The opinion
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 06a0784n.06
Filed: October 23, 2006
No. 05-3505
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
GJERGJ KALAJ; ROZE KALAJ; AURELA
KALAJ; ELVIS KALAJ; JOLANDA KALAJ,
Petitioners, On Petition for Review of an Order
of the Board of Immigration
v. Appeals.
ALBERTO R. GONZALES, Attorney General,
Respondent.
/
BEFORE: RYAN and COOK, Circuit Judges; GWIN, District Judge.*
RYAN, Circuit Judge. The petitioners, Gjergj Kalaj, Roze Kalaj, Aurela Kalaj,
Elvis Kalaj, and Jolanda Kalaj (Kalaj, et al.), appeal an order of the Board of Immigration
Appeals (BIA) adopting and affirming an Immigration Judge’s (IJ) denial of their claim for
asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture.
Because we find substantial evidence supports the IJ’s decision, we DENY Kalaj, et al.’s
petition for review.
I.
Kalaj, et al. are citizens of Albania. Gjergj and Roze are husband and wife; the
other petitioners are their children. They entered the United States as a group, gaining
entry without inspection at Brownsville, Texas, on or about June 12, 2001. Kalaj, et al.
*
The Honorable James S. Gwin, United States District Judge for the Northern District
of Ohio, sitting by designation.
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were apprehended during their illegal entry, and the next day the Immigration and
Naturalization Service (INS) served them with notices to appear at deportation hearings.
Kalaj, et al. filed a petition for asylum, a claim for withholding of removal, and a claim for
protection under the Convention Against Torture. Evidence was submitted in support of
these claims.
Gjergj testified that he was a member and regional “secretary” of the Democratic
Party in Albania and that as a result he and his family were persecuted. The first incident
of persecution occurred on the 13th or 14th of September 1998, when he raised a caravan
for the funeral of a prominent member of the Democratic Party who had been
assassinated. Gjergj testified that two “shiks” or secret police threatened that he would
“pay with [his] own life” if he continued in the funeral march and that he was “grabbed . .
. by the arm and pushed.” The funeral march soon descended into a riot during which
shops were looted. A second incident occurred on March 20, 1999. Gjergj claims that on
this date he gave a ten minute speech to a crowd of 120 people concerning the upcoming
elections in 2000. Afterwards, he was detained by the police and a group of “gang
members” who forced him to the ground and beat and kicked him.
Gjergj testified that a third incident occurred on June 13, 1999. He claims he was
beaten up on this occasion when he and a group of other Christians were stopped on their
way to church services and he was injured by “kicks, rubber sticks, beating, [and] kicking.”
Lastly, Gjergj testified that on October 1, 2000, he was kicked and struck with the butt of
a rifle during a “police” raid on a polling station. Gjergj was taken to a police station, where
a doctor gave him two shots. He also claims to have been beaten twice at the station.
After he was released, Gjergj went home and found that his wife had been “raped” while
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he was gone. He also testified that while he was gone his son was threatened with
kidnaping if Gjergj continued his political activities. He claimed that his wife and son would
verify these events, but, in the end, neither of them gave any testimony. The petitioners
presented several unsworn affidavits from members of the Democratic Party in Albania,
a medical affidavit from a doctor, and a newspaper article with the following headline: “The
democrat Gjergj Kalaj, forced to leave his country!”
After reviewing the evidence, the IJ found that Gjergj’s testimony and the other
evidence presented was not credible. As a result, he denied the petition for asylum, claim
for withholding of removal, and claim for protection under the Convention Against Torture.
The IJ made several findings of fact. First, he found that neither of the 1999
incidents Gjergj mentioned during his testimony were included in his application for asylum
and that he offered no plausible reason for their omission even after being questioned. In
addition, the IJ noted that two signatures on separate documents purported to be that of
“Fred Sterte” did not appear to match. A medical affidavit Gjergj submitted had the date
changed from October 15, 2000, to October 1, 2000, and Gjergj could not account for who
did this or when it was done. He could not explain what happened to the envelopes the
documents from Albania were mailed in or even what color they were. The IJ further
determined that other documentary evidence conflicted with Gjergj’s testimony. For
instance, Gjergj claimed that he paid money to the association of the former politically
persecuted and obtained a receipt before he came to the United States, but the receipt is
dated April 4, 2002—some months after Gjergj arrived in the United States on June 12,
2001. Lastly, the IJ noted that Gjergj’s wife and son did not corroborate any of the
persecution or threats they suffered individually even though they were available to testify,
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and Gjergj himself disclaimed any firsthand knowledge of the events. In addition to these
findings regarding the evidence before him, the IJ also relied on the 2001 U.S. Department
of State Profile of Asylum Claims and Country Conditions for Albania and the 2001 and
2002 U.S. Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, which stated
that crime is still an issue in Albania, but that there are no indications that persecution on
protected grounds is continuing.
