United States v. Cole

PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

ERNESTO FRANCISCO COLE, a/k/a La  No. 01-4574

Pe, a/k/a Panama, a/k/a Negro, a/k/a

Negrito,

Defendant-Appellant.



Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.

Gerald Bruce Lee, District Judge.

(CR-00-455)

Argued: April 5, 2002

Decided: June 6, 2002

Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, and MICHAEL and

TRAXLER, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Chief Judge Wilkinson wrote the

opinion, in which Judge Michael and Judge Traxler joined.

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Thomas Franklin Almon, Jr., THOMAS F. ALMON

ATTORNEY, Miami, Florida, for Appellant. William Neil Hammer-

strom, Jr., Assistant United States Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia, for

Appellee. ON BRIEF: Paul J. McNulty, United States Attorney,

2 UNITED STATES v. COLE

Gene Rossi, Assistant United States Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia,

for Appellee.

OPINION

WILKINSON, Chief Judge:

Ernesto Francisco Cole appeals the judgment of the district court

sentencing him to concurrent terms of life imprisonment for operating

a continuing criminal enterprise and committing murder while

engaged in drug trafficking. See 21 U.S.C. § 848. Cole argues that

this prosecution was barred by his prior prosecution in Florida, that

the government’s belated disclosure of Brady material deprived him

of his right to confrontation and to a fair trial, and that the trial judge

erred in failing to recuse himself after disclosing his relationship to

a government witness. Because each of these claims lacks merit, we

affirm.

I.

On December 20, 2000, Ernesto Cole was indicted in the Eastern

District of Virginia for conspiring to distribute five kilograms or more

of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846 (Count

One), operating a continuing criminal enterprise ("CCE") in violation

of 21 U.S.C. § 848 (Count Two), and committing murder while

engaged in drug trafficking in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848(e)(1)(A)

(Count Three). The government alleged and showed at trial that Cole

operated an extensive drug organization over a ten-year period —

from "in or about 1990" to "on or about August 8, 2000." Cole’s oper-

ation included the importation of hundreds of kilograms of cocaine by

over fifteen other conspirators from Panama, through the Port of

Miami, into the United States. Further, hundreds of kilograms of

cocaine were distributed in south Florida and hundreds of kilograms

were delivered to eastern Virginia, after which they were sold to oth-

ers in and around Washington, D.C. Moreover, Cole was involved in

acts of money laundering, violence, and murder to further his drug enter-

prise.1

1

Cole was initially charged in a one-count CCE indictment on August

2, 2000, which covered the time period from "in or about 1990" to "on

UNITED STATES v. COLE 3

Both before and during trial, Cole moved to dismiss all three

counts of the indictment on the ground that they were barred by his

prior drug conspiracy prosecution in the Southern District of Florida.

In December 1999, Cole had been indicted in Florida for conspiracy

to distribute cocaine from July 1998 to November 1999, as well as for

two counts of possession with intent to distribute cocaine — on July

14, 1998 and October 28, 1999 in Miami. These charges were based

on cocaine seizures in connection with the arrests of Robert Cruz in

Maryland and Frank Wall in Virginia. Cole pleaded guilty to one

count of possession in return for the dismissal of the other counts. The

district court in Florida sentenced him to seventy-eight months

imprisonment on September 29, 2000.

The district court in the instant case denied Cole’s motions to dis-

miss, concluding that the present prosecution was not barred by either

the Florida plea agreement or the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth

Amendment. The court thus determined that the Florida conspiracy

was not the same offense as the conspiracy and CCE charges here for

purposes of successive prosecution analysis.

In addition, the district court informed the parties just before the

jury was selected that one of the government’s witnesses, Kevin Fun-

ches, was the son of his deceased godparents. Based on this disclo-

sure, Cole made a recusal motion "in an abundance of caution" in

order to avoid "an appearance of partiality in light of the relation-

ship." The trial judge denied the request for recusal, concluding that

he had not had any contact with Funches for over ten years, and thus

would have no problem being impartial in presiding over the trial.

Finally, Cole made motions to strike Funches’ testimony, grant a

mistrial, or grant a new trial based on the government’s late, partial

production of Brady material concerning Funches’ extensive history

of mental health problems. See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83

(1963). Cole alleged that the government’s failure to timely turn over

Funches’ complete psychiatric records denied him the right to effec-

or about December 9, 1999." On December 12, 2000, the government

discovered evidence of Cole’s money laundering, which expanded the

ending date charged in the instant indictment to August 8, 2000.

