The opinion
J-S48038-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
MARLIN ALAN BROWN, II
Appellant No. 333 WDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence of February 17, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County
Criminal Division at No.: CP-26-CR-0000678-2014
BEFORE: PANELLA, J., DONOHUE, J., and WECHT, J.
MEMORANDUM BY WECHT, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 18, 2015
Marlin Alan Brown appeals his February 17, 2015 judgment of
sentence. We affirm.
The trial court summarized the history of this case as follows:
[Brown] was convicted by a jury of one count of Endangering the
Welfare of Children[1] as the result of injuries to a child
approximately six months of age. [Brown] and the child’s
mother, [J.S. (“Mother”)], are paramours who live together in a
residence located [on] Farragut Street, Uniontown, Fayette
County, Pennsylvania. At the time of the incident, the parties
were the parents of a two and [one-]half year old son, and
[Mother] was also the parent of the injured child, although
[Brown] was not. The injured child was conceived during a
break-up between [Brown] and [Mother,] but they reconciled
and became a couple again shortly after the injured child was
born. At the time of trial, these parties had become the parents
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1
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4304.
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of a third child, and [Mother] did not want to testify against
[Brown].
[Mother] initially noticed that the child had a split lip when
[Mother] returned home from work on Sunday, September 8,
2013, and later that evening, while at a park, observed red
marks on the child’s neck that [Mother] believed then came from
the child’s car seat. However, on the morning of September 9,
2013, she saw that the child had a very swollen leg which
caused [the child] to scream when [Mother] touched it.
[Brown,] who is the child’s step-father, had been the caretaker
of the child during [Mother’s] daylight work shift the previous
day, September 8, 2013. When [Mother] inquired about the
child’s split lip, [Brown] told her that their son, who was two and
[one-]half years old at that time, had thrown his sippy cup which
hit the baby.
[Mother] took the baby to Uniontown Hospital where she spoke
to a doctor and then to a Children and Youth Services
caseworker and a police officer. The caseworker, Kevin Newton,
testified at trial that he observed the child at Uniontown Hospital
and took photos to document the injuries. He also spoke to the
police officer and to both [Mother] and [Brown] concerning how
the child came to have a fractured leg. [Brown] told Mr. Newton
that the injury could have been caused by the parties’ two and
[one-]half year old son while [Brown] was upstairs in the
bathroom. [Brown] also told Mr. Newton that he was doing
some range of motion exercises with the baby’s legs, and those
exercises could have caused the injury. Mr. Newton checked
with the child’s pediatrician, Laurel Pediatrics, but the doctor and
the staff members did not indicate that the child was in need of
any such exercise. [Mother] then told Mr. Newton that the
parties’ son had some issues with his legs when he was a baby
so she and [Brown] felt they should do the same exercises with
this baby. She later called Mr. Newton to tell him that she might
have caused the injury because she remembered that she had
tripped and fallen on September 8, 2013, while she was carrying
the baby.
Later on September 9, 2013, the baby was taken by [Mother] to
Children’s Hospital in Pittsburgh, where the child was seen by Dr.
Janet Squires on September 10, 2103, as an inpatient. The
doctor reviewed x-rays taken of the baby which revealed a fresh
acute fracture of the child’s right femur. Other x-rays also
showed that there were three injured bones in the left leg, at
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least one of which was older. The right femur, the thigh bone,
showed an unusual break in that it occurred very high on the
leg, almost in the hip, and was straight across. Doctor Squires
gave her expert medical opinion that the fractures and the
observable bruising on the child’s neck were the result of
physical abuse. Following his investigation which included
observing the child, talking to [Mother] and [Brown], as well as
to Dr. Squires, City of Uniontown Police Officer John Kauer filed
charges against [Brown] of Endangering the Welfare of Children,
Aggravated Assault, Simple Assault and Recklessly Endangering
[Another Person. Brown] was found guilty of Endangering the
Welfare of Children, but he was found not guilty on all the other
charges.
Trial Court Opinion (“T.C.O.”), 5/4/2015, at 1-3 (citations to notes of
testimony omitted).
