in the Matter of M.C.L.

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-02-00464-CV

In the Matter of M.C.L.

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 98TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. J-16,325, HONORABLE W. JEANNE MEURER, JUDGE PRESIDING

O P I N I O N

After waiving his right to a jury trial, M.C.L., a juvenile, was adjudicated delinquent

for committing the offenses of resisting arrest, two counts of assault on a public servant, and criminal

mischief in an amount more than $500 but less than $1,500. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.03

(West 2002); see also Tex. Pen. Code Ann. §§ 22.01 , 28.03, 38.03 (West 2003). The court held a

disposition hearing and ordered M.C.L. committed to the Texas Youth Commission for an

indeterminate period of time not to exceed M.C.L.'s twenty-first birthday. By five issues, M.C.L.

challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the juvenile court's judgment.

We conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the juvenile court's finding that

M.C.L. committed criminal mischief in an amount more than $500 but less than $1,500. The

evidence is sufficient, however, to support a finding that the criminal mischief caused pecuniary loss

totaling $50 or more but less than $500. We further conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient

to support the juvenile court's finding of resisting arrest. Finally, we hold the evidence is factually

insufficient to support the court's finding that M.C.L. committed assault on a public servant. We

therefore reverse the juvenile court's judgment of adjudication and its disposition order and remand

the cause for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

BACKGROUND

According to testimony at trial, on February 13, 2002, Travis County Juvenile

Probation Officers Victor Valdez, Jason Hill, and Brent Horton, along with Travis County Deputy

Constables Lucy Neyens and Damon Miller, went to M.C.L.'s home to attempt to serve a warrant

on M.C.L.'s younger brother, a juvenile probationer. Although the brother was not at home, they

found M.C.L., for whom they also had an outstanding arrest warrant. Neyens and Horton

immediately arrested and handcuffed M.C.L.; he sat on the couch in handcuffs for about fifteen

minutes while the officers searched the premises for his brother. The officers then removed M.C.L.

and placed him in Neyens's police car, where he waited for another ten or fifteen minutes while the

officers went back to the house and continued searching.

While in the police car, M.C.L. managed to move his handcuffed hands from behind

his back to the front of his body. This provoked the officers to place leg shackles on M.C.L. The

events that transpired after the shackles were placed on M.C.L. are disputed. What is clear is that

M.C.L., who had been sitting in the police car while the shackles were placed on him, suddenly stood

up. The officers thought M.C.L. was trying to escape, and a struggle ensued. The officers wrestled

M.C.L. back into the police car and shut the doors. M.C.L. then kicked out the car's rear windows;

the broken glass from the windows cut Horton.

M.C.L. was initially charged with two counts of assault on a public servant by cutting

and kicking Miller, two counts of assault on a public servant by cutting and kicking Horton, and

criminal mischief in an amount more than $1,500 but less than $20,000. At trial, the State amended

its petition to reflect a charge of criminal mischief in an amount more than $500 but less than $1,500.

After the State presented its case in chief, the juvenile court granted M.C.L.'s motion for a directed

verdict on the charge of assault on a public servant by cutting Miller with glass and rendered an

adjudication of not true as a matter of law. At the conclusion of the trial, the juvenile court

adjudicated M.C.L. delinquent for committing the lesser included offense of resisting arrest by

kicking Miller, two counts of assault on a public servant by cutting and kicking Horton, and criminal

mischief in an amount more than $500 but less than $1,500. M.C.L. now challenges the sufficiency

of the evidence to support the judgment of adjudication.

DISCUSSION

Standard of Review

Adjudications of delinquency in juvenile cases are based on the criminal standard of

proof. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.03 (f). We therefore review adjudications of delinquency in

juvenile cases by applying the same standards applicable to sufficiency of the evidence challenges

in criminal cases. See In re E.P. , 963 S.W.2d 191, 193 (Tex. App.--Austin 1998, no pet.).

