vacating disqualification order when movant showed “no more than a surface and superficial connection between the matters”
How later courts described this case
- vacating disqualification order when movant showed “no more than a surface and superficial connection between the matters”
- trial court’s “failure to apply the 18 proper standard of law to the motion to disqualify counsel was an abuse of discretion”
- “a court should not disqualify a lawyer for a disciplinary violation that has not resulted in actual prejudice to the party seeking disqualification”
- reviewing “the evidence presented” by “the Coker standard” to determine there was no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s finding of a substantial relationship for purposes of denying a motion to disqualify counsel
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Opinion issued November 7, 2013.
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-13-00123-CV
———————————
IN RE TEXAS WINDSTORM INSURANCE ASSOCIATION, Relator
Original Proceeding on Petition for Writ of Mandamus
From the 56th and 212th District Courts
Galveston County, Texas
Trial Court Case Nos. 09-CV-0147 & 12CV2015
OPINION
By petition for writ of mandamus, 1 Texas Windstorm Insurance Association
(TWIA) challenges the trial court’s order disqualifying the law firm of Martin,
1
The underlying cases are City of Santa Fe v. Texas Windstorm Insurance
Association, No. 12CV2015 in the 56th District Court of Galveston County,
Texas, and In re: Hurricane Ike Litigation, No. 09-CV-0147 in the 212th
Disiere, Jefferson & Wisdom, L.L.P. (MDJW) and its attorneys from representing
TWIA in any of the consolidated Hurricane Ike lawsuits pending in Galveston
County. Among other reasons, TWIA asserts that the trial court abused its
discretion because there is no disqualifying conflict of interest under Rules 1.09 or
1.15 of the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct and because the
disqualification movants failed to show actual prejudice.
We conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus.
Background
The individual, commercial, and governmental-entity plaintiffs in the
underlying consolidated cases allege that TWIA breached duties owed to them in
the handling of insurance claims arising from damage caused by Hurricane Ike.
Real party in interest Craig Eiland is a state legislator and an attorney. Through his
law firm, A. Craig Eiland Attorney at Law, P.C., he represents plaintiffs in cases
that are part of the consolidated Hurricane Ike litigation in Galveston County.
Chris Martin is an attorney who specializes in insurance matters. He has
frequently lectured and written on insurance law. Martin was testifying before the
Texas Legislature on a matter relating to insurance when he met Eiland.
Thereafter Eiland occasionally contacted Martin to ask questions about insurance
law, relating both to issues pending before the Legislature and to issues arising
District Court of Galveston County. The respondent is the Honorable Susan
E. Criss.
2
from cases he was handling as an attorney. He retained Martin as an expert in two
of his Hurricane Ike cases which did not involve claims against TWIA: the South
Coast Cement case2 and the La Porte ISD case.3 But the two lawyers were also
adversaries in other litigated Ike claims pending in Galveston County in late 2010,
including cases in which Eiland, along with his co-counsel Steve Mostyn, filed
lawsuits on behalf of multiple policyholders against State Farm Lloyds and related
entities, which are represented by Martin.4
Eiland was retained by Galveston County to review its Hurricane Ike
insurance claims and to determine if it “had any potential money due and owing”
from TWIA. Although no lawsuit was ever filed in connection with the Galveston
County matter, Eiland testified that he contacted Martin in January 2011 “to seek
his expert counsel,” particularly concerning TWIA’s alleged “failure to pay
overhead and profit and sales tax.” Eiland contends that he was seeking Martin’s
2
South Coast Cement Co. v. Philadelphia Indemnity Co. et al., No. 3:10-cv-
00357 (S.D. Tex., Galveston Div.).
3
LaPorte Independent School District v. Westchester Surplus Lines Insurance
Co., No. 4:10-cv-03657 (S.D. Tex., Galveston Div.).
4
These included Kirk Shulke & Elizabeth Ann Shulke v. State Farm Lloyds et
al., No. 10CV3794 (56th Judicial Dist. Ct., Galveston County), Diane Zissa
v. State Farm Lloyds, No. 10CV2876 (122nd Judicial Dist. Ct., Galveston
County), Shelton’s New Beginnings, L.L.C. v. State Farm Lloyds,
No. 10CV2741 (10th Judicial Dist. Ct., Galveston County), and James
Stewart v. State Farm Lloyds, No. 10CV3658 (122nd Judicial Dist. Ct.,
Galveston County).
3
assistance for the benefit of his client and as an “expert.” 5 He also claims to have
sought Martin’s guidance to inform how to structure the operation of his law firm
“in terms of what cases and types of cases” he accepted and how he would
“handle” them. Eiland testified that Martin orally agreed to accept the
representation and that they discussed the preparation of an expert report. 6
After initial discussion by telephone, Eiland sent Martin the following email:
From: A. Craig Eiland
Sent: Monday, January 17, 2011 6:22 PM
To: 'Chris Martin'
5
In this regard Eiland testified: “I needed his expertise to advise me as a
lawyer . . . on what to do and how to do it, as also to the extent allowed, to
use him as an expert in the litigation on those issues. So both. Both to
advise me and my firm in the representation of Galveston County and as an
expert in the case when it got to the point, because I started to want to be
able to point to and rely upon him and say . . . a law school professor and the
guy that writes the book, here is his opinion, pay me the money.” He further
testified that he and Martin discussed “me retaining him to advise me and to
give an opinion.”
6
Eiland explained his need for a report as follows:
It’s important when you represent governmental entities . . . it’s
different than representing an individual or a company because
you know that there [are] elected officials who have to justify
their decisions. And so you want to make sure that you, No. 1,
pay for the file and, No. 2, provide a broad foundation. If you
are going to ask the commissioners court and the county judge
to make a decision to either accept an offer, reject an offer, to
take a position, you need to have it; and that’s one thing I
wanted. I didn’t want just, Oh, I talked to Bob, and he told me
this. I wanted something in my file that I could rely upon, that I
could show the commissioners if and when the time came as
well as the county judge.
4
Subject: Eiland re Confidential Consulting Expert Communication
FW: Galveston County - Texas Windstorm Insurance
Association
Chris,
To follow up on our discussions, attached is my demand letter and
reasoning with exhibits. Let me know if you have any insight or
opinions. I think that the Ghoman decision helps and hurts. It helps
in supporting the opinion that you do not have to hire a General
Contractor to get the O&P, but hurts re the Tax.
A Craig Eiland
Eiland attached several documents to this email. One was a copy of the federal
district court opinion referenced in the email text, Ghoman v. New Hampshire Ins.
Co., 159 F. Supp. 2d 928 (N.D. Tex. 2001). Also attached was a “formal initial
demand” letter addressed to TWIA and sent by Eiland on behalf of Galveston
County. Eiland’s letter was dated January 17, 2010, and it demanded the payment
of “undisputed damages,” which included contractor’s overhead and profit
(commonly known as “O&P”) and sales tax. The letter referenced and attached
commissioner’s bulletins from the Texas Department of Insurance, dated from
1998 and 2008, addressing the payment of O&P and sales tax. 7
7
In its 1998 Commissioner’s Bulletin, the Texas Department of Insurance
stated that “the deduction of prospective contractors’ overhead and profit
and sales tax in determining the actual cash value under a replacement cost
policy is improper, is not a reasonable interpretation of the policy language,
and is unfair to insureds.” In 2008 the Department stated that its “position
has not changed.” The 2008 Bulletin explained:
5
Eiland had attached to the demand letter a chain of email correspondence
dated from 2008 which appears to have been an interoffice TWIA communication.
In response to a suggestion that “we may want to stress that a general contractor is
needed in order to include the O&P,” TWIA Vice President of Claims Reggie
Warren stated that according to the Texas Department of Insurance, “that doesn’t
matter……..we need to add OH & P to arrive at the appropriate repair/replacement
cost, regardless if a contractor is involved.”
