“The issue of whether substantial evidence supports the immigration judge’s finding that [petitioner] did not establish that he would likely be subject to torture upon removal ... is clearly a factual determination. As such, the claim falls outside the jurisdictional purview of this Court and must be dismissed.”
How later courts described this case
- “The issue of whether substantial evidence supports the immigration judge’s finding that [petitioner] did not establish that he would likely be subject to torture upon removal ... is clearly a factual determination. As such, the claim falls outside the jurisdictional purview of this Court and must be dismissed.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 07a0053n.06
Filed: January 23, 2007
No. 05-4408
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
PJETER BUSHATI, )
)
Petitioner, )
)
v. ) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
) FROM A FINAL ORDER OF THE
ALBERTO GONZALES, Attorney General, ) BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
) APPEALS
Respondent. )
Before: KEITH, CLAY, Circuit Judges; and MAYS, District Judge.*
DAMON J. KEITH, Circuit Judge. Petitioner-Appellant Pjeter Bushati petitions the Court
for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision affirming, without opinion, an
immigration judge’s denial of his application for deferral of removal under the United Nation’s
Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). For the reasons set forth below, we DENY Bushati’s due
process claims and DISMISS his remaining claims for lack of jurisdiction.
I.
Pjeter Bushati is a 41-year-old native and citizen of Albania. He left Albania for Yugoslavia
in 1990 as a political refugee. In 1991, Bushati entered the United States as a refugee. In 1992, his
immigration status was adjusted to lawful permanent resident. On September 22, 1995, Bushati was
convicted of two criminal counts in the State of Michigan Circuit Court for the County of Macomb:
*
The Honorable Samuel H. Mays, Jr., United States District Court for the Western District
of Tennessee, sitting by designation.
No. 05-4408
Bushati v. Gonzales
Page 2
(1) breaking and entering a building with intent to commit larceny and (2) conspiracy to commit
breaking and entering. He was sentenced to a term of 24 to 120 months of incarceration on each
count, to be served concurrently.
Removal proceedings were commenced against Bushati on February 17, 2000, with the filing
of a notice to appear. The notice charged Bushati with being subject to removal as an alien
convicted of an aggravated felony. On November 7, 2000, Bushati conceded removability.
Thereafter, on April 27, 2001, he filed applications for withholding of removal pursuant to section
241(b)(3) of the Immigration and Naturalization Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A), and
withholding and deferral of removal under the CAT, 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.16, 1208.17(a). In the
applications, he alleged that if he were to return to Albania he would be detained, made to
“disappear,” tortured, or forced to admit he is a spy and then tortured because he and his family have
always been anti-Communist and the people in power in Albania are former Communists.
An administrative hearing was held on Bushati’s applications before an immigration judge
on May 19, 2004. Bushati testified briefly and did not call any witnesses. At the hearing, when
asked if he would be subject to torture if he returned to Albania, Bushati responded that it was not
safe for him in Albania and that he would not feel comfortable there. He further stated that he was
not able to say whether he might be subject to torture because he had not been in Albania for more
than ten years. When questioned about what might happen if he returned tomorrow, Bushati
responded that he did not know. When asked if the only reason he feels that he would be persecuted
is because he left Albania illegally, Bushati responded “probably.” He testified that his father and
five siblings continue to reside in Albania and none of them have experienced problems with the
No. 05-4408
Bushati v. Gonzales
Page 3
government. He stated that when he lived in Albania, he was never detained, interrogated,
imprisoned, or persecuted by the authorities. He also testified that he has never been a member of
a political party or active in politics in Albania or anywhere else.
In an oral decision following the hearing, the immigration judge found that Bushati did not
qualify for withholding of removal under the INA or the CAT because he had been convicted of an
aggravated felony. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(d)(2). As to Bushati’s
petition for deferral of removal made pursuant to the CAT, the immigration judge found that Bushati
had failed to satisfy his burden to demonstrate that it was more likely than not he would be tortured
upon his return to Albania. Accordingly, the immigration judge denied Bushati’s applications. On
October 7, 2005, the BIA affirmed the immigration judge’s determination without an opinion
pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4).
Bushati timely filed a petition for review of the BIA’s decision with this Court on November
4, 2005. Bushati does not appear to appeal the BIA’s denial of withholding of removal under the
INA or the CAT.1 Rather, Bushati only petitions the Court for review of the denial of his application
for deferral of removal under the CAT.