4 UNITED STATES v. COLE

tively cross-examine Funches and impeach his credibility with an

expert. The district court denied Cole’s motions because the govern-

ment’s disclosure was not so late as to prevent Funches from being

cross-examined on his psychiatric problems, and because the dis-

closed materials did not indicate that Funches’ disorders had any

bearing on his ability to recall events and tell the truth.

On April 17, 2001, the jury found Cole guilty on all counts. The

district court then vacated the Count One drug conspiracy conviction

on motion of the government because it was a lesser included offense

of the Count Two CCE charge. The court sentenced Cole to concur-

rent terms of life imprisonment on Counts Two and Three, and

ordered that they run concurrently with his seventy-eight month sen-

tence in the Southern District of Florida. Cole now appeals.

II.

A.

Cole again asserts that his prosecution is barred by double jeopardy

principles. The Double Jeopardy Clause provides that no person shall

"be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life

or limb." U.S. Const. amend. V. One component of this constitutional

guarantee prohibits successive prosecutions for the "same offense."

Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 165 (1977); see also United States v.

McHan, 966 F.2d 134, 137 (4th Cir. 1992); United States v. Ragins,

840 F.2d 1184, 1187 (4th Cir. 1988). The Clause thus "provid[es]

criminal defendants with a measure of finality and repose," ensuring

that one who has endured "the ordeal of criminal prosecution through

to judgment" will not be retried "for the same alleged misconduct."

Ragins, 840 F.2d at 1188. At the same time, however, there is no con-

stitutional immunity from prosecution for distinct criminal activity.

B.

Cole argues that the conspiracy charge in his previous prosecution

in Florida was a lesser included offense of the charges for conspiracy,

CCE, and murder in furtherance of the conspiracy in contention here.

He asserts that the present prosecution is therefore barred because it

UNITED STATES v. COLE 5

violates the Florida plea agreement and his rights under the Double

Jeopardy Clause.

We disagree. The conspiracy alleged in the Florida indictment does

not bar prosecution on the much more extensive conspiracy and CCE

crimes charged here. We address each instant conviction in turn.2

1.

Because the Double Jeopardy Clause bars successive prosecutions

for the same offense, it forbids "the division of a single criminal con-

spiracy into multiple violations of a conspiracy statute." United States

v. MacDougall, 790 F.2d 1135, 1144 (4th Cir. 1986); see also

McHan, 966 F.2d at 137; Ragins, 840 F.2d at 1188. We employ a

flexible, "totality of the circumstances" test to determine whether suc-

cessive conspiracy charges constitute the "same offense." McHan,

966 F.2d at 137-38; Ragins, 840 F.2d at 1188; MacDougall, 790 F.2d

at 1144. Specifically, we consider the following five factors in assess-

ing the validity of a double jeopardy attack on a second indictment

for conspiracy:

(1) the time periods covered by the alleged conspiracies; (2)

the places where the conspiracies are alleged to have

occurred; (3) the persons charged as co-conspirators; (4) the

overt acts alleged to have been committed in furtherance of

the conspiracies, or any other descriptions of the offenses

charged which indicate the nature and scope of the activities

being prosecuted; and (5) the substantive statutes alleged to

have been violated.

McHan, 966 F.2d at 138; see also Ragins, 840 F.2d at 1188-89; Mac-

Dougall, 790 F.2d at 1144.

2

Though the court below vacated the conspiracy conviction, a finding

of guilt on that count is a predicate to a finding of guilt on the charge for

murder while engaged in drug trafficking. We therefore must decide

whether the Florida conspiracy is the same offense as the instant conspir-

acy.

6 UNITED STATES v. COLE

Each of these factors supports the view that the instant conspiracy

is not the same offense as the Florida conspiracy. To begin with,

whereas the Florida conspiracy covered a mere sixteen months, here

the conspiracy encompasses a ten-year period. Further, the Florida

case concerned offense conduct based on just two distinct drug distri-

butions — Cole’s July 1998 distribution in Miami to Roberto Cruz,

which was later shipped to Cruz’s residence in Greenbelt, Maryland,

and the October 1999 seizure from Frank Wall in Hanover, Virginia,

which Cole had supplied. Here, by contrast, the evidence includes the

widespread importation of cocaine from Panama into Miami, and its

eventual delivery to Virginia and Washington, D.C.