On the afternoon of January 20, 2011, Eiland sent Martin another email, the
text of which stated simply, “Any luck?” Martin responded, “Yes, report will
follow later tonight.” Eiland replied, “Great, Thanks! Send bill.” Five hours later,
Eiland sent another email that stated, “Just a reminder.”
Late that night, Martin sent Eiland an email bearing the subject line of “Re:
Report.” That email stated:
While individual company policy forms have been approved for
use in Texas, the method set forth in [the 1998 Bulletin]
continues to be a standard method of determining actual cash
value under replacement cost policies. Thus, the insured
continues to be entitled to reasonable and necessary expenses to
repair or replace the damaged property, less proper deduction
for depreciation. These expenses would include the services of
a contractor. The deduction of prospective contractors’
overhead and profit and sales tax, in addition to depreciation in
calculating actual cash value, is an improper claim settlement
practice on policies that provide coverage on an actual cash
value or replacement cost basis.
6
Craig,
When we spoke last Friday, you asked about the industry custom and
practice of paying certain components of a property claim when the
insured doesn’t actually incur the cost of the line item in question.
The example you gave involved a unit of government (here Galveston
County) which didn’t have to pay sales tax on repair materials. You
mentioned your argument involving the payment of premiums for
items such as sales tax as a justification for the insurer’s obligation to
pay.
Over the last four days, I have had extended conversations with very
senior executives in the Claims Departments at Travelers, Zurich,
CNA, Hartford, Fireman’s Fund and State Farm specifically regarding
units of government or quasi-units and generally regarding sales tax
and O&P. These men are long time acquaintances who spoke to me
as a friend to answer my questions because I occasionally seek their
industry perspectives to help research or writing projects I undertake.
For anonymity, I get candid accuracy.
On this issue, the reactions were consistent. The primary principal
seems to be the indemnity nature of property coverage. In other
words, property policies provide indemnity to the insured for losses to
buildings and their component parts. To this end, each carrier exec
articulated a similar thought around the idea of a loss incurred or
“reasonably likely to be incurred.” That point seems to be the
industry dividing point on your precise question. As to sales tax for
an entity who will never have to pay such sales tax, the issue is
consistently addressed along the same lines of incurred or reasonably
likely to be incurred. It can’t be incurred for a unit of government so
it is never paid under the aforementioned indemnity principal.
In contrast, O&P is something where the general contractor in many
types of losses is one reasonably likely to be incurred and is thus
generally paid even when not actually retained and paid. In my
pattern and practice research, the commercial carriers seem to pay it
simply based on the need for a GC and without regard to one having
actually been retained and their charges incurred. State Farm, in
contrast, at least requires a contract with or an estimate from a general
contractor before it will make such a payment even if the loss will
7
clearly involve 3 or more trades or factors indicating the necessity of a
GC. The other carriers don’t.
The actual cash value concepts set forth in Ghoman are recognized
and applied by those in the industry. The sales tax issue in Ghoman
seems distinguishable from Galveston County along the same
indemnity principal mentioned above—it will never be incurred so
there is no loss to indemnify. A general contractor, however, is a
different matter, at least theoretically, even for a county government.
The results of my survey indicated that each carrier would deny sales
tax but would pay O&P for the county in my “hypothetical.”
Your position on O&P was well supported by the Commissioner’s
Bulletins and Ghoman. There are actually some additional cases and
briefing I have in archives which might interest you. I have handled a
dozen or so O&P cases in the last 13 years or so, most of which were
putative class actions. There are also a lot of out of state cases which
also support your position on O&P. If you want me to find the
briefing in those cases, I can have a paralegal pull the archived files
for you.
As a final point of refinement, your “premium” argument is somewhat
misplaced. Premiums are actually determined based on historical past
losses for the carrier and future risk factors (such as number of
employees, amount of property owned, etc) for the insured.
Premiums are not actually calculated based on individual factors such
as the potential to pay sales tax on a loss. No carrier that I am aware
of calculates premiums based on factors such as sales tax. The fact
that prior losses which are aggregated included sales tax is of no
significance to your argument. Instead, your better arguments center
around the actual cash value, replacement cost, and indemnity
principals discussed above and explained further in Ghoman.
So, I recommend you punt the sales tax issue but continue to push
hard on the O&P issue. You are right on O&P, even for a county
government.
8
If you want me to pull the archives on my old O&P case briefing, let
me know.
Chris
Eiland responded by email within an hour:
Thanks for the work and comments. I will keep them to myself, but in
case the client (County) asks why I sought sales tax and settled for
less, this obviously gives me some sound reasoning to give up on the
issue. I appreciate your help. [P]lease send a bill as I don’t want to be
burden but want to keep you as a resource!
Martin did not send a bill. Eiland testified that over the ensuing 10 months until
the Galveston County claim settled, he and Martin “met one time in person and
then had a phone conversation and e-mail, a couple of e-mails, but once I had his
opinion, that’s all I needed at that point in time.” Eiland also testified that during
that time, he and Martin discussed unspecified “confidential” issues other than
O&P and sales tax.
Approximately 20 months after Martin’s email report to Eiland, in
August 2012, TWIA orally retained Martin and his law firm, MDJW, as lead
coordinating counsel for its Hurricane Ike litigation. In mid-September 2012, the
City of Santa Fe, represented by Eiland, filed suit against TWIA, alleging that it
had failed to pay overhead and profit completely and accurately. TWIA answered
9
the lawsuit on October 12, 2011, represented by MDJW. Four days later, Eiland
forwarded Martin’s January 20, 2011 email to Mostyn. 8
In early December 2012, the City of Santa Fe amended its petition to seek
the certification of a class action, in which the proposed class included “All Texas
government entities . . . who were or are TWIA’s policyholders who (1) suffered a
covered loss caused by Hurricane Rita, Hurricane Ike, Hurricane Dolly, and/or
Hurricane Humberto, and (2) Whose actual cash value damage adjustments did not
include adequately calculated and timely tendered compensation for general
contractors’ overhead and profit.”
The next week, the City of Santa Fe moved to disqualify MDJW from
representing TWIA based on the January 2011 email communication between
Martin and Eiland. In its motion to disqualify, the City alleged that in
January 2011 Eiland had hired Martin to provide an expert opinion on TWIA’s
failure to pay O&P and sales tax to Galveston County. The City thus argued that
MDJW had a conflict of interest arising from the firm’s duty of loyalty to Eiland.
The City further argued that MDJW had failed to disclose this conflict of interest
8
Both Eiland and Mostyn belong to the “Plaintiffs’ Steering Committee” for
the Galveston County Hurricane Ike litigation. The mandamus record does
not disclose any joint-representation agreements or any other details about
the formation of the committee. Eiland testified that his duties and
responsibilities as a member of the committee were “to try to make sure that
all lawyers that have cases are aware of issues and to coordinate the trial, the
discovery and the litigation,” and that he shared confidences with Mostyn
and other lawyers on the committee.
10
to TWIA, thus violating Title 28, Section 5.4001 of the Texas Administrative
Code, which requires disclosure of conflicts of interest by lawyers representing or
seeking to represent TWIA in policyholder disputes. The City argued that this
violation required MDJW’s disqualification from representing TWIA for a period
of five years.
TWIA denied the factual allegations in the motion for disqualification,
calling them “blatant misrepresentation[s],” and it denied the existence of an
attorney-client or otherwise privileged relationship between the City and Martin.
TWIA also denied any disclosure to Martin of “any confidential client information
which would relate to the City of Santa Fe or any of the plaintiffs who now have
suits pending against TWIA.”