II.
Where the BIA affirms an immigration judge’s decision without an opinion, we review the
decision of the immigration judge directly. Denko v. INS, 351 F.3d 717, 726 (6th Cir. 2003). Our
review of Bushati’s petition is limited by 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C) and (D). Tran v. Gonzales, 447
1
To the extent that Bushati’s brief could be construed as such, he has effectively waived
appeal of those issues. See Rawe v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 462 F.3d 521, 525 n.4 (6th Cir.
2006).
No. 05-4408
Bushati v. Gonzales
Page 4
F.3d 937, 940 (6th Cir. 2006). Section 1252(a)(2)(C) “precludes courts from reviewing any ‘final
order of removal against an alien who is removable by reason of having committed a criminal
offense covered in section . . . 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) [convicted of an aggravated felony].’” Id.
(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C)) (alterations in the original). Section 1252(a)(2)(D) supplies an
exception to this restriction on judicial review, providing: “Nothing in subparagraph (B) or (C), or
in any other provision of this chapter . . . which limits or eliminates judicial review, shall be
construed as precluding review of constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a petition
for review filed with an appropriate court of appeals[.]” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). It is undisputed
that Bushati committed aggravated felonies covered by sections 1252(a)(2)(C) and
1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). Therefore, our review of his petition is circumscribed to only constitutional
claims or questions of law. Our review of constitutional claims is de novo. Elia v. Gonzales, 431
F.3d 268, 272 (6th Cir. 2005).
Bushati raises two distinct challenges to the BIA’s decision. First, he claims that the
immigration judge’s finding that he failed to meet his burden in establishing a CAT deferral of
removal claim was not supported by substantial evidence. The issue of whether substantial evidence
supports the immigration judge’s finding that Bushati did not establish that he would likely be
subject to torture upon removal to Albania is clearly a factual determination. As such, the claim falls
outside the jurisdictional purview of this Court and must be dismissed.
Bushati’s second ground for appeal is that the BIA’s use of the summary-affirmance-without-
opinion procedures (so called “streamlining procedures”) set forth in 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4)
No. 05-4408
Bushati v. Gonzales
Page 5
violated his right to constitutional due process under the Fifth Amendment.2 We need not tarry.
This issue was expressly decided in Denko, 351 F.3d at 729-30. The petitioner in Denko, proffered
the same due process arguments that Bushati presents in the instant appeal, and this Court, in turn,
upheld the streamlining procedures as constitutional. Id. “This conclusion aligns with that of every
other circuit to consider the issue[,] . . . [and] [t]his court has reaffirmed the holding in Denko on
numerous occasions[.]” Lumaj v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 574, 576 (6th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted).
As Bushati’s due process claims are wholly indistinguishable from Denko, the claims must be
denied.3
III.
For the aforementioned reasons, Bushati’s due process claims are DENIED and the
remainder of his petition for review is DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction.
2
Although Bushati provides, in an argument subheading and the “Statement of the Issues”
portion of his appellate brief, that an issue on appeal is whether the streamlining provisions violated
his rights to due process or equal protection, he does not advance any equal protection arguments.
As such, Bushati has forfeited his equal protection claim. See Rawe, 462 F.3d at 525 n.4 (citing
United States v. Reed, 167 F.3d 984, 993 (6th Cir. 1999); Buziashvili v. Inman, 106 F.3d 709, 719
(6th Cir. 1997)) (stating that a claim is deemed forfeited and will not be considered by the Court
when an appellant simply identifies a claim as an issue for appeal without providing any argument
addressing the merits of the claim).
3
We note that Petitioner’s counsel, Terence G. Hoerman, has unsuccessfully asserted the
identical due process arguments, verbatim, to this Court a multitude of times. See Lumaj, 462 F.3d
at 576 n.1 (“Mr. Hoerman has used the same language raising the due process argument in at least
eleven other cases that are pending before this court, . . . [even though he] has been on notice that
Denko forecloses the due process argument since at least May 27, 2005[,]” when the Court issued
an opinion in one of his cases citing Denko and reiterating that the BIA’s streamlining procedures
do not violate a petitioner’s due process rights. Id. (internal citations omitted)).