Moreover, the evidence underlying the Florida indictment impli-

cated only Wall and Cruz as coconspirators. This case, on the other

hand, has involved more than fifteen people who conspired with Cole.

In addition, the overt acts associated with the Florida indictment cen-

tered around the two drug distributions just discussed. In stark con-

trast, the overt acts of the ten-year conspiracy charged here are, as the

government notes, "virtually countless." This is because the nature

and scope of the instant offense activities are far more extensive than

the conduct charged in Florida.

The government emphasized this point to the district court at sen-

tencing:

What our investigation uncovered and what the evidence

adduced at trial established was that this defendant

employed violence and committed countless murders to fur-

ther a business of flooding the streets with massive amounts

of cocaine over a ten-year period.

And based on what we know about this defendant, I can

honestly say that there may never be a more violent person

to come before this Court.

The district court agreed with the government’s assessment. It said to

Cole that "given the extensive evidence presented at the trial about

your involvement in the importation of thousands of pounds of

cocaine into the country in a widespread distribution network from

UNITED STATES v. COLE 7

Florida to New York, the sentence here seems to be warranted by the

evidence."

It is not merely the case that the instant indictment alleges viola-

tions of CCE and murder statutes in addition to violations of the dis-

tribution and conspiracy statutes charged in Florida. There is also

substantial evidence that the present conspiracy implicated the illegal

importation of drugs, the use of firearms in connection with drug traf-

ficking, and money laundering. Indeed, whereas the two distributions

at issue in the Florida case involved one kilogram and 4.955 kilo-

grams of cocaine, respectively, this prosecution concerned the impor-

tation and widespread distribution of hundreds of kilograms of

cocaine.

Cole claims that Cruz and Wall were key government witnesses in

the instant case, and that their testimony was not limited simply to

allegations that Cole had provided them with cocaine that was seized

when they were arrested. He further submits that had the Florida case

gone to trial, their testimony would surely have been the same there

as it was here. He concludes from these assertions that "there is no

question that the conspiracy charged in Miami was part of the same

conspiracy charged here."

But we cannot reverse a district court’s findings based on specula-

tion about what would have happened in another criminal proceeding

had it turned out differently. And even if we were to assume the valid-

ity of Cole’s hypothetical contentions, a host of differences between

the two conspiracies still remain — for example, the substantive stat-

utes alleged to have been violated, the evidence of money laundering,

the dates of the conspiracies, and the critical evidence provided by

such other "key" government witnesses as Kevin Funches. Thus, con-

sideration of each element of the "totality of the circumstances" test

compels the same conclusion: The Florida conspiracy and the instant

conspiracy are not remotely the "same offense" in the eyes of the

Double Jeopardy Clause. See Brown, 432 U.S. at 165; McHan, 966

F.2d at 137; Ragins, 840 F.2d at 1187. Accordingly, Cole’s murder

conviction is not barred.

2.

Cole also maintains that the present prosecution is barred because

the Florida conspiracy is a lesser included offense of the instant CCE

8 UNITED STATES v. COLE

charge. He acknowledges our holding in McHan that the use of a con-

spiracy to which a defendant pleaded guilty as an element of a CCE

charge did not violate the Double Jeopardy Clause. See 966 F.2d at

141. He further concedes that McHan relied upon Garrett v. United

States, 471 U.S. 773 (1985), and United States v. Felix, 503 U.S. 378

(1992). In Garrett, the Supreme Court rejected a double jeopardy

challenge to a CCE conviction where the defendant had previously

pleaded guilty to a predicate crime of importing marijuana. Similarly,

Felix allowed a conspiracy prosecution after the defendant had been

convicted of an underlying substantive offense. In both cases, the

Court stressed "the multilayered conduct, both as to time and to

place," implicated in CCE and conspiracy offenses. Garrett, 471 U.S.

at 789; see also Felix, 503 U.S. at 390.

Cole submits, however, that "the reasoning of McHan has been

seriously undermined" by the Supreme Court’s subsequent decision

in Rutledge v. United States, 517 U.S. 292 (1996). In Rutledge, the

Court held that the "in concert" element of the CCE offense requires

proof of a conspiracy that would also violate § 846, and thus that

§ 846 does not define a different offense from the CCE defined in

§ 848. Rather, "it is appropriate to characterize § 846 as a lesser

included offense of § 848." Id. at 300. The Court further observed that

Garrett "merely adhered to our understanding that legislatures have

traditionally perceived a qualitative difference between conspiracy-

like crimes and the substantive offenses upon which they are predi-

cated." Id. at 300 n.12. "In contrast to the crimes involved in Garrett,"

the Court noted that "this case involves two conspiracy-like offenses

directed at largely identical conduct." Id.