In response, a “Supplemental Motion to Disqualify; Reply to TWIA’s
Response to Motion to Disqualify” was filed in both the City of Santa Fe putative
class-action lawsuit and the consolidated Hurricane Ike litigation. This motion was
filed not only by the City, but also on behalf of plaintiffs’ counsel who were not
parties and who had not intervened in the suit: Eiland, his law firm, and the
“Plaintiffs’ Steering Committee” (whose members were not identified in the
motion). 9
9
Galveston County, Eiland’s client directly at issue in the January 2011 email
communications, is not a named plaintiff or a member of the putative class
in the City of Santa Fe v. TWIA action, nor is it a party to any other lawsuit
11
In addition to arguing that MDJW was barred from representing TWIA
under the Texas Administrative Code, in the supplemental motion the movants
argued that Martin and MDJW had a “former-client conflict of interest in
representing TWIA adverse to Martin’s previous representation of Eiland, in
violation of Disciplinary Rule 1.09, and thus disqualification is required as a matter
of law.” The movants later filed a “Second Supplemental Motion to Disqualify”
and “Reply to TWIA’s Response to Motion to Disqualify,” in which they added
factual allegations and urged the same grounds for disqualification.
The trial court held evidentiary hearings on the disqualification motion over
five days between December 14, 2012 and February 5, 2013. Both Eiland and
Martin testified, giving directly opposing testimony about the facts underlying the
dispute over whether they had entered into an attorney-client relationship in
January 2011. Eiland said that he hired Martin both as an expert and as his lawyer.
Martin denied ever having entered into an attorney-client relationship with Eiland,
though he acknowledged that Eiland had previously hired him as an expert in two
separate matters that did not involve TWIA: South Coast Cement and La Porte
ISD. The disqualification movants offered testimony from a legal-ethics expert,
affected by the motion to disqualify. The disqualification motion only
identifies Eiland and his law firm as having been former clients of Martin
and MDJW. Also, there is no allegation that the City of Santa Fe, any
member of the putative class, or any other disqualification movant had
engaged Eiland in January 2011 or earlier to pursue a claim against TWIA.
12
and TWIA objected on the ground that it would be improper to offer expert
opinion testimony about the law and legal ethics. The trial court overruled the
objection, granting TWIA a running objection to having “a legal expert tell the
court what the legal issues are.” The witness gave opinion testimony that an
attorney-client relationship existed between Martin and Eiland and that the
relationship gave rise to a disqualifying conflict of interest as to Martin and
MDJW’s representation of TWIA. As a result of the trial court’s admission of the
movants’ expert testimony, TWIA later secured a rebuttal expert who presented
directly opposing opinion testimony.
The trial court granted the motion to disqualify. Its order disqualified Martin
and MDJW from representing TWIA in any of the consolidated Hurricane Ike
cases in Galveston County, and it included the following findings of fact and
conclusions of law:
1. Martin and [MDJW] entered attorney-client relationships with
Craig Eiland and A. Craig Eiland Attorney at Law, P.C.
(collectively “Eiland”) concerning multiple matters.
2. Neither Martin, nor Eiland have terminated Martin’s attorney-
client relationship with Eiland in connection with one such matter,
the South Coast Cement case, in which Martin drafted the federal
court complaint, advised Eiland on matters concerning his
attorney-client relationship, and in which he has been designated as
an expert witness.
3. In addition to retaining Martin as Eiland’s attorney, Eiland also
retained Martin to serve as an expert witness in connection with
13
Eiland’s representation of Galveston County in a claim against
TWIA for damages caused by Hurricane Ike.
4. Eiland also retained Martin . . . in the La Porte ISD case.
However, Martin’s engagement letter . . . did not limit Martin’s
engagement to expert witness work. Instead he wrote that he
would provide “expert consultation.”
5. Eiland currently represents the City of Galveston and the City of
La Marque in connection with those cities’ claims against TWIA
for damages caused by Hurricane Ike.
6. Eiland communicated confidential information to Martin and
[MDJW] in the course of Martin and [MDJW]’s representation of
Eiland, including concerning the County of Galveston insurance
claims that Eiland handled against TWIA.
7. Eiland also communicated confidential information to Martin and
[MDJW] in the course of Martin’s service as an expert witness in
connection with Eiland’s representation of Galveston County. In
the Galveston County matter, Martin served as lawyer for Eiland
and Eiland’s firm and for Eiland’s client (the County of Galveston)
and as expert witness. Martin issued a written report for Eiland
and Eiland’s firm and Eiland’s client in that matter. Eiland
requested that Martin send Eiland a bill for the work Martin had
done on that matter.
8. The matters that were the subject of Martin and [MDJW]’s
attorney-client relationship with Eiland included, but were not
limited to, (a) the potential recoveries for overhead and profit by
Eiland’s clients as a part of their Hurricane Ike damage claims
against TWIA, and (b) structuring Eiland’s operations in terms of
the case and types of cases that Eiland accepted, and structuring
Eiland’s negotiation and litigation strategies.
9. Whether Eiland’s clients in this case and the other Movants are
entitled to recover overhead and profit as a part of their Hurricane
Ike damage claims against TWIA is a significant, disputed issue in
14
this case and TWIA’s position on that issue is adverse to Eiland’s
and the other Movants’ position on that issue.
10.Martin and [MDJW]’s representation of TWIA in this case is
substantially related to Martin and [MDJW]’s prior representation
of Eiland. Martin’s previous areas of representation of and advice
to Eiland included representation and advice concerning the
Galveston County insurance claim against TWIA for Hurricane Ike
damages. Yet now Martin and his firm are representing TWIA
adverse to Eiland concerning the City of Galveston (and others’)
insurance claims against TWIA for Hurricane Ike damages,
including concerning the same or substantially similar elements of
damages. Therefore, Martin and [MDJW]’s representation of
TWIA in this case results in a violation of Texas Disciplinary Rule
of Professional Conduct (“Disciplinary Rule”) 1.09(a)(3).
11.Martin and [MDJW]’s representation of TWIA in this case in
reasonable probability will result in a violation by Martin and
[MDJW] of Disciplinary Rule 1.05. Therefore, Martin and
[MDJW]’s representation of TWIA in this case results in a
violation of Disciplinary Rule 1.09(a)(2).
12.The opinion that Martin provided to Eiland concerning the
recovery of overhead and profit as a part of claims against TWIA
in the course of Martin and [MDJW]’s prior representation of
Eiland appears to be inconsistent with the position that TWIA has
taken in previous claims handling of the same type of storm-
damage claims. Martin’s work product for Eiland is in issue in this
case. Therefore, Martin and [MDJW]’s representation of TWIA in
this case results in a violation of Disciplinary Rule 1.09(a)(1).
13.Martin and [MDJW] failed to disclose to TWIA any conflict of
interest, specifically including their prior and ongoing
representation of Eiland, before undertaking the representation of
TWIA in this case. Because of that failure, 28 TAC
§ 5.4001(b)(4)(C)(iii)(V) is an absolute bar to Martin and [MDJW]
representing TWIA in this case, which involves policyholder
claims against TWIA. Further Disciplinary Rule 1.15(a)(1)
requires Martin to withdraw from the representation of TWIA
15
because the representation will “result in violation of . . .
applicable rules of professional conduct” and “other law.”
[MDJW] have refused to withdraw from representing TWIA and
are continuing to represent TWIA in violation of 28 TAC
§ 5.4001(b)(4)(C)(iii)(V) and Disciplinary Rule 1.15(a)(1).
14.Martin’s conflicts of interest under the Disciplinary Rules are
imputed to all other [MDJW] attorneys. Disciplinary Rule 1.09(b)
provides that “when lawyers are . . . members of . . . a firm, none
of them shall knowingly represent a client if any one of them
practicing alone would be prohibited from doing so by”
Rule 1.09(a).
15.Eiland and his law firm have not consented to Martin and
[MDJW]’s representation of TWIA in this case.