Kalaj, et al. appealed the decision of the IJ to the BIA, but the BIA held that the IJ’s
determination was correct and that his findings of fact were not “clearly erroneous.” Kalaj,
et al. now appeal that decision to this court.
II.
“Because the BIA adopted the IJ’s reasoning with respect to [Kalaj, et al.’s] . . .
claims for asylum and withholding of removal, we review . . . the IJ’s decision directly.”
Singh v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 396, 401 (6th Cir. 2005). The IJ’s legal conclusions are
reviewed de novo, and the factual findings are reviewed for substantial evidence. Tapucu
v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 736, 738 (6th Cir. 2005). We must uphold the IJ’s determination
that an alien is not eligible for asylum when that decision is “supported by reasonable,
substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” INS v. Elias-
Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We
may reverse the IJ only if “a reasonable factfinder would have to conclude that the requisite
fear of persecution existed.” Id.
The Attorney General has discretion under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)
to grant asylum to a “refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). The INA defines a “refugee” as
an alien who is “unable or unwilling” to return to his country of origin “because of
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persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).
An applicant for asylum must carry the burden of establishing that the “well-founded fear
of persecution” is “both subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable.” Akhtar v.
Gonzales, 406 F.3d 399, 404 (6th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
To qualify for withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A), the applicant
“must establish a clear probability of persecution” by showing that it is more likely than not
that he will be persecuted. INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 413 (1984). Similarly, to qualify
for withholding under the Convention Against Torture, the applicant must “establish that
it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed
country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2). The torture, however, need not be on
account of a protected ground. Castellano-Chacon v. INS, 341 F.3d 533, 551-52 (6th Cir.
2003).
Kalaj, et al. divide their brief into two issues. First, they argue that the IJ and the BIA
erred in finding that they did not establish a “well-founded fear of persecution.” The
arguments they present, however, do not resolve the multiple discrepancies upon which
the IJ based his credulity findings and his final conclusion. For example, Kalaj, et al. claim
that the 2002 U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices
actually supports their claim. But the reports, while acknowledging that there are abuses
and a high rate of crime in Albania, clearly state that there are no confirmed reports of
disappearances, detentions, or imprisonment based on political motivations. The
petitioners also argue that Gjergj’s testimony was not “vague” in respect to the persecution
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suffered by his wife and son. The IJ’s finding, however, appears amply supported by
Gjergj’s own statement that he did not personally “know” what happened, but that his “son
might tell.”
The petitioners next argue that the IJ engaged in “sheer speculation” as to the
validity of documents submitted because the findings were not based on any evidence
introduced by the government or through expert testimony. Neither argument is
convincing. An IJ has the authority, indeed, the duty, to evaluate evidence submitted to
him or her and reject that evidence if it is found not credible, especially when a petitioner
fails to sufficiently explain obvious document tampering or manifest inconsistencies.
Selami v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 621, 625 (6th Cir. 2005). The IJ questioned Gjergj, but he
offered no explanation to account for changes made to the documents or other
inconsistencies on the face of the documents.
The last argument the petitioners make in support of their first issue is that the IJ
was derelict for not “aid[ing] in the development of the record of an asylum claim.” Even
were this court to hold with the Ninth Circuit, Jacinto v. INS, 208 F.3d 725 (9th Cir. 2000),
that an IJ in an adversarial hearing must “develop the record” according to a rule
developed for non-adversarial social security hearings, that rule would not seem to apply
here since the applicant did not appear “without counsel.” Id. at 734. Further, it is
apparent that this case differs from Jacinto since Gjergj not only testified but was
questioned by the IJ, and, “most important,” he had the opportunity to make a “statement”
in support of his claim had he wished. Id. In view of these considerations and our
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deferential standard of review, it is apparent that this court may not overturn the IJ’s finding
that there was no “well-founded fear of persecution.”
As a second issue, Kalaj, et al. devote a small section of their brief to arguing that
the IJ and the BIA erred in dismissing their withholding of removal claim and their claim
under the Convention Against Torture because the evidence shows “it is more likely than
not that [they] will be persecuted and tortured upon return to Albania.” But this court has
held that where the record does not compel the finding that the petitioners have a “well-
founded fear of persecution,” it is apparent that it also cannot compel the more stringent
“clear probability” finding required for a withholding of removal claim under 8 U.S.C. §
1231(b)(3)(A). See Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 951 (6th Cir. 2004). We are left,
therefore, with the conclusion that substantial evidence supports the IJ’s decision to deny
Kalaj, et al. protection under the Convention Against Torture because the record fails to
establish that it is “more likely than not” that Kalaj, et al. will be tortured if forced to return
to Albania. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2).
III.
For the above reasons, we DENY Kalaj et al.’s petition for review of the BIA’s order.