In reviewing a legal sufficiency challenge, we view all the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the

elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See id. (citing Jackson v. Virginia , 443 U.S. 307

(1979)). In a factual sufficiency review, we examine all the evidence in a neutral light, favoring

neither party. Johnson v. State , 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Clewis v. State , 922 S.W.2d

126, 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). We will set aside the verdict only if the evidence is so weak as

to be clearly wrong or manifestly unjust or if the finding of a vital fact is so contrary to the great

weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly wrong. Zuliani v. State , 97 S.W.3d 589,

593 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Johnson , 23 S.W.3d at 11 .

Criminal Mischief

By his first two issues, M.C.L. challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the

evidence to prove that M.C.L. committed criminal mischief in an amount more than $500 but less

than $1,500.

A person commits the offense of criminal mischief if, without the consent of the

owner, he intentionally and knowingly damages or destroys the tangible property of the owner. Tex.

Pen. Code Ann. § 28.03 (a). Criminal mischief includes as an element the value of the injury

inflicted. See id . § 28.03(b); Gallardo v. State , 321 S.W.2d 581, 581 (Tex. Crim. App. 1959). The

amount of pecuniary loss determines the punishment range for the offense. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann.

§ 28.03 (b). Section 28.06 of the penal code provides two methods for determining the diminution

in property value caused by criminal mischief; the method used depends on whether the property was

damaged or destroyed. See id . § 28.06 (West 2003). If the property was destroyed, the amount of

pecuniary loss is "the fair market value of the property at the time and place of the destruction," or

if the market value cannot be ascertained, "the cost of replacing the property within a reasonable time

after the destruction." Id. § 28.06(a). If the property was damaged, the amount of pecuniary loss is

"the cost of repairing or restoring the damaged property within a reasonable time after the damage

occurred." Id. § 28.06(b).

M.C.L. complains on appeal that the juvenile court erred in concluding that the

amount of pecuniary loss exceeded $500 because this amount was based on the cost of replacing the

broken windows with new windows, when the windows were actually replaced with salvaged

windows at a lesser cost for labor only. In addition, the State presented no evidence regarding the

value of salvaged windows. Thus, concludes M.C.L., the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the court's judgment of adjudication for criminal mischief in an amount over

$500.

Rex "Doc" Lender, a shop supervisor with Travis County TNR Fleet Services,

testified for the State but was never qualified as an expert. His responsibilities as the shop supervisor

include overseeing the maintenance on county vehicles. When Neyens's damaged police car was

submitted to him, Lender assigned the repair job to a mechanic. Because the shop had on hand

another patrol vehicle of the same year that had been totaled, Lender instructed the mechanic to pull

the windows out of the totaled car and put them in Neyens's car. Lender testified that it took about

six hours of labor to complete the job, and the shop rate is $40 per hour. He did not testify as to the

value of the salvaged windows used to repair the vehicle.

Lender also reported that he called EZ Auto Glass to obtain an estimate on replacing

"the two rear windows and also the rear vent glass windows and frames." Lender testified that the

quoted price was $175 for each window and $559 for each rear vent, totaling $1,468 for all four.

Although Lender called only EZ Auto Glass for the estimate, he testified that during his ten years

of experience, he has called a number of other establishments to obtain estimates and has concluded

that EZ Auto Glass usually provides the best prices.

The relevant statute states only that the amount of pecuniary loss is "the cost of

repairing or restoring the damaged property." Id . § 28.06(b). The court of criminal appeals has held

that damaged property need not actually be repaired. Elomary v. State , 796 S.W.2d 191, 193 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1990); see also Sebree v. State , 695 S.W.2d 303, 305 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.]

1985, no pet.). Requiring the State to establish the exact amount of money paid for the repairs, and

to whom, would place a burden on the owner to have the property repaired before a conviction could

be obtained. See Sebree , 695 S.W.2d at 305 . Such a burden would enlarge the amount of proof

required by the statute. Id. On the other hand, in dealing with estimates it is imperative that we

distinguish between a witness merely stating from hearsay what someone else has said the damages

might be and an individual who is qualified to provide an expert opinion of the fair market value of

the cost of repairs to the damaged property. Elomary , 796 S.W.2d at 193-94 . Thus, where the

damaged property is not repaired, an unsubstantiated lay opinion as to the estimate of damage by an

individual who is not competent to give an expert opinion as to repair costs is insufficient to prove

the pecuniary loss without further evidence. Id.