16.Disqualification of [MDJW] is appropriate based on any one or
more of the foregoing violations of the Disciplinary Rules.
TWIA filed a petition for writ of mandamus. In its petition TWIA argues,
among other things, that the trial court abused its discretion in granting the motion
to disqualify Martin and MDJW because there was no attorney-client relationship
between Eiland and Martin, no conflict of interest under Rule 1.09, no violation of
the Texas Administrative Code or, by extension, Rule 1.15(a)(1), and no showing
of actual prejudice. TWIA also challenged evidentiary rulings and the trial court’s
findings that Martin was retained as an attorney and expert witness for Eiland.
Analysis
“Mandamus relief is proper to correct a clear abuse of discretion when there
is no adequate remedy by appeal.” In re Frank Motor Co., 361 S.W.3d 628, 630
16
(Tex. 2012) (orig. proceeding). A trial court abuses its discretion if it reaches a
decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to constitute a clear and prejudicial error
of law, In re Cerberus Capital Mgmt., L.P., 164 S.W.3d 379, 382 (Tex. 2005)
(orig. proceeding), or when it acts without reference to any guiding rules or
principles. In re Colonial Pipeline Co., 968 S.W.2d 938, 941 (Tex. 1998) (orig.
proceeding). A trial court has no discretion in determining what the law is or in
applying the law to the facts. In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124,
135 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding). “Mandamus is appropriate to correct an
erroneous order disqualifying counsel because there is no adequate remedy by
appeal.” In re Sanders, 153 S.W.3d 54, 56 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding).
Disqualification of a party’s counsel is “a severe remedy.” In re Nitla S.A.
de C.V., 92 S.W.3d 419, 422 (Tex. 2002) (orig. proceeding) (quoting Spears v.
Fourth Court of Appeals, 797 S.W.2d 654, 656 (Tex. 1990) (orig. proceeding)).
“It can result in immediate and palpable harm, disrupt trial court proceedings, and
deprive a party of the right to have counsel of choice.” Id. Disqualification can
delay proceedings in the trial court, require the client to engage a successor
attorney, and, in appropriate cases, deprive the client of work product done on his
behalf by the disqualified attorney. See In re George, 28 S.W.3d 511, 515, 518–19
(orig. proceeding) (Tex. 2000). Because of the serious consequences of
disqualification of opposing counsel, such motions can be misused for delay or to
17
exert inappropriate leverage to force a settlement. See, e.g., Spears, 797 S.W.2d at
658; see also Developments in the Law—Conflicts of Interest in the Legal
Profession, III. Conflicts of Interest in Private Practice, 94 HARV. L. REV. 1284,
1285 (1981) (suggesting that such motions could also be misused for the purpose
of disqualifying “dangerously competent counsel”). The law strongly discourages
the use of motions to disqualify as tactical weapons in litigation. See, e.g., Spears,
797 S.W.2d at 658; TEX. DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 3.08 &
cmt. 10, reprinted in TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN., tit. 2, subtit. G, app. A (West 2013)
(State Bar. R. art. X, § 9).
The movant has the burden of proof on a disqualification motion. See In re
EPIC Holdings, Inc., 985 S.W.2d 41, 60 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding). To
prevent the abusive filing of such a motion for tactical reasons, the court must
carefully evaluate the motion and record to determine if disqualification is
warranted. See In re Nitla, 92 S.W.3d at 422. The Supreme Court of Texas
repeatedly has stated that a trial court “must strictly adhere to an exacting
standard” in ruling on disqualification motions. E.g., NCNB Tex. Nat’l Bank v.
Coker, 765 S.W.2d 398, 399–400 (Tex. 1989) (orig. proceeding). Consistent with
the standard of review in mandamus proceedings, we review the trial court’s ruling
for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., id. at 400 (trial court’s “failure to apply the
18
proper standard of law to the motion to disqualify counsel was an abuse of
discretion”).
Although the disciplinary rules are not intended as standards for procedural
decisions, courts often look to them as guidelines in deciding whether to grant a
motion to disqualify counsel. In re Nitla, 92 S.W.3d at 422; Nat’l Med. Enters. v.
Godbey, 924 S.W.2d 123, 132 (Tex. 1996) (orig. proceeding). When a movant
seeks disqualification based on an alleged violation of a disciplinary rule, he must
carry the burden to establish the violation with specificity. See Spears, 797 S.W.2d
at 656. “Mere allegations of unethical conduct or evidence showing a remote
possibility of a violation of the disciplinary rules” do not satisfy the exacting
standard. Id. In addition, the party seeking disqualification based on violation of a
disciplinary rule must also “demonstrate that the opposing lawyer’s conduct caused
actual prejudice that requires disqualification.” In re Nitla, 92 S.W.3d at 422; see
also In re Meador, 968 S.W.2d 346, 350 (Tex. 1998) (“a court should not
disqualify a lawyer for a disciplinary violation that has not resulted in actual
prejudice to the party seeking disqualification”).
I. Former-client conflict
The disqualification motion alleged a former-client conflict. The applicable
Disciplinary Rule of Professional Conduct provides:
19
Rule 1.09. Conflict of Interest: Former Client
(a) Without prior consent, a lawyer who personally has formerly
represented a client in a matter shall not thereafter represent
another person in a matter adverse to the former client:
(1) in which such other person questions the validity of the
lawyer’s services or work product for the former client;
(2) if the representation in reasonable probability will
involve a violation of Rule 1.05; or
(3) if it is the same or a substantially related matter.
TEX. DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.09(a).
Although TWIA challenges many of the trial court’s factual findings,
including the findings that Martin had been retained as Eiland’s attorney and as a
testifying expert witness in the Galveston County matter, we do not reach
contested issues of fact in an original mandamus proceeding. In re Pirelli Tire,
L.L.C., 247 S.W.3d 670, 686 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding); In re Angelini, 186
S.W.3d 558, 560 (Tex. 2006) (orig. proceeding). For purposes of mandamus
review, we assume that Martin represented Eiland, and that the scope of that
representation embraced Eiland’s legal strategies relating to Hurricane Ike claims
and his business strategies relating to case selection and negotiation.
A. Prejudice arising from adverse relationship to former client
(Rule 1.09(a))
At the outset, we note an apparent absence of true adversity between TWIA
and a former client of Martin and MDJW, which is a fundamental precondition to
20
the application of Rule 1.09’s prohibition of former-client conflicts of interest.
The rule applies to “a lawyer who personally has formerly represented a client in a
matter” and prohibits that lawyer from representing “another person in a matter
adverse to the former client” without prior consent. TEX. DISCIPLINARY RULES
PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.09(a). The comments to Rule 1.09 also specify that the rule
“concerns the situation where a lawyer once personally represented a client and
now wishes to represent a second client against that former client.” Id. R. 1.09
cmt. 2 (emphasis supplied). 10
That circumstance does not exist here. Among the disqualification movants,
only Eiland and his law firm are former clients of Martin and MJDW. But as
explained below, they are not now adverse to TWIA in any relevant sense. Some
of the other movants—the plaintiffs in the underlying cases—are actually adverse
to TWIA, but they are not former clients of Martin and MJDW. And the remaining
movants, the other attorney members of the Plaintiffs’ Steering Committee, are
neither former clients nor personally adverse to TWIA in the litigation.
1. No adversity with former clients. The former clients at issue are
Eiland and his law firm. Eiland and his law firm are involved as counsel in the
pending lawsuits in which Martin and MDJW’s disqualification is sought, but
10
One of the policy reasons underlying the adversity requirement is to avoid
discouraging lawyers from accepting “new, relatively modest matters” by
transforming such engagements into lifetime commitments. RESTATEMENT
(THIRD) OF LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS § 132 cmt. b (2000).