Cole is thus correct that a § 846 conspiracy is a lesser included

offense of a § 848 CCE — so long as essentially the same agreement

forms the basis for both. He is also accurate in observing that whereas

the predicate offenses at issue in Garrett and Felix were substantive,

this case, like Rutledge, involves a conspiracy as a predicate offense.

See, e.g., United States v. Singleton, 177 F. Supp. 2d 12, 29-30

(D.D.C. 2001).

But these are distinctions without a difference to the outcome of

this appeal. That is because Rutledge was not a successive prosecu-

tion case. Rather, the defendant there was prosecuted simultaneously

UNITED STATES v. COLE 9

for, inter alia, conspiracy and CCE, which is why the Court under-

stood the scenario before it to involve offenses "directed at largely

identical conduct." Rutledge, 517 U.S. at 300 n.12. But given that the

conspiracy and CCE charges here are based on the same agreement

(which is why the conspiracy conviction was vacated as a lesser

included offense of the CCE), it follows from our application of the

"totality of the circumstances" test in the preceding section that the

same agreement did not form the basis for the Florida conspiracy

charge and the instant CCE conviction.

Indeed, it was only in the simultaneous-prosecution context that the

Court in Rutledge found a double jeopardy violation. The Court ended

its opinion by so limiting the scope of its holding:

In certain circumstances, it may be that the Government will

investigate and prosecute an individual for one or more

§ 846 conspiracies without being aware of facts that would

justify charging a defendant with a violation of § 848 as

well. Moreover, a lesser included § 846 conspiracy may not

always be coterminus with the larger CCE. Because neither

instance is true here, we need not explore the consequences

of our holding today for purposes of the successive prosecu-

tion strand of the Double Jeopardy Clause . . . .

Id. at 307 n.17 (citing Diaz v. United States, 223 U.S. 442, 448-49

(1912); Brown, 432 U.S. at 169 n.7; Garrett, 471 U.S. at 786-93).

The Court in Rutledge was thus sensitive to a basic distinction

between simultaneous and successive prosecution cases. In the simul-

taneous prosecution context, the government’s knowledge of the

defendant’s activities is fixed by definition at the time of trial, and

separate charges are prosecuted in the same proceeding for reasons of

efficiency. A successive prosecution case, by contrast, often occurs

because the government learns more after the initial prosecution about

the nature and extent of the defendant’s criminal misconduct. This is

not to say, of course, that the government should be allowed to

reprosecute a defendant any time new and highly probative evidence

turns up. The Double Jeopardy Clause does not permit reprosecution

simply because the government discovers "more evidence strengthen-

ing its case." Ragins, 840 F.2d at 1193. However, prosecution is not

10 UNITED STATES v. COLE

barred when the government becomes aware of an entirely new

dimension of criminal misconduct implicating separate offenses.

This pattern is born out here. The instant prosecution involves mis-

conduct vastly more serious than the previously charged offenses. For

example, there is substantial evidence that in furtherance of his drug

operations, Cole shot one drug dealer multiple times, ordered the kill-

ing of another person who was stuffed in the trunk of a car over a

drug debt, and threatened the mother of another man he had shot, all

of which involved a magnitude of activity wholly different from what

was at issue in the Florida proceeding. In addition, though the parties

dispute exactly what the government knew about Cole’s drug enter-

prise in the previous case, Cole does not contest the government’s

contention that it was unaware of his money laundering until a week

before the present case was indicted.3 And significantly, there is no

finding below that the government acted in bad faith by proceeding

piecemeal with prosecutions when it had the evidence to bring the

instant charges in the Florida case.

The Double Jeopardy Clause may not "be employed to force the

Government’s hand" by requiring it to prosecute Cole for either the

earlier conspiracy or the later CCE, but not both. Garrett, 471 U.S.

at 790. Rather, "[o]ne who insists that the music stop and the piper

be paid at a particular point must at least have stopped dancing him-

self before he may seek such an accounting." Id.

