The opinion
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Metropolitan Edison Company :
:
v. : No. 2188 C.D. 2014
: Argued: September 17, 2015
City of Reading, :
Appellant :
BEFORE: HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, President Judge
HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
OPINION BY JUDGE BROBSON FILED: October 15, 2015
The City of Reading (Reading) appeals from an order of the Court of
Common Pleas of Berks County (trial court), which held that Reading was not
immune from liability in a suit initiated by Metropolitan Edison Company
(Met-Ed). The trial court further held that Reading was negligent and awarded
Met-Ed $53,000 in damages. We now reverse.
On July 7, 2009, Reading began excavating a site located on the 200
block of North 5th Street, Reading, Pennsylvania. (Reproduced Record (R.R.)
at 416a.) The goal of the excavation was to uncover Reading’s sanitary sewer
main in order to conduct a repair. (Id.) During the course of the excavation,
Reading encountered an electrical duct bank1 owned by Met-Ed. (Id. at 417a.)
Reading employees observed that the duct bank was in poor condition and was
1
An electrical duct bank is “a series of conduits or ducts” comprised of PVC or terra
cotta piping, which encases underground electrical wire. (R.R. at 293a-94a.)
unstable. (Id. at 296a-97a, 349a.) Specifically, part of the concrete encasing the
duct bank had collapsed. (Id. at 332a.) Reading contacted Met-Ed’s Supervisor of
Regional Operations, Kenneth Sweitzer, to notify Met-Ed of the condition of its
duct bank. (Id. at 331a.) Mr. Sweitzer contacted Met-Ed’s contractor, Allen
Homan, to inspect and repair the duct bank. (Id. at 332a.) Mr. Homan completed
the repair of the duct bank on July 10, 2009. (Id. at 298a.) Reading resumed its
excavation work, but, on July 15, 2009, Reading employees noticed that the duct
bank was falling away from the wall. (Id. at 420a.) Mr. Homan returned to the site
and found that the excavated hole was deeper and there was further erosion, but the
repaired duct bank was still intact. (Id. at 298a-99a.) There was no shoring in
place to prevent further erosion. (Id. at 299a.) Reading continued its excavation
work, but, on July 20, 2009, the duct bank fully collapsed. (Id. at 352a.)
Mr. Homan conducted an extensive repair of the duct bank, which involved the
removal of the collapsed portions of the duct bank and the installation of a new
duct bank. (Id. at 302a.)
Met-Ed filed a complaint with the trial court, alleging that Reading’s
negligence caused the collapse of the duct bank. Reading filed a motion for
summary judgment, asserting that it was immune from liability pursuant to
Section 8541 of what is commonly referred to as the Political Subdivision Tort
Claims Act (Act).2 The trial court denied Reading’s motion and conducted a bench
trial. During the bench trial, Met-Ed presented the testimony of Mr. Homan.
Mr. Homan testified that after completing the first repair of the duct bank, he
informed the Sewer Department Supervisor, John Farrier, that Reading’s
2
42 Pa. C.S. § 8541.
2
excavation and repair needed to be completed as soon as possible, so that the hole
could be backfilled. (Id. at 304a.) Mr. Farrier indicated that the work would be
completed by the end of the week. (Id.) The excavated hole was not backfilled as
of July 15, 2009, and Mr. Homan again warned Mr. Farrier that Reading’s work
needed to be completed quickly. (Id. at 305a.) Mr. Homan indicated that if the
hole was not promptly backfilled, “bad things” could happen. (Id.)
On October 27, 2014, the trial court issued an amended verdict in
favor of Met-Ed and adopted Met-Ed’s proposed findings of fact and conclusions
of law. The trial court issued an opinion on January 20, 2015, in which it
concluded that Reading was not immune from liability. The trial court explained
that Reading’s negligent conduct created a dangerous condition of the property.
After Mr. Homan’s first repair of the duct bank, Reading was aware of the
“unstable conditions of dirt and soil located underneath Met-Ed’s [duct] bank and
the potential danger if the [duct] bank was not adequately supported.” (Trial Ct.
Op. at 6.) Reading had sufficient notice to install shoring and correct the
dangerous conduct before the foreseeable duct bank collapse on July 20, 2009.
Accordingly, Reading was not immune from liability. The trial court further held
that Reading’s actions were negligent, and it awarded Met-Ed damages in the
amount of $53,000. Reading appealed to this Court.
The sole issue on appeal3 is whether Reading was immune from
liability in the negligence suit initiated by Met-Ed. “Generally, local agencies are
3
“Our standard of review of a non-jury trial is to determine whether the findings of the
trial court are supported by competent evidence, and whether an error of law was committed.”
Swift v. Dep’t of Transp., 937 A.2d 1162, 1167 n.5 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007), appeal denied, 950 A.2d
270 (Pa. 2008).
3
immune from tort liability under Section 8541 of the . . . Act.” Gibellino v.
Manchester Twp., 109 A.3d 336, 342 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015). There are, however,
exceptions to this immunity. See 42 Pa. C.S. § 8542. Section 8542(b)(5) of the
Act, 42 Pa. C.S. § 8542(b)(5), provides:
(b) Acts which may impose liability.--The following
acts by a local agency or any of its employees may result
in the imposition of liability on a local agency:
(5) Utility service facilities.--A dangerous
condition of the facilities of steam, sewer, water,
gas or electric systems owned by the local agency
and located within rights-of-way, except that the
claimant to recover must establish that the
dangerous condition created a reasonably
foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was
incurred and that the local agency had actual notice
or could reasonably be charged with notice under
the circumstances of the dangerous condition at a
sufficient time prior to the event to have taken
measures to protect against the dangerous
condition.