21
Eiland and his law firm are not actual parties to the lawsuits. Apart from acting in
a representative capacity as plaintiffs’ counsel, Eiland’s only personal interest in
these cases—his interest in earning a fee—is either separate from or at most
derivative of the interests of his clients, who actually are directly adverse to TWIA
in the litigation.
A person seeking to disqualify his former counsel need not always be a party
to the subsequent suit. Nevertheless, there still must be some demonstration that
the second representation is “adverse” to the disqualification movant. Id.
R. 1.09(a). For purposes of the ethical prohibition of Rule 1.09, adversity has been
described as “a product of the likelihood of the risk and the seriousness of its
consequences.” Godbey, 924 S.W.2d at 132. The trial court’s disqualification
order identifies only one disputed issue in the litigation as to which Martin’s
representation of TWIA is characterized as adverse to the movants’ position:
“Whether Eiland’s clients in this case and the other Movants are entitled to recover
overhead and profit as a part of their Hurricane Ike damage claims against TWIA.”
But based on the allegations of the disqualification motion and the evidence
presented in support of it, the consequences to Eiland of any disclosures arising
from Eiland’s engagement of Martin cannot be presumed to be serious. Eiland
sent his Galveston County demand letters, incorporating arguments suggested to
him by Martin, directly to TWIA. Moreover Eiland sent the full text of Martin’s
22
email report on the subjects of O&P and sales tax to another attorney, Mostyn, who
in turn forwarded the entire report to a representative of TWIA. Thus the same
documents relied upon as evidence of the Martin-Eiland attorney-client
consultation were voluntarily disclosed by plaintiffs’ counsel to their clients’
adversary, TWIA. Martin’s current representation creates no additional risk of
unfair prejudice to the claimants arising from the disclosure of the information in
either of those documents.
Unlike the situation presented by the Godbey case,11 nothing in the
mandamus record indicates that Eiland or any of the other movants are at risk of
11
In National Medical Enterprises, Inc. v. Godbey, 924 S.W.2d 123 (Tex.
1996) (orig. proceeding), a law firm was disqualified from representing
former psychiatric patients in their suits against a group of psychiatric
hospitals. One lawyer from the firm previously represented a regional
hospital administrator during an investigation of fraud and mistreatment of
patients. See Godbey, 924 S.W.2d at 132–33. Although the administrator
was not a party to the patients’ lawsuits, he intervened to move for
disqualification of his former counsel. Id. at 126. The court found a small
but “not nonexistent” risk that the administrator would be affected by the
litigation. Id. at 132. In determining that the second representation was
adverse to the former-client hospital administrator, the Supreme Court of
Texas noted that disqualification based on a former client conflict of interest
is often based not merely on the fact of the prior representation, but on the
attorney’s duty to preserve the former client’s confidences. Id. at 131. The
Court held that “[a]dversity is a product of the likelihood of the risk” of a
disclosure of confidences “and the seriousness of its consequences.” Id. at
132. As to the hospital administrator, the Court reasoned that while the risk
of disclosure was not great, the seriousness of the consequences of
disclosure warranted disqualification. See id. at 132–33. As the Court
vividly explained: “The chances of being struck by lightning are slight, but
not slight enough, given the consequences, to risk standing under a tree in a
23
unfair prejudice or any other personal risk because of Martin’s representation of
TWIA. The evidence fails to suggest any adverse consequences that might arise
from disclosure of as-yet undisclosed confidences. The trial court found that
Eiland sought counsel from Martin regarding his representation of Galveston
County and his demand for payment of O&P and sales tax. The evidence shows
that Martin wrote an email indicating that Eiland’s position with respect to O&P
was “well supported” but that a governmental unit that did not incur sales tax
likely would not be entitled to recover sales tax, all based on case law, Texas
Department of Insurance Commissioner’s Bulletins, and Martin’s survey of
insurance industry practices. In essence, this was a general discussion of the
strengths and weaknesses of legal arguments applicable to aspects of windstorm
insurance claims as asserted by governmental entities—a representation that would
thunderstorm. [The regional administrator] is not likely to be struck by
lightning in the pending case, even though he is in the midst of a severe
thunderstorm, but he is entitled to object to being forced by his former
lawyer to stand under a tree while the storm rages on.” Id. at 132–33.
24
not give rise to an issue conflict 12 or otherwise ordinarily preclude a lawyer “from
later acting adversely to that client’s interests in a litigated matter.” 13
Eiland’s testimony added nothing more to this understanding of the record.
At the hearing on the disqualification motion, Eiland was specifically asked on
direct examination to explain his concern about Martin representing TWIA as “an
adverse lawyer” against his clients:
Q. [A]re you concerned about Mr. Martin representing Texas
Windstorm Insurance Association as now an adverse lawyer
against your clients?
A. Yes.
Q. And why is that?
A. Well, how are we supposed to go tell the school board in
Dickinson that we have this claim that TWIA failed to pay you
over $300,000 in overhead and profit? I have an opinion and
report when I represented Galveston County, which are kind of
some of the same taxpayers, you know, Dickinson ISD
taxpayers are also Galveston County taxpayers, and I have an
opinion from TWIA’s lawyer, and what am I supposed to do
now?
Eiland’s testimony thus articulated a concern about securing a new expert to
represent Dickinson ISD, but there is simply no evidence that Martin’s current
12
See, e.g., MODEL RULES OF PROF’L CONDUCT R 1.07 cmt. 24 (2013) (“The
mere fact that advocating a legal position on behalf of one client might
create precedent adverse to the interests of a client represented by the lawyer
in an unrelated matter does not create a conflict of interest.”).
13
RICHARD E. FLAMM, LAWYER DISQUALIFICATION: CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
AND OTHER BASES § 8.7 at 157 (Banks & Jordan 2003).
25
representation of TWIA harms Eiland or the other movants by precluding them
from finding another expert to support their claims. Nothing in the mandamus
record shows that Martin will be advancing any arguments against Eiland
personally or that his representation of TWIA will subject Eiland to criminal or
civil penalties or sanctions. See, e.g., Godbey, 924 S.W.2d at 132. Rather, the risk
to Eiland is that opposing counsel will be vigorously advancing arguments against
his clients in these cases, which is a situation that exists in every adversarial
lawsuit and is not the concern of Rule 1.09.
2. No showing of prejudice to non-clients. While former clients
generally are not required to disclose confidential communications with their
former counsel in order to make the showing of actual prejudice that is usually
necessary to support the severe remedy of attorney disqualification, see, e.g.,
Coker, 765 S.W.2d at 400, the movants who cannot claim to have been former
clients of Martin—all of the disqualification movants other than Eiland and his law
firm—are not excused from this burden. For example, in Rio Hondo Implement
Co. v. Euresti, 903 S.W.2d 128 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1995, orig.
proceeding), the court addressed the circumstance of an attorney-disqualification
motion filed not on the basis of a former-client conflict, but on the basis of
information shared between lawyers for co-defendants pursuant to the joint-
defense privilege. Recognizing that the scenario is not expressly addressed by the
26
Rules of Disciplinary Procedure, the court held that “a party who claims the joint
defense privilege as a basis for disqualification of counsel must establish in an
evidentiary hearing 1) that confidential information has been shared and 2) that the
matter in which that information was shared is substantially related to the matter in
which disqualification is sought.” Rio Hondo, 903 S.W.2d at 132; accord In re
Skiles, 102 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2003, orig. proceeding).
Having found that the disqualification movant failed to satisfy this burden, the
court held that the trial court’s refusal to disqualify counsel was no abuse of
discretion. Rio Hondo, 903 S.W.2d at 132–33.