3

It is also noteworthy that Cole stands convicted of operating a CCE

until August 8, 2000. By contrast, the ending date in the Florida case was

November 1999. Thus, the Florida conspiracy was not "coterminus with

the larger CCE." Rutledge, 517 U.S. at 307 n.17. Rather, the CCE contin-

ued for roughly nine more months as a result of Cole’s laundering of

drug proceeds during that time.

Cole argues that "[m]oney laundering . . . is not a predicate offense of

a CCE charge, and there is no question that the last controlled substance

offense alleged was the one connected with Frank Wall’s arrest." But this

contention is irrelevant. Evidence that Cole engaged in money laundering

is highly probative of the government’s CCE allegations against him

because it suggests that the money constitutes the proceeds of his drug

distribution enterprise. Thus, his laundering of drug money justifies the

ending date in the present indictment.

UNITED STATES v. COLE 11

Cole’s contention ultimately comes down to this: Because he has

already been prosecuted for committing some comparatively minor

crimes in Florida, the government should be precluded from prosecut-

ing him for some truly horrendous acts in Virginia. But the Florida

conspiracy and the CCE did not involve "largely identical conduct."

Rutledge, 517 U.S. at 300 n.12. Nor was the government "aware of

facts" in the Florida proceeding that were critical to the CCE charges

here. Id. at 307 n.17. And finally, the Florida conspiracy was not

"coterminus with the larger CCE." Id. For all of these reasons, the

instant CCE conviction is not barred by the conspiracy count in the

Florida indictment.4

III.

Cole next argues that the district court erred in not crediting his

objections to the government’s belated disclosure of Brady material

concerning Funches’ long history of psychiatric problems. Cole

relates that Funches was the key government witness with respect to

the Count Three murder charge. Funches testified that while he and

Cole were incarcerated, Cole confessed to him that he had ordered the

murder of Armando Leguisamo-Castro over a drug debt. Cole’s coun-

sel was not aware of Funches’ psychiatric history at the time Funches

initially testified. Rather, he learned about it over the extended week-

end break following the government’s direct case, when he discov-

ered letters Funches wrote to various courts from prison. It was only

after raising this issue with the prosecution that same weekend that he

4

We note that the test set forth in Blockburger v. United States, 284

U.S. 299, 304 (1932), likewise does not bar prosecution on the CCE

offense. The Florida conspiracy charge and the instant CCE conviction

are not the "same offense" under Blockburger because the criminal activ-

ity at issue here is so multilayered. See Garrett, 471 U.S. at 789; Felix,

503 U.S. at 390; McHan, 966 F.2d at 140. It is true that the Supreme

Court in Rutledge distinguished Garrett and Felix as involving substan-

tive predicate offenses, as opposed to § 846 predicates. See 517 U.S. at

300 n.12. But it is equally true that here, unlike in Rutledge, the CCE

conviction is significantly more multilayered than the predicate conspir-

acy. Both Garrett and Felix stressed the dangers of transposing "single

course of conduct" analysis to situations where the greater offense was

multilayered as to time and place.

12 UNITED STATES v. COLE

received part of Funches’ presentence report ("PSR") in his latest

criminal case, which described his psychiatric history.

Cole asserts that he was entitled to view Funches’ complete psychi-

atric records. He further claims that the government’s late, partial dis-

closure contravened Brady and United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667

(1985), by denying him the right to effectively cross-examine Fun-

ches and impeach his credibility with an expert.

We may reverse the district court’s denials of Cole’s various

motions only for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Gravely,

840 F.2d 1156, 1162-63 (4th Cir. 1988) (motion to strike); United

States v. Dorlouis, 107 F.3d 248, 257 (4th Cir. 1997) (motion for mis-

trial); United States v. Huggins, 191 F.3d 532, 536 (4th Cir. 1999)

(motion for new trial). In reviewing the court’s decision on these

motions, we find no abuse of discretion in this case.

We certainly do not commend the government for not turning over

excerpts of Funches’ PSR until the weekend after it completed its

direct case against Cole. As any practicing lawyer will attest, one can

almost always do a better job with information when one has had

more time to prepare. However, under Brady and its progeny, the fail-

ure to disclose evidence favorable to the accused violates due process

only "where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment."

Brady, 373 U.S. at 87. Evidence is material where "its suppression

undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial" — that is, where

"there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been dis-

closed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been

different." Bagley, 473 U.S. at 678, 682.