On February 17, 2015, Brown was sentenced for endangering the
welfare of a child (“EWOC”), graded in this instance as a third-degree felony,
to eleven and one-half months to twenty-three months in county jail. On
February 24, 2015, Brown filed a notice of appeal. The trial court ordered,
and Brown timely filed, a concise statement of errors complained of on
appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On May 4, 2015, the trial court filed
a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion.
Brown raises the following three issues on appeal:
1. Whether the Commonwealth failed to present sufficient
evidence that [Brown] knowingly endangered the welfare of
the minor child?
2. Whether the Commonwealth failed to present any evidence
that [Brown’s] actions constituted a “course of conduct” at
trial?
3. Whether the lack of a jury charge as to the additional “course
of conduct” factor, required under 18 [Pa.C.S.A. §] 4304(b),
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resulted in the imposition of an illegal sentence upon
[Brown]?
Brown’s Brief at 7.
Brown first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his
conviction.
Our standard for evaluating sufficiency of the evidence is
“whether the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth [as verdict winner], is sufficient to enable a
reasonable jury to find every element of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Watkins, 843 A.2d
1203, 1211 (Pa. 2003) (citing Commonwealth v. Crews, 260
A.2d 771, 771–72 (Pa. 1970)). “[T]he entire trial record must
be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
considered, whether or not the trial court’s rulings thereon were
correct.” Commonwealth v. Harper, 403 A.2d 536, 538–39
(Pa. 1979). Moreover, “[t]he Commonwealth may sustain its
burden of proving every element of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence.”
Id. at 538. “Finally, the trier of fact, while passing upon the
credibility of witnesses and the weight to be afforded the
evidence produced, is free to believe all, part or none of the
evidence.” Id. at 539.
Commonwealth v. Bryant, 57 A.3d 191, 197 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations
modified).
Brown was convicted of EWOC which is defined as follows:
(a) Offense defined. –
(1) A parent, guardian or other person supervising the
welfare of a child under 18 years of age, or a person that
employs or supervises such a person, commits an offense
if he knowingly endangers the welfare of the child by
violating a duty of care, protection or support.
* * *
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(3) As used in this subsection, the term “person
supervising the welfare of a child” means a person other
than a parent or guardian that provides care, education,
training or control of a child.
(b) Grading. – An offense under this section constitutes a
misdemeanor of the first degree. However, where there is a
course of conduct of endangering the welfare of a child, the
offense constitutes a felony of the third degree.
18 Pa.C.S.A § 4304.
The Pennsylvania courts have established a three-part test that
must be satisfied to prove EWOC:
1) [T]he accused [was] aware of his/her duty to protect
the child;
2) [T]he accused [was] aware that the child [was] in
circumstances that could threaten the child's physical or
psychological welfare; and
3) [T]he accused has either failed to act or has taken
action so lame or meager that such actions cannot
reasonably be expected to protect the child's welfare.
Commonwealth v. Pahel, 689 A.2d 963, 964 (Pa. Super.
1997).
Bryant, 57 A.3d at 197 (citation modified).
Brown argues that the Commonwealth did not meet its burden of
proving beyond a reasonable doubt that he was aware that the child was in
circumstances that would threaten the child’s well-being. Therefore, he
concludes that the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to sustain his
conviction. Brown’s Brief at 11-14.
In this case, Dr. Squires testified that the child had a fresh, acute
femur fracture on the right leg. Notes of Testimony (“N.T.”), 2/9-10/2015,
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at 61. The fracture was unusual in that it was high up the leg, near the hip,
and straight across. Id. at 63, 65. Dr. Squires testified that a break in that
location had to have been caused by “a very traumatic event,” such as a
major car accident. Id. at 65. On the left leg, x-rays revealed older
fractures to the femur, tibia, and metatarsal. Id. at 66-67. Dr. Squires
opined that the injuries to the left leg were at least a week, but less than six
weeks, old. Id. at 83.
Given the history that Dr. Squires received from Mother (i.e. that the
child was fine on Saturday night, fussy when Mother returned from work on
Sunday evening, and screaming with the swollen leg on Monday morning)
and the knowledge that it can take twelve to twenty-four hours for a leg to
swell after a fracture, Dr. Squires concluded that the fresh fracture to the
right leg most likely occurred during the day on Sunday. Id. at 69-70, 72.