The State in this case provided two different methods of demonstrating the cost of

repairing the patrol vehicle: (1) the actual cost of repair with salvaged windows, which was $240 for

labor, and (2) Lender's testimony of an estimate of the cost of replacing the windows from EZ Auto

Glass. The issue then is which of these constitutes evidence of the "cost of repair" for purposes of

determining the pecuniary loss caused by M.C.L.'s conduct.

This is not a situation where the owner of the damaged property was unable to have

the property repaired before the accused was tried for the charged offense. Rather, Lender testified

as to the actual cost of the repairs, thus providing the evidence specifically spelled out in the statute.

Cf. Elomary , 796 S.W.2d at 192 (property owner could not recall exact cost of repair to her vehicle,

but expert in appraising damage to vehicles testified that fair market value of repairs was over $500).

We therefore hold that Lender's testimony about EZ Auto Glass's estimate of the cost of installing

new windows is no evidence of the cost of this repair.

The State argues that even if we were to discount the estimate provided by EZ Auto

Glass for new windows and rely on Lender's testimony regarding the cost of labor, the juvenile court

could have still determined the value of the salvaged windows was at least $260, which coupled with

the $240 for labor, would amount to a pecuniary loss of at least $500. We disagree. The record is

devoid of any evidence indicating the value of the salvaged windows. Even viewing the evidence

in the light most favorable to the judgment, there is no evidence that the salvaged windows were

worth at least $260. We thus sustain M.C.L.'s first issue.

Because the only evidence of the actual cost of repairs is $240, the evidence is legally

insufficient to support the juvenile court's judgment that M.C.L. committed criminal mischief in an

amount more than $500 but less than $1,500. (1) Based on Lender's testimony that the repairs took six

hours of labor to complete at a rate of $40 per hour, we conclude that the evidence is legally and

factually sufficient to support a finding that the pecuniary loss caused by M.C.L.'s conduct was at

least $50 but less than $500. We therefore reverse the portion of the judgment finding M.C.L. to

have committed criminal mischief in an amount more than $500 but less than $1,500 and remand

with instructions that the juvenile court render a finding reflecting that the pecuniary loss caused by

M.C.L.'s conduct was at least $50 but less than $500.

Resisting Arrest

By his third and fourth issues, M.C.L. challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of

the evidence to support the finding that he resisted arrest, arguing that his arrest was already

complete before he struggled with the police officers.

A person commits the offense of resisting arrest if he intentionally prevents or

obstructs a person he knows is a peace officer from effecting an arrest. Tex. Pen. Code Ann.

§ 38.03 (a). "Effecting an arrest" entails a process or transaction, which has a beginning and an end.

Lewis v. State , 30 S.W.3d 510, 512 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 2000, no pet.); Schrader v. State , 753

S.W.2d 733, 735 (Tex. App.--Austin 1988, pet. ref'd). A conviction for resisting an arrest requires

the obstruction or resistance to occur after the arrest begins but before it ends. Lewis , 30 S.W.3d at

512 . In this case, we must determine when the arrest ended.

Generally, an officer is no longer effecting an arrest once his efforts to restrain or

control the suspect are completed. Id. The court of criminal appeals has explained when an arrest

is complete in the context of the escape statute. Medford v. State , 13 S.W.3d 769, 773 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2000). The court held that an arrest is complete when (1) a person's liberty of movement is

successfully restricted or restrained, whether by physical force or the suspect's submission to

authority, and (2) a reasonable person in the suspect's position would have understood the situation

to constitute a restraint on freedom of movement to the degree that the law associates with formal

arrest. Id. Because the occurrence of an arrest cannot be determined by a bright-line test, whether

an arrest has occurred must be determined on a case-by-case basis by examining the totality of the

circumstances. Lewis , 30 S.W.3d at 513 (citing Rhodes v. State , 945 S.W.2d 115, 118 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1997)).