Nothing in the mandamus record shows that Eiland’s colleagues on the
steering committee or any of the plaintiffs will be prejudiced by Martin’s
acquisition of information by virtue of his representation of Eiland. See In re
Nitla, 92 S.W.3d at 422; In re Meador, 968 S.W.2d at 350; see also Rio Hondo,
903 S.W.2d at 132–33.
No one can serve two masters,14 but no such dilemma is presented on this
record. Martin’s representation of TWIA does not present any true adversity with
respect to the interests of Eiland and his law firm, the only disqualification
movants found to be former clients of Martin. And with respect to Eiland’s
colleagues on the steering committee and the plaintiffs in the consolidated
14
Matthew 6:24; see also FLAMM, supra note 13, § 3.4, at 47 (discussing the
Biblical origins of the direct adversity rule).
27
litigation, no actual prejudice to those movants has been shown so as to justify
disqualification pursuant to Rule 1.09 based on the Martin-Eiland attorney-client
relationship.
B. Substantial relationship between matters (Rule 1.09(a)(3))
Even if there were sufficient adversity between Martin’s current
representation of TWIA and his former representation of Eiland, no violation of
Rule 1.09(a)(3) has been shown because of the lack of a substantial relationship
between the representations. We review the trial court’s contrary legal conclusion
for abuse of discretion. 15
In NCNB Texas National Bank v. Coker, 765 S.W.2d 398 (Tex. 1989), a
motion to disqualify was filed based on a former-client conflict. In that case the
Supreme Court of Texas observed, based on Rule 4-101 of the Texas Code of
15
The dissent relies primarily upon In re Butler, 987 S.W.2d 221 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, orig. proceeding), for the proposition that the
determination of a substantial relationship “is necessarily a question of fact.”
Dissent at 17. Butler does not say that, nor can it be inferred from the
opinion. In any event, contrary to the dissent’s suggestion, a substantial-
relationship finding is not so inherently fact-bound as to be effectively
insulated from mandamus review. Nor is a finding of adversity. Instead, we
review these and other aspects of a trial court’s ruling on an attorney-
disqualification order for abuse of discretion. See Metro. Life Ins. Co. v.
Syntek Fin. Corp., 881 S.W.2d 319, 321 (Tex. 1994) (reviewing “the
evidence presented” by “the Coker standard” to determine there was no
abuse of discretion in the trial court’s finding of a substantial relationship for
purposes of denying a motion to disqualify counsel); see also W. Wendell
Hall et al., Hall’s Standards of Review in Texas, 42 ST. MARY’S L.J. 3, 112
(2010); FLAMM, supra note 13, §§ 36.1–.2 (collecting authorities relating to
review of disqualification orders for abuse of discretion).
28
Professional Responsibility (the predecessor to the current disciplinary rules), that
“[t]he preservation of clients’ secrets and confidences is not an option.” Coker,
765 S.W.2d at 399. Rule 4-101 defined “confidence” and “secret” in the context of
the attorney-client relationship, provided the general rule that a lawyer shall not
knowingly reveal a client’s confidence or secret, and listed several exceptions to
the general rule. TEX. STATE BAR R., art. XII, § 9, DR 4-101 (TEX. CODE OF
PROF’L RESP.), 34 Tex. B.J. 758 (1971, superseded 1990). Considering the
severity of disqualification, the Court applied a “substantial relationship test”
requiring proof of “the existence of a prior attorney-client relationship in which the
factual matters involved were so related to the facts in the pending litigation that it
creates a genuine threat that confidences revealed to his former counsel will be
divulged to his present adversary.” See Coker, 765 S.W.2d at 400. To justify
disqualification the movant must provide “evidence of specific similarities capable
of being recited in the disqualification order.” Id. Since Coker the Court has often
acknowledged that “[i]f the lawyer works on a matter, there is an irrebuttable
presumption that the lawyer obtained confidential information during the
representation.” E.g., In re Guar. Ins. Servs., Inc., 343 S.W.3d 130, 134 (Tex.
2011) (orig. proceeding).
Although the former Texas Code of Professional Responsibility applied in
Coker did not include a specific provision regarding a former-client conflict of
29
interest, such a provision is included in the current disciplinary rules. See TEX.
DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.09(a)(3) (“Without prior consent, a
lawyer who personally has formerly represented a client in a matter shall not
thereafter represent another person in a matter adverse to the former client . . . if it
is the same or a substantially related matter.”). The “substantial relationship” test
“primarily involves situations where a lawyer could have acquired confidential
information concerning a prior client that could be used either to that prior client’s
disadvantage or for the advantage of the lawyer’s current client or some other
person.” Id. R. 1.09 cmt. 4B.
The alleged conflict of interest in this case relates to Martin’s initial
representation of another lawyer, Eiland, and Martin’s subsequent representation of
a client whose interests are adverse to the interests of Eiland’s current clients. The
aspects of the first representation that the trial court found to be substantially
related to the subsequent representation concern a policyholder’s recovery of
overhead and profit and confidential communications concerning Eiland’s legal
strategies relating to Hurricane Ike claims, including his case selection and
approach to negotiations. The San Antonio court of appeals addressed a similar
question of whether two representations were substantially related in In re Drake,
195 S.W.3d 232 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, mand. denied). Attorney Dennis
Drake worked for the Bexar County Appraisal District for more than 20 years. In
30
re Drake, 195 S.W.3d at 234. In 2003, he left the appraisal district and went into
private practice, and in 2004, he filed on behalf of his clients two lawsuits against
the appraisal district disputing the market value of his clients’ property. Id. The
appraisal district moved to disqualify Drake under Rules 1.05 and 1.09 of the
Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct, and the trial court granted the
motion. Id. The appraisal district’s attorney conceded that “the facts in the prior
representation” had no “involvement in this situation.” Id. at 236. However, the
appraisal district argued that Drake’s cases involved “the same claims and defenses
as past cases in which Drake represented [the appraisal district] because all cases
involve the valuation of property.” Id.
In reversing the trial court’s disqualification of Drake, the court of appeals
observed that the court’s order listed only similarities between past and present
matters but no specific similar underlying facts. Id. “For example, the trial court
found that while Drake represented [the appraisal district], he advised the district
on the type of expert to retain or the type of expert or witness the district would not
want questioned; and he engaged in various activities, including preparing and
responding to discovery requests, formulating defense strategy, trial preparation,
and attending settlement conferences.” Id. at 236–37. The court of appeals
concluded that Drake was “familiar with the inner-workings” of the appraisal
district, but there was no evidence that the facts that would be material to the
31
resolution of Drake’s clients’ cases were related to the facts in any prior case in
which Drake represented the appraisal district. Id. at 237. The trial court erred by
disqualifying Drake because “[c]onclusions that valuation issues exist in all cases,
without further evidence that the underlying facts are similar, will not support the
trial court’s disqualification order.” Further, because there was no substantial
relationship between Drake’s prior and current representations, Drake was “not
subject to the conclusive presumption that [the appraisal district’s] confidences and
secrets were imparted to him.” Id. Finally, considering the contention that Drake
should be disqualified because of a potential violation of Rule 1.05, the court of
appeals noted that Drake did not obtain confidential information about his client’s
cases, only knowledge about the strengths and weaknesses of appraisers and
experts. Id. The court thus concluded that Drake did not receive confidential
information that could be used to the appraisal district’s disadvantage. Id.
As in Drake, the court’s order and the record here do not support a
conclusion that Martin’s prior and current representations are substantially related
to each other. The trial court’s order found that Martin had been Eiland’s attorney
and an expert witness in connection with Galveston County’s “claim against TWIA
for damages caused by Hurricane Ike,” including a finding that Martin “served as
lawyer . . . for Eiland’s client (the County of Galveston).” The court noted that
Eiland “currently represents” other governmental agencies, specifically the City of
32
Galveston and the City of LaMarque in their claims against TWIA for damages
caused by Hurricane Ike. The court found that the scope of Martin’s representation
of Eiland involved matters of “(a) the potential recoveries for overhead and profit
by Eiland’s clients as a part of their Hurricane Ike damage claims against TWIA,
and (b) structuring Eiland’s operation in terms of the cases and types of cases that
Eiland accepted, and structuring Eiland’s negotiation and litigation strategies.”
The court also noted that Eiland’s clients had a “significant disputed issue”
regarding the payment of overhead and profit and that the City of Galveston and
other plaintiffs were seeking the same or substantially the same elements of
damages from TWIA on their Hurricane Ike claims. From these factual
determinations, the trial court concluded that “Martin and [MDJW’s]
representation of TWIA in this case is substantially related to Martin and
[MDJW’s] prior representation of Eiland.”
Eiland argued in the trial court and on appeal that similarities between the
claims made by Galveston County against TWIA and those made by the
governmental entities that Eiland currently represents (the City of Santa Fe, the
City of Galveston, and the City of LaMarque) in their suits against TWIA are
evidence of a substantial relationship between Martin and MDJW’s prior
33
representation of Eiland and their current representation of TWIA. 16 Eiland
contends this substantial relationship is sufficient to justify disqualification, listing
the following similarities between the Galveston County matter and matters
involving the cities of Santa Fe, Galveston, and LaMarque:
• first-party claims against TWIA;
• brought by a unit of government;
• arising out of Hurricane Ike;
• for breach of nearly identical standard commercial windstorm
policies;
• for failure to properly pay O&P and sales tax;
• for improper claims handling following Hurricane Ike;
• for improper adjustment following Hurricane Ike;
• for failure to pay all damages owed under the policy following
Hurricane Ike; and
• seeking actual damages, penalties, and interest.
Accepting the trial court’s factual determinations to the extent they were
supported by evidence, we nevertheless conclude that the mandamus record does
16
The dissent relies upon Eiland’s own testimony that Martin’s current
representation is “substantially related” to the former representation, as well
as an opinion to the same effect from the movants’ legal expert. Dissent at
18–19. As discussed above, see supra note 15, the determination of a
substantial relationship between representations for purposes of Rule 1.09
involves the application of a legal standard to facts found by the trial court.
The trial court’s conclusion that such a substantial relationship existed is part
of the ruling under review in this mandamus proceeding, and as such
Eiland’s legal opinion and the legal opinion of the movants’ expert cannot
be treated as if they were evidentiary support for the ultimate conclusion
which was solely the province of the trial judge. Cf. Greenberg Traurig of
New York, P.C. v. Moody, 161 S.W.3d 56, 95 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (“It is not the role of the expert witness to define the
particular legal principles applicable to a case; that is the role of the trial
court.”).
34
not support the trial court’s legal conclusion that Martin’s representation of Eiland
was substantially related to his subsequent representation of TWIA. First, the
evidence shows that Martin only directly advised Eiland—and not Galveston
County itself17—regarding Eiland’s representation of Galveston County. The
relevant prior representation is Martin’s prior representation of Eiland, not any
prior representation of a policyholder actually asserting a first-party Hurricane Ike
claim against TWIA. Martin’s first representation of Eiland therefore was not a
first-party claim against TWIA; it was a lawyer-to-lawyer consultation, and there is
no finding and no evidence to support a finding that Eiland’s consultation with
Martin specifically related to claims now asserted by any of Eiland’s current
clients.
Eiland suggests that the prior and current representations were substantially
related in part because they arose out of the same event, Hurricane Ike. However
the claims against TWIA are for improper claims settlement practices. The event
that triggers TWIA’s potential liability in each case is the alleged failure to settle
the claims properly in each case, not the hurricane itself. As in Drake, the
plaintiffs’ claims in the underlying cases—even the claims of governmental
17
Contrary to the trial court’s finding that Martin “served as lawyer” for
Galveston County, Eiland himself testified that Martin was not Galveston
County’s attorney, noting the difficulty that would be involved in obtaining
approval from Galveston County leaders for the association of another
attorney.
35
entities alleging nonpayment of O&P—necessarily would be different in terms of
factors such as the types of repairs and contractors needed, communications
between the policyholder and TWIA, the amount still in dispute, and the basis for
the dispute. With specific reference to the governmental-entity claimants’
entitlement to reimbursement for O&P, Martin testified that the claims would
hinge on “whether or not the municipality had the in-house ability to hire its own
subcontractor, essentially acting as its own general contractor.” The
disqualification movants have not disputed the materiality of that factor or shown a
substantial relationship in that regard between the now-settled Galveston County
claim and the still-pending claims of the other governmental-entity claimants.
The other suggested similarities between the pending cases and the
Galveston County matter are superficial,18 and they do not reveal a connection
between any of the essential disputes underlying the pending cases and Martin’s
18
See, e.g., J.K. & Susie L. Wadley Research Inst. & Blood Bank v. Morris,
776 S.W.2d 271, 278 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1989, no writ) (“A superficial
resemblance between issues is not enough to constitute a substantial
relationship.”); Duncan v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 646
F.2d 1020, 1031 (5th Cir. Unit B June 1981) (vacating disqualification order
when movant showed “no more than a surface and superficial connection
between the matters”). See generally FLAMM, supra note 13, § 8.5 at 152–
53 (the “heavy” burden of proving a substantial relationship cannot be
satisfied by “hypothetical conflicts, unsubstantiated speculation, conclusory
allegations, vague claims of similarity, a catalogue of generalities, a showing
of a merely superficial resemblance or connection between the two matters,
or proof that the former and present matters involve similar causes of action”
(footnotes collecting authorities omitted)).
36
prior advice to Eiland. Thousands of lawsuits have been filed in the aftermath of
Hurricane Ike. Like the situation addressed in Drake, although there may be some
factual similarities, there has been no showing that any current dispute is factually
related to the Galveston County matter. There is nothing in the mandamus record
that shows, for example, that the alleged improper handling of Galveston County’s
insurance claims was in any way factually related to the alleged improper handling
of the City of Galveston’s claims. There is no evidence that secrets divulged by
Galveston County to its attorney would have any impact on that lawyer’s
representation of the City of Galveston or any other claimant.
Thus while the trial court’s findings may compel the presumption that
Martin obtained some familiarity with the inner-workings of Eiland’s firm, there is
no evidence that such information has any substantial relationship to the resolution
of any currently pending claim. See In re Drake, 195 S.W.3d at 237. Even to the
extent that O&P is at issue in all cases, Martin cannot be disqualified without
further evidence that the underlying facts are similar. See id. Without a substantial
relationship between Martin’s prior and current representations, there can be no
conclusive presumption that confidences and secrets were imparted to him. See id.
The mandamus record does not show that issues of a policyholder’s
entitlement to recover O&P or a governmental entity’s entitlement to recover sales
tax are significant disputes in all of the cases as to which the court granted the
37
motion to disqualify. The petitions filed in the City of Galveston and the City of
LaMarque cases are in the mandamus record. These petitions generally allege
improper and unfair claims settlement practices, but unlike the record evidence
relating to Galveston County’s claim against TWIA, these petitions do not focus on
the O&P issue or specifically seek unpaid O&P as damages. The City of
LaMarque’s petition does not even mention “overhead and profit.” The City of
Galveston’s petition includes an appendix identifying all the items that it contends
are TWIA’s responsibility, including “possible wind damage to all locations” but
not specifically mentioning O&P. While the City of Galveston’s petition alleges
that TWIA “failed to pay adequate sales tax,” it in no way indicates that payment
of O&P is an issue, let alone a significant disputed issue in the case. Indeed,
Eiland testified that with respect to the City of Galveston, TWIA had “paid their
overhead and profit correct.”
Although there was legal argument that the pending cases all involved the
issue of O&P, and the putative class has been defined to capture entities asserting
claims for O&P, there was little actual testimony given to establish that the O&P
issue is disputed or that any dispute is significant. Eiland gave limited testimony
about the common issue of O&P in his cases. During the hearings on the motion to
disqualify, Eiland testified that that the Dickinson ISD had claims of $1.5 million
that did not include O&P, and that the City of Santa Fe case involves “the failure to
38
pay overhead and profit completely and correctly.” However he also testified that
his frustration with improper failure to pay O&P to Galveston County stemmed
from the fact that TWIA had correctly paid O&P to other governmental entities,
including the City of Galveston.
The cases against TWIA all allege similar causes of action, but nothing in
the trial court’s order or the mandamus record explains how the actual disputes
underlying these cases are substantially related to each other. Even to the extent
some of the pending pleadings reference claims for recovery of O&P, Martin
testified that he was not aware of any actual disagreement in any particular case,
and the disqualification movants did not produce any evidence of one. The trial
court’s order specifically references Eiland’s current representation of the cities of
Galveston and LaMarque. However the order had the more far-reaching effect of
disqualifying Martin and MDJW in all of the consolidated Hurricane Ike cases
pending in Galveston County, regardless of any dispute about O&P.
Rule 1.09 requires disqualification if the matters are “the same or
substantially related,” not when the matters are merely similar. See TEX.
DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.09(a)(3). The movants’ burden in this
regard “requires evidence of specific similarities capable of being recited in the
disqualification order.” Coker, 765 S.W.2d at 400. Without a showing of a
substantial relationship, Eiland and the other disqualification movants are not
39
entitled to an irrebuttable presumption that Martin and MDJW received some other
unidentified but potentially harmful-if-disclosed confidential information from
Eiland during that representation. See id. And no other evidence has been
produced to demonstrate prejudice to the disqualification movants.
C. Reasonably probable disclosure of confidences (Rule 1.09(a)(2))
The disqualification movants also invoked Rule 1.09(a)(2), which prohibits a
representation that “in reasonable probability will involve a violation of
Rule 1.05,” which relates to the protection of confidential client information.19
19
Rule 1.05(b) provides:
Except as permitted by paragraphs (c) and (d), or as required by
paragraphs (e), and (f), a lawyer shall not knowingly:
(1) Reveal confidential information of a client or a former
client to:
(i) a person that the client has instructed is not to
receive the information; or
(ii) anyone else, other than the client, the client’s
representatives, or the members, associates, or
employees of the lawyer’s law firm.
(2) Use confidential information of a client to the
disadvantage of the client unless the client consents after
consultations.
(3) Use confidential information of a former client to the
disadvantage of the former client after the representation
is concluded unless the former client consents after
40
This subpart largely overlaps the prohibition contained in Rule 1.09(a)(3). TEX.
DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.09 cmts. 4 & 4B. The argument
advanced by the real parties in interest in support of the trial court’s ruling under
Rule 1.09(a)(2) is predicated on their other arguments about the substantial
relationship between Martin’s representation of Eiland and the claims against
TWIA currently pending in Galveston County. However we have rejected that
premise, and thus the same reasons that underlie our analysis of adversity and the
substantial relationship test also lead us to conclude that that the record does not
support the trial court’s determination of a reasonable probability that client
confidences would be shared.
D. Question about the validity of lawyer services or work product
(Rule 1.09(a)(1))
Rule 1.09(a)(1) also is not a viable ground for the motion to disqualify. To
argue that Martin’s work would be called into question in the underlying cases is
unavailing. In the context of the initial inquiry concerning the Galveston County
claim, Martin told Eiland that his argument for the recovery of O&P was “well
consultation or the confidential information has become
generally known.
(4) Use privileged information of a client for the advantage
of the lawyer or of a third person, unless the client
consents after consultation.
TEX. DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.05.
41
supported” based on case law, insurance commissioner bulletins, and industry
practice. There is no evidence in the mandamus record to show that the validity of
Martin’s email “report” has been questioned, particularly not in the sense in which
a lawyer would have a conflict when contesting the validity of a will, contract, or
other legal instrument he previously drafted. See id. R. 1.09 cmt. 3. During the
hearings on the disqualification motion, Eiland’s counsel tried, but failed, to
establish this point through Martin’s own testimony. 20 But no evidence was ever
produced to show that the substance of Martin’s email report has been disavowed
20
Q. Does this case involve issues potentially of overhead and profit?
A. Theoretically, sure.
Q. Well, in fact, the pleadings expressly state that, don’t they?
A. Sure, but I’m not aware of any disagreement.
Q. So TWIA is admitting through you liability for all overhead and
profit --
A. No, sir.
Q. -- consistent with the limitations and the opinions expressed in
your report that you gave to Mr. Eiland?
A. I would answer the question by saying that what was expressed
in my opinion is consistent with the commissioner’s position in
1998 and the commissioner’s position today regarding overhead
and profit, regardless of whether it’s a municipal entity or any
other insured.
Q. Do you know it’s not consistent with what TWIA has done over
the years? Do you know that?
A. I don’t know what TWIA has done over the years.
Q. So you may have given an opinion to Mr. Eiland that is flatly
inconsistent with the actual conduct of TWIA in the past?
A. All I can say is that if a mistake has been made, TWIA’s
position is to rectify it. I don’t know that TWIA has made a
mistake on that precise issue in a case that has not been --
COUNSEL: Objection, nonresponsive.
THE COURT: Sustained.
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by Martin or TWIA, or that it is inconsistent with TWIA’s position in connection
with the specific facts of any individual case.
II. Texas Administrative Code
The motion to disqualify asserted as an alternative ground for
disqualification that Martin violated Rule 1.15(a)(1) of the Texas Disciplinary
Rules of Professional Conduct, which provides: “A lawyer shall decline to
represent a client or, where representation has commenced, shall withdraw, except
[when ordered by a court to continue the representation], from the representation of
a client, if . . . the representation will result in a violation of . . . law.” TEX.
DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.15. The movants asserted that Martin
and MDJW had violated a provision of the Texas Administrative Code pertaining
to outside counsel’s disclosure of conflicts of interest when representing TWIA in
a policyholder dispute:
If legal counsel accepts an engagement from the association to
represent it in a dispute involving a policyholder claim against the
association and fails to disclose a conflict of interest, as required in
this clause, such legal counsel shall be barred for a period of five
years, from the date on which the conflict of interest is disclosed to
the association, from representing the association as legal counsel in
any dispute involving a policyholder claim against the association.
28 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 5.4001(b)(4)(C)(iii)(V) (2012) (Tex. Dep’t of Ins., Texas
Windstorm Insurance Ass’n Plan of Operation). The Texas Administrative Code
specifies that decisions regarding conflicts of interest in policyholder suits are
43
based only on “the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct and the
official Comments to these rules and ethics opinions issued by the Professional
Ethics Committee of the Supreme Court of Texas.” Id. § 5.4001(b)(4)(C)(iii)(II).
Having concluded that there is no conflict of interest under Rule 1.09, we likewise
conclude that there was no conflict of interest for the purposes of section 5.4001.
Conclusion
Having considered the application of the law to the facts found by the trial
judge in this case, we conclude that the mandamus record is insufficient to support
the trial court’s conclusions that the disciplinary rules were violated. In light of the
severity of the remedy of attorney disqualification and the Supreme Court’s
admonitions that such rulings must strictly adhere to an exacting standard, we
conclude that the court erred in applying the law to the facts and by ordering the
blanket disqualification of Martin and MDJW from representing TWIA in all
Galveston County Ike cases.
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We conditionally grant TWIA’s petition for writ of mandamus and direct the
trial court to vacate its February 5, 2013 order disqualifying MDJW and its
attorneys from representing TWIA. We are confident the district court will
promptly comply, and our writ will issue only if it does not.
Michael Massengale
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Bland, and Massengale.
Justice Jennings, dissenting.
45