Because the type of fracture was so unusual, Dr. Squires did not believe it
would have been caused by a fall. Id. at 75. Nor did she believe that a
young child could cause that type of break, unless the young child would
have dropped the baby out of a window. Id. at 76.
Drawing all reasonable inferences from this testimony in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth, the leg fracture was a recent injury caused
by a traumatic event, such as dropping the baby from a window or a major
car accident. It most likely was caused on the Sunday when the child was
left in Brown’s care. Even if the jury concluded that Brown did not cause the
injury himself, this was the type of injury that could not have occurred
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without Brown’s awareness. We have held that the failure of a caregiver to
seek prompt medical attention when aware that a child has been injured is
sufficient to prove the caregiver endangered the welfare of the child. See
Commonwealth v. Vining, 744 A.2d 310, 323 (Pa. Super. 1999). Thus,
we conclude that the evidence sufficed to prove that Brown endangered the
child’s welfare.
Brown next argues that the Commonwealth did not prove that his
actions constituted a course of conduct such that EWOC could be charged as
a felony. Essentially, Brown contends there was insufficient evidence of a
course of conduct. Brown’s Brief at 15.
As noted above, EWOC is graded as a third-degree felony if the
Commonwealth establishes a course of conduct occurred that endangered a
child. Otherwise, the crime is graded as a misdemeanor. 18 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 4304(b). We have held that:
“[C]ourse of conduct” is not an element of the offense of
endangering the welfare of a child, but it is an additional fact, a
jury question, that impacts the grading of the offense. We
cannot merely assume the jury found this additional fact when
no evidence of it was presented at trial . . . .
Commonwealth v. Popow, 844 A.2d 13, 18 (Pa. Super. 2004). In
Popow, we vacated a felony sentence because the entire incident leading to
the EWOC conviction was a one-time event that took place “in a matter of
minutes,” which did not support a finding of a course of conduct. Id. at 16.
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Here, however, Dr. Squires testified that some of the injuries were
over a week old and possibly as much as six weeks old. Thus, there was
sufficient evidence from which the jury could conclude that Brown engaged a
course of conduct that endangered the child.
Finally, Brown argues that the trial court failed to charge the jury
regarding the course of conduct, and therefore, precluded grading EWOC as
a third-degree felony. Because Brown contends that the jury could make no
such finding without a correct charge, he asserts that his sentence was
illegal. Brown’s Brief at 16.
In Popow, we held that “[w]ithout an instruction, we cannot conclude
that the jury understood that they were making a finding on course of
conduct.” Popow, 844 A.2d at 18. Because in that case the trial court did
not instruct the jury in addition to a lack of evidence regarding a course of
conduct, we remanded for resentencing.
In this case, however, the trial court gave the following instruction:
Fourth, and last, [Brown] is charged with endangering the
welfare of a child. In order to return a verdict of guilty to
endangering the welfare of a child, the Commonwealth will need
to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that [Brown] engaged in
a course of conduct endangering the welfare of a child by
violating some duty of care or protection; secondly, that he
endangered the welfare of the child knowingly. In other words,
that he was practically certain that his conduct would cause a
particular result; third, at the time he was a person supervising
the welfare of the child; and fourth that the child was under
eighteen years of age. Each element needs to be established by
the Commonwealth beyond a reasonable doubt.
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N.T., 2/10/2015, at 8-9 (emphasis added). The jurors were told clearly that
they could only convict Brown if the Commonwealth proved beyond a
reasonable doubt that he engaged in a course of conduct that endangered
the child’s welfare. “The law presumes that the jury will follow the
instructions of the court.” Commonwealth v. Spotz, 896 A.2d 1191, 1224
(Pa. 2006). The jury was instructed correctly about the elements and we
can conclude that the jury found that Brown engaged in a course of conduct.
Therefore, there was no error in sentencing EWOC as a third-degree felony
and Brown’s sentence was not illegal.
Judgement of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/18/2015
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