“Because of the clear intent to insulate government from exposure to tort liability,
the exceptions to immunity are to be strictly construed.” Lockwood v. City of
Pittsburgh, 751 A.2d 1136, 1139 (Pa. 2000). Under Section 8542(b)(5) of the Act,
“liability depends first on the strictly legal determination that the injury was caused
by a condition of the property itself, which has its origin or source in the property.”
Miller v. Dep’t of Transp., 690 A.2d 818, 820-21 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1997). The term
right-of-way, as it relates to the exception provided in Section 8542(b)(5) of the
Act, “include[s] the strip of land on which the local agency construct[s] its utility
service facilities.” Id. at 820.
Reading cites Metropolitan Edison Company v. Reading Area Water
Authority, 937 A.2d 1173 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007), in support of its contention that it is
4
immune from liability.4 In Metropolitan Edison Company, employees of the
Reading Area Water Authority (water authority) struck and damaged a Met-Ed
utility line during the course of an excavation. Met-Ed filed a suit against the
water authority, alleging that the water authority failed to take reasonable steps to
protect Met-Ed’s property pursuant to the Pennsylvania “One Call Act.”5 The
water authority moved for summary judgment, asserting that it was immune from
liability. The trial court granted the water authority’s motion, and Met-Ed
appealed to this Court. On appeal, Met-Ed argued that “the design, construction,
installation and maintenance of [the water authority]’s water line, in close
proximity to Met-Ed’s utility line, constitute[d] a dangerous condition of [the water
authority]’s water distribution system.” Metro. Ed. Co., 937 A.2d at 1175. This
Court explained that to qualify for immunity under Section 8542(b)(5) of the Act,
“the allegedly dangerous condition must have derived or originated from, or had its
source as the local agency’s realty.” Id. Met-Ed failed to allege that the dangerous
condition originated with the water line. Instead, this Court reasoned that “the
dangerous condition, as alleged, originated with the conduct of [the water
authority]’s employees.” Id. (emphasis added). The water authority, therefore,
was immune from liability. Reading argues that the dangerous condition in the
instant matter also originated with the conduct of its employees, and, thus, it is
immune from liability. We agree.
4
Reading also argues that the “policy implications of a local agency being liable for its
employees’ excavation activities require a reversal of the trial court’s ruling.” (Reading Br. at
23.)
5
Act of December 10, 1974, P.L. 852, as amended, 73 P.S. §§ 176-86.
5
Here, the trial court noted that the dangerous condition was “the
unstable condition[] of the dirt and soil located underneath Met-Ed’s [duct] bank.”
(Trial Ct. Op. at 6.) The dangerous condition, however, did not originate from
Reading’s facilities. Rather, the dangerous condition derived from the conduct of
Reading’s employees during the excavation. Specifically, Reading’s employees
removed the soil beneath the duct bank, did not use support or shoring to stabilize
the duct bank, and did not promptly backfill the excavated hole. In this respect, the
instant matter is analogous to Metropolitan Edison Company, wherein the conduct
of the water authority’s employees created the dangerous condition.6 The
6
Met-Ed argues that Metropolitan Edison Company is distinguishable from the instant
matter, because the water authority’s employees in Metropolitan Edison Company directly
caused the damage to Met-Ed’s utility line. Specifically, Met-Ed contends that although an
agency may not be liable for damage it causes directly, an agency may, through its negligent
conduct, create a dangerous condition of the property that later causes damage. Met-Ed cites
DeTurk v. South Lebanon Township, 542 A.2d 213 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1988), in support of this
proposition. In DeTurk, South Lebanon Township and South Lebanon Township Authority
(collectively, township) hired a contractor to assist in the construction of a water collection
system. During the course of this construction, the contractor added a layer of asphalt to an
adjacent alley, which raised the road surface by four inches. After the project was completed,
the area experienced heavy rain, and the water ran off the road surface and into Glenn DeTurk’s
(DeTurk) garage. In attempting to remove plywood sheets from his garage, DeTurk slipped and
fell. DeTurk filed a complaint against the township for negligent construction of the water
collection system, and the township filed a motion for summary judgment, asserting that it was
immune from liability. The Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County granted the township’s
motion, explaining that there was insufficient evidence to show that the township had notice of a
dangerous condition. DeTurk appealed to this Court, which reversed. We concluded that “the
construction of the swale by the [t]ownship . . . place[d] them in the exception from immunity
under Section 8542(b)(5) [of the Act].” DeTurk, 542 A.2d at 215. Further, evidence that the
water collection system was constructed to alleviate known problems concerning water run-off
and evidence that the contractor damaged the swale during paving was sufficient to show that the
township had constructive notice of the dangerous condition of the water collection system.
The instant matter is distinguishable from DeTurk. In DeTurk, the dangerous condition
derived from the road surface. As noted above, the dangerous condition here arose from
(Footnote continued on next page…)
6
exception from immunity in Section 8542(b)(5) of the Act does not apply in this
case, and Reading, therefore, is immune from liability.7
Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order.
P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
(continued…)
Reading’s excavation activities at the site—namely, removal of soil from beneath Met-Ed’s duct
bank, failure to use proper shoring to stabilize the duct bank, and failure to promptly backfill the
excavated hole.
7
Because we reverse the trial court’s order, we need not address Reading’s additional
argument concerning the policy implications of affirming the trial court’s order.
7
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Metropolitan Edison Company :
:
v. : No. 2188 C.D. 2014
:
City of Reading, :
Appellant :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 15th day of October, 2015, the order of the Court of
Common Pleas of Berks County is hereby REVERSED.
P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge