The opinion
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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 14-12254
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:11-cv-03542-SCJ
BETTY WILLIAMS,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
Q. D. HUDSON,
T. CASTILLO,
Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
________________________
(March 11, 2015)
Before TJOFLAT, WILSON, and COX, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Introduction
This is a civil case under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. It arises out of an October 27,
2010, incident between the Plaintiff, Betty Williams (“Mrs. Williams”), her son
Zachery Williams (“Mr. Williams”), 1 and the Defendants, Officers Q. D. Hudson
(“Officer Hudson”) and T. Castillo (“Officer Castillo”) (collectively, “the
Officers”). We affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
The parties are familiar with the facts of this case, and we describe them
only as background. We have reviewed the summary judgment record for
purposes of the summary judgment issues, and the entire record for all other
purposes.
On the evening of October 27, 2010, Officers Hudson and Castillo received
a “suspicious person” call. The caller said that a person was outside Mrs.
Williams’s house attempting to break in. The address referenced in the call was
Mrs. Williams’s home. The “suspicious person” was said to have been sitting out
front for an extended period of time. When the Officers arrived, they found Mr.
Williams in front of the house. Mr. Williams matched the description of the
1
According to the district court, there are two spellings of Mr. Williams’s name in the
record (“Zackary” and “Zachery”). (Order on Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., D.E. 38 at 2 n.1). For
ease of discussion, we use the “Zachery” spelling, which appears in Mrs. Williams’s brief.
2
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“suspicious person.” Mr. Williams informed the officers that his mother lived at
the house and that she was on her way home. The Officers asked to see Mr.
Williams’s identification. He refused. They then asked for his name and date of
birth. He again refused.
Mrs. Williams then arrived at the home in her car. She told the police that
she lived at the home, and that Mr. Williams was her son. She asked the Officers
to leave. The Officers refused to leave and continued to demand Mr. Williams’s
name and date of birth. At this point, Mrs. Williams used her garage door opener
to open the garage door and pulled her car into the garage. The Officers followed
her into the garage, as did Mr. Williams.
What occurred next was disputed. But, the parties agree on the following:
(1) Mrs. Williams attempted to lead her son into the house; (2) Mrs. Williams was
physically prevented from doing so by the Officers; and (3) Mrs. Williams was
physically taken to the ground by the Officers and placed under arrest. The parties
disagreed about whether the Officers’ conduct was unprovoked or whether Mrs.
Williams and her son became disorderly and violent.
Mrs. Williams was initially charged with simple battery on an officer under
O.C.G.A. § 16-11-39 and obstruction of investigation under O.C.G.A. § 16-10-24.2
2
The police report also stated that Mrs. Williams was being charged with obstruction
under O.C.G.A. § 16-10-24.1. As the district court noted, the reference to O.C.G.A. § 16-10-
3
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After she completed a pre-trial diversion program, the state dropped the charges
against Mrs. Williams. 3
On October 18, 2011, Mrs. Williams filed this lawsuit, alleging claims under
42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the
United States Constitution, as well as state law claims. In short, Mrs. Williams
alleged an illegal search based on the Officers’ entry into her garage, an illegal
arrest, and excessive force.
The Officers filed a motion for summary judgment on all claims, contending
that they were entitled to qualified immunity. The district court granted qualified
immunity on the alleged illegal search, and denied qualified immunity on all other
claims.
At trial, the district court allowed the Officers’ counsel to question Mrs.
Williams about a $2,288 payment she had made to or on behalf of Mr. Williams.
Mrs. Williams’s counsel objected, arguing that this payment was made months
after the incident in question and was, therefore, irrelevant. The district court
overruled the objection.
24.1 in the police report was likely a mistake. This statute deals with obstructing firefighters.
(Order on Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., D.E. 38 at 6 n.7).
3
In § 1983 cases, a plaintiff who was convicted of the crime giving rise to the claim
cannot ordinarily bring suit (unless the conviction is vacated). See Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S.
477, 114 St. Ct. 2364 (1994). Based on the limited facts in the record, and the Officers’ failure
to raise this issue, we assume that Mrs. Williams having completed a pre-trial diversion program
is not a barrier to her bringing this suit.
4
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At the close of evidence, Mrs. Williams requested a number of jury
instructions that were denied by the district court. Two are challenged in this
appeal, and are quoted in their entirety below.
To prove obstruction, a defendant must show that the obstruction was
knowing and wilful and that it occurred while the defendant was in
lawful discharge of his official duties. ‘(A) police officer is not
discharging his lawful duty when he arrests an individual without
reasonable or probable cause.’ Further, an officer is not within the
lawful discharge of his official duties when he approaches and
questions an individual without specific, articulable facts sufficient to
give rise to a reasonable suspicion of criminal conduct. Where
circumstances do not provide an officer with articulable suspicion
(less than probable cause, but greater than mere caprice) that the law
has been or is about to be violated, the officer’s act of detaining and
questioning an individual is nothing more than a police-citizen
encounter outside the scope the officer’s “official” police duties. What
must be minimally articulated in such cases to authorize a finding that
an officer is lawfully discharging his “official duties” under OCGA §
16–10–25 are particular facts providing reason for an officer’s
impression for the need to investigate criminal behavior. Defendants
must articulate such grounds in this case. Determining Plaintiff’s
son’s name and date of birth is outside the scope of his “official”
police duties. While keeping a “little notebook pad” of suspects may
be good police practice, the collection of such information—as a
matter of police routine unsupported by articulable suspicion of
criminal activity—cannot be constitutionally justified.
(Pl.’s Proposed Jury Instructions, D.E. 44 at 14–15) (“Charge # 8”).
A deputy sheriff who lacks probable cause but whose observations
lead him reasonably to suspect that a particular person has committed,
is committing, or is about to commit a crime, may detain that person
briefly in order to investigate the circumstances that provoke
suspicion. This means the deputy may ask the detainee a moderate
number of questions to determine his identity and to try to obtain
information confirming or dispelling the officer’s suspicions. But the
detainee is not required to respond. And unless the detainee’s answers
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provide the officer with probable cause to arrest him, he must be
released.
(Id. at 18) (“Charge # 11”).
The case was submitted to the jury. The jury returned a verdict in favor of
the Officers on all claims tried.
II. Contentions on Appeal
Mrs. Williams raises four contentions on this appeal.4 First, she contends
that the district court erred in granting the Officers qualified immunity on the
illegal search claim. Second, she contends that the district court erred in failing to
give Charge # 8 to the jury. Third, she contends that the district court erred in
failing to give Charge # 11 to the jury. Finally, she contends that the district court
erred in allowing the Officers’ counsel to question Mrs. Williams about the $2,288
payment.
III. Standard of Review
We review an order granting summer judgment de novo. Skrtich v.
Thornton, 280 F.3d 1295, 1299 (11th Cir. 2002).
4
Mrs. Williams raises a number of additional contentions related to whether the Officers
had reasonable suspicion to continue their investigation after she arrived at the house. However,
Mrs. Williams fails to identify an order or evidentiary ruling properly before this court. She only
cites to a statement made by the district court in the process of denying summary judgment on
the issue of qualified immunity for the alleged illegal arrest. (Order on Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J.,
D.E. 38 at 34). This is not an appealable order. So, we review these arguments only as they
relate to the proposed jury instructions that were denied by the district court.
6
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We review a district court’s refusal to give a requested jury instruction using
a multi-step analysis. First, we ask whether the instruction was adequately covered
by another instruction. If it is covered by another instruction, it is not error. If it is
not, we ask (1) whether the requested instruction is a correct statement of the law;
and (2) whether it covers an issue properly before the jury. If the answer to both of
these questions is yes, there still must be a showing of prejudice as a result of the
failure to give the instruction in order for us to grant a new trial. Dempsey v. Mac
Towing, Inc., 876 F.2d 1538, 1542 (11th Cir. 1989).
We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. Coquina Invs. v. TD
Bank, N.A., 760 F.3d 1300, 1309 (11th Cir. 2014). “In order to justify granting a
new trial, an error must have affected substantial rights or caused substantial
prejudice; otherwise, the error is harmless.” Id. (quotations omitted).
IV. Discussion
a. Qualified Immunity on the Officers’ Entry into the Garage
We consider the evidence in the light most favorable to Mrs. Williams.
Parties seeking qualified immunity must first establish that they were acting within
the scope of their discretionary authority. Skop v. City of Atlanta, 485 F.3d 1130,
1136–37 (11th Cir. 2007). If the Officers can make this showing, the burden shifts
to Mrs. Williams to establish (1) that the Officers violated her Fourth Amendment
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rights; and (2) that those rights were “clearly established” at the time of the
incident. Id.
The district court properly determined that the Officers were acting within
the scope of their discretionary authority. (Order on Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., D.E.
38 at 16–17). So, the burden shifts to Mrs. Williams.
In the light most favorable to Mrs. Williams, the evidence fails to show that
the Officers violated a clearly established constitutional right of Mrs. Williams. In
Coffin v. Brandau, we determined that entry into an open garage can constitute a
search under the Fourth Amendment under certain circumstances. 642 F.3d 999,
1012 (11th Cir. 2011) (en banc). We also determined that, prior to the date Coffin
was decided, this right was not clearly established. Id.
The incident in this case occurred prior to our decision in Coffin. However,
clearly established law may differ from state to state. See Courson v. McMillian,
939 F.2d 1479, 1498 n.32 (11th Cir. 1991) (where neither the Eleventh Circuit nor
the United States Supreme Court has addressed a federal constitutional issue,
clearly established law may include the decisions of the highest court of the state in
which the incident occurred). Coffin involved an incident in Florida. This case
involves an incident in Georgia. Thus, we are bound by our determination in
Coffin that this right was not clearly established in 2010 under Eleventh Circuit law
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or United States Supreme Court law, but we must determine whether this right was
clearly established under Georgia Supreme Court law.
Mrs. Williams only cites one Georgia Supreme Court case on this issue. See
Landers v. State, 250 Ga. 808 (Ga. 1983). The question in Landers was whether a
warrant for the search of a dwelling allowed for the search of a vehicle on a
neighboring lot. Id. at 809. The case does not address the issue before us, and Mrs.
Williams has failed to demonstrate that the Officers violated a clearly established
constitutional right. The district court properly concluded that the Officers were
entitled to qualified immunity on the illegal search claim.
b. Jury Charge # 8
First, we must determine whether Charge # 8 was covered by the
instructions given. We agree with Mrs. Williams that it was not.
Next, we ask whether Charge # 8 is a correct statement of the law. It is not. 5
It includes the statement, “Determining Plaintiff’s son’s name and date of birth is
outside the scope of his ‘official’ police duties.” This is not a correct statement of
the law. As long as the Officers had reasonable suspicion to justify a Terry stop,
they were permitted to continue their investigation into Mr. Williams’s identity. Cf.
Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial Dist. Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177, 188, 124 S. Ct. 2451,
5
It may be the case, as Mrs. Williams argues, that Mrs. Williams was entitled to the
portion of Charge # 8 that asks the jury to determine whether the Officers had reasonable
suspicion to continue their investigation after she arrived at the house. However, it is not for the
district court to redact the incorrect statements of law in a proposed jury instruction. The entire
instruction must be a correct statement of the law. If it is not, this ends our inquiry.
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2459 (2004) (“Petitioner’s concerns are met by the requirement that a Terry stop
must be justified at its inception and reasonably related in scope to the
circumstances which justified the initial stop.” (quotations omitted)).
Because Charge # 8 contains an incorrect statement of the law, the district
court correctly concluded that Mrs. Williams was not entitled to this instruction.
c. Jury Charge # 11
As with Charge # 8, we agree with Mrs. Williams that Charge # 11 was not
adequately covered by the instructions given. However, as with Charge # 8, it is
not a correct statement of the law. It includes the statement, “[T]he deputy may
ask the detainee a moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to
try to obtain information confirming or dispelling the officer’s suspicions. But the
detainee is not required to respond.” This proposed instruction is contrary to
Georgia law and the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Hiibel. See Bailey
v. State, 190 Ga. App. 683, 683 (Ga. Ct. App. 1989) (finding that failure to identify
oneself can constitute obstruction under O.C.G.A. § 16-10-24); Hiibel, 542 U.S. at
188–89, 124 S. Ct. at 2459–60 (upholding a similar law under the Fourth
Amendment, where there is reasonable suspicion to justify a Terry stop).
Because Charge # 11 contains an incorrect statement of the law, the district
court correctly concluded that Mrs. Williams was not entitled to this instruction.
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d. Questions Regarding Mrs. Williams $2,288 Payment
Mrs. Williams argues at length in her brief that allowing this line of
questioning over her counsel’s objection was error. However, she fails to
articulate how this alleged error impacted the jury’s decision or otherwise affected
her substantial rights. See Coquina Invs., 760 F.3d at 1309. (“In order to justify
granting a new trial, an error must have affected substantial rights or caused
substantial prejudice; otherwise, the error is harmless.” (quotations omitted)).
Thus, Mrs. Williams has failed to make the necessary showing on appeal to justify
relief, and we need not determine whether the district court’s ruling was error.
V. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s judgment is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
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