14