The testimony at trial revealed that after the officers encountered M.C.L. in his home,

Neyens handcuffed him. Thus restrained, M.C.L. sat on his couch for approximately fifteen minutes,

while the officers searched the house. There is no dispute that M.C.L. was cooperative while sitting

on the couch in handcuffs. He was then escorted to the police car, where he was placed in the back

seat of the car, still handcuffed, and the doors were shut. There is no dispute that M.C.L. did not

struggle or resist while he was being transported to the car and was cooperative while waiting in the

car. He waited in the car for another ten or fifteen minutes while the officers returned to his house

to continue their search for his brother. During this time, M.C.L. managed to wriggle his handcuffed

hands from behind his back to his lap. When Valdez noticed this, he decided to shackle M.C.L. He

grabbed the shackles from another police vehicle and returned to M.C.L.; one of the deputy

constables opened the back door, and Valdez placed the shackles on M.C.L.'s legs. M.C.L.

complied during this procedure as well. It was only after the shackles had been placed on M.C.L.'s

legs that he stood up and a struggle ensued.

The State contends that M.C.L. was not completely restrained at the time he began

struggling, citing Lewis . We disagree. In Lewis , the appellant began resisting immediately after he

was handcuffed and continued until another officer directed him to stop. 30 S.W.3d at 513 . Nothing

in the Lewis record indicated that Lewis had voluntarily tendered his hands to the officers as a sign

of submission or otherwise knowingly submitted to their authority until after the struggle ended. Id.

at 514 . And although Lewis did not exert force until after he had been handcuffed, the court of

appeals emphasized that he initiated a struggle "immediately upon the heels of being restrained."

Id. Indeed, the court acknowledged that had Lewis's exertion of force not occurred "in quick

succession" to his being cuffed, it could have been said that the arrest was already complete and the

officers were merely transporting their suspect when the struggle began. Id. at 513 .

In this case, the struggle did not immediately coincide with the placing of handcuffs

on the suspect. While the struggle may have followed immediately on the heels of M.C.L. being

shackled, it is clear that the officers had actually restrained and controlled M.C.L. well before he was

placed in shackles. According to the record, M.C.L. voluntarily submitted to the officers' authority,

first by submitting to being placed in handcuffs and sitting on the couch while the officers searched

his house, then by cooperatively moving to the police car and remaining there for at least ten minutes

while cuffed, and finally by submitting to being placed in shackles. The arrest was complete, at the

earliest, when M.C.L. was handcuffed and placed on his couch, and at the latest when he was moved

to the police car where he remained for at least ten minutes, still handcuffed. Viewing the evidence

in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that no rational trier of fact could have found

that M.C.L. obstructed or prevented a police officer from "effecting an arrest," as the arrest was

already complete by the time M.C.L. began exerting force. We therefore sustain M.C.L.'s third

issue. We reverse that portion of the judgment finding that M.C.L. committed the offense of

resisting arrest and remand to the juvenile court with instructions to render judgment in accordance

with this opinion. (2)

Assault on a Public Servant

By his fifth issue, M.C.L. challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support

the juvenile court's finding that M.C.L. assaulted a public servant by kicking Officer Horton, causing

him to suffer bodily injury. (3) An individual commits the offense of assault on a public servant if he

"intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another" and the offense is committed

against "a person the actor knows is a public servant while the public servant is lawfully discharging

an official duty." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.01 (a)(1), (b)(1). The State and the juvenile have

differing stories about the struggle that ensued after M.C.L. was placed in leg irons.

M.C.L. testified that after the shackles were placed on him, he started to get out of

the car because he thought he was being moved to another car. The officers thought M.C.L. was

attempting to run, and one of them grabbed him by the neck and threw him against the car. M.C.L.

felt more than one pair of hands around his throat and had trouble breathing, although M.C.L. could

not recall who grabbed him by the throat. After holding him like this for about twenty seconds, the

officers let go of M.C.L.'s throat and tried to pull him back into the police car. Because he was

handcuffed and his legs were shackled, M.C.L. had trouble getting into the car. Although M.C.L.

never admitted kicking any officer, he stated that the officers were saying he was fighting and

struggling with them. They finally got him into the police car and closed the door.