No such reasonable probability exists here in view of the abun-

dance of material that Cole’s counsel had at his disposal to effectively

impeach Funches. To begin with, Funches was cross-examined about

his nine felony convictions, including seven for fraud. Further, Cole’s

handwriting expert seriously impugned Funches’ credibility when he

testified that Funches’ writing was on the copy of the indictment that

was in Cole’s possession in jail. Funches had denied ever seeing the

indictment, instead claiming that he had learned everything he knew

about the case from Cole. Moreover, Funches conceded that he hoped

to receive a sentence reduction for cooperating against Cole.

UNITED STATES v. COLE 13

In addition, Cole’s counsel ultimately cross-examined Funches at

length about his psychiatric history. Funches admitted that he had

been treated in the past for bipolar disorder and borderline personality

disorder, and that he had received five court-ordered psychological

evaluations. He also was cross-examined about his confession to his

probation officer that he provided false information on his 1988 psy-

chological examination.5 Thus, Cole’s counsel did receive enough

information about Funches’ disorders "in time for its effective use at

trial." United States v. Smith Grading & Paving, Inc., 760 F.2d 527,

532 (4th Cir. 1985).

It may be inferred from all of this impeachment evidence that the

jury knew Funches was essentially a con artist, but that it convicted

Cole on all counts anyway. It did so in part because it believed that

Funches’ testimony, which had been corroborated by others, truth-

fully described Cole’s crimes. In any event, because Funches had

been "impeached in so many other ways," United States v. Hoyte, 51

F.3d 1239, 1243 (4th Cir. 1995), there exists no reasonable probabil-

ity that the outcome of Cole’s trial would have been any different if

Cole’s counsel had timely received Funches’ complete psychiatric

records. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in

denying Cole’s Brady motions.

IV.

Finally, Cole argues that the district court erred in denying his

recusal motion after the trial judge revealed that Funches was the son

of his deceased godparents. In making the motion, Cole "in no way

questioned" the trial judge’s integrity, but rather argued "that there

was no way of foreseeing what if any issues may arise during the trial

with respect to Funches which may necessitate rulings by the Court

which might give rise to an appearance of partiality in light of the

relationship."

5

The PSR also stated that Funches was "not currently taking any psy-

chotropic medications," that he had been declared competent to continue

with previous legal proceedings against him, and that prior PSRs indi-

cated "no history of illicit drug use."

14 UNITED STATES v. COLE

Reviewing the district court’s denial of Cole’s recusal motion for

abuse of discretion, see United States v. DeTemple, 162 F.3d 279, 283

(4th Cir. 1998), we disagree. The standard for recusal is not so readily

met. As the trial judge informed the litigants, he had not had any con-

tact whatever with Funches for over ten years. And the last time he

did see Funches, the trial judge was practicing law and happened to

walk into the courtroom where Funches was being sentenced. The

judge further related that he had reviewed Canon 3C of the Code of

Judicial Conduct for United States Judges (Disqualification), as well

as 28 U.S.C. § 455 (Disqualification) and 28 U.S.C. § 144 (Bias or

prejudice). Finally, he stressed that he could be fair and impartial in

presiding over the trial and issuing various rulings.

This explanation and these assurances dispelled any reasonable

concern that the trial judge was somehow biased by virtue of the fact

that he knew Funches. There is simply no evidence that the judge’s

"impartiality might reasonably be questioned," or that "he ha[d] a per-

sonal bias or prejudice concerning a party." 28 U.S.C. § 455. In

United States v. Lovaglia, 954 F.2d 811 (2d Cir. 1992), our sister cir-

cuit held that recusal was not required in a case involving a family

whose businesses were victimized by the defendants’ RICO violations

because, inter alia, the judge had not had a social relationship with

the family for seven or eight years prior to the sentencing proceed-

ings. Id. at 816-17. Here, it was over ten years since the trial judge

had had any contact with Funches, let alone a social relationship.

Cole claims that the denial of his Brady motions regarding Fun-

ches’ psychiatric history created an appearance of partiality requiring

recusal. But we have already held that it was not an abuse of discre-

tion to deny them. Further, "judicial rulings alone almost never con-

stitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality motion . . . . Almost

invariably, they are proper grounds for appeal, not for recusal." Liteky

v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994) (internal citation omitted).

Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Cole’s

recusal motion.

V.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.