The State's version of the struggle differed somewhat. Valdez testified that after the

shackles were placed on him, M.C.L. stood up, one of the constables grabbed him by his neck to

subdue him, and Valdez went around to the other side of the car where he and another officer pulled

M.C.L. inside the car. Horton was standing near M.C.L. at that time, although Valdez was "not

exactly sure how or what Mr. Horton grabbed or what he was doing." When M.C.L. kicked out one

of the windows, he was pulled back out of the car so that the officers could attempt to "hogtie" him.

Valdez thought Horton might have assisted in trying to hogtie M.C.L. Throughout his testimony,

Valdez never mentioned that M.C.L. kicked Horton or anyone else.

Horton testified that after the leg irons were placed on M.C.L., "he just went off."

Horton stated that "it was basically the two deputies [Neyens and Miller] who were holding him

[M.C.L.] down," although Horton was right there with them. Horton also stated that he did not

suffer any injuries at that time. He further testified that "they" (presumably, the two deputies)

struggled to get M.C.L. back in the police car. Once inside, M.C.L. rolled on his back and started

kicking. The deputies shut the door, and M.C.L. kicked and shattered a rear window. Shards of

glass cut Horton's hands.

Neyens testified that she was the officer who reached from around the open back door

to grab M.C.L. around the neck after he was shackled and jumped to his feet. She further testified

that she saw M.C.L. kick both Miller and Horton. She stated that M.C.L. "was kicking both of them

and spitting and trying to bite." After M.C.L. kicked out the window, he was taken out of the vehicle

and placed on the ground, where Neyens, Miller, and Horton tried to secure and recuff him. Neyens

stated that both Miller and Horton had cuts on their hands. She did not know if any of the officers'

injuries were sustained as a result of the glass or if they were entirely from M.C.L. kicking their

hands.

Miller testified that immediately after the shackles were placed on M.C.L's legs, he

stood up. He then began "to thrash around moving his hands." Miller grabbed M.C.L.'s hands, and

he was "still thrashing around jumping" and spitting and attempting to bite him. Miller thought

Horton was between him and M.C.L. and the door at this time. While continuing to secure M.C.L.'s

hands, Miller grabbed him under the jaw and tried to push him back into the car. At some point,

M.C.L. "folded in the middle and actually fell back into the car about halfway." Miller leaned into

the car and continued to secure M.C.L.'s hands; he did not believe that M.C.L. was still kicking at

that point. Neyens then ran around to the other side of the car and pulled M.C.L. all the way into the

back seat of the car, and they closed the doors. When asked if M.C.L. ever kicked Miller with his

feet, Miller responded, "I honestly don't know. All this stuff is happening really fast. . . . When I

am inside the car I really can't see if he was kicking or not. I honestly don't think he was kicking

with his feet, but his arms were going all over the place." At that point, Miller had not sustained any

injuries. Then, M.C.L. began kicking the windows. Just as the officers were preparing to open the

doors again to secure him better, M.C.L. kicked out a window. At that point, the officers returned

to their vehicles and drove to a substation. Later, Miller noticed that his finger was bleeding.

M.C.L. argues that the evidence is factually insufficient to show that he kicked Horton

because (1) Horton never testified that he was kicked and testified that Miller and Neyens were the

two officers involved in restraining M.C.L., (2) Miller could not remember if M.C.L. was kicking

with his feet but only recalled that his hands were flailing around, (3) M.C.L. was shackled before

the struggle ensued and could not have used his feet to kick, and (4) Neyens was behind the car door

and therefore could not see whether M.C.L. was kicking. Although Horton did not specifically

testify that he was kicked, Neyens unequivocally stated that M.C.L. kicked both Horton and Miller.

And although Neyens may have been behind the door when she witnessed the struggle, it was within

the juvenile court's discretion, as fact finder, to weigh the credibility of her testimony. See Garcia

v. State , 57 S.W.3d 436, 441 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (fact finder responsible for weighing all

evidence, resolving evidentiary conflicts, and drawing reasonable conclusions from evidence);

Harmond v. State , 960 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.) (same). It

was also within the court's discretion to weigh the different descriptions of M.C.L.'s conduct and

the struggle that transpired and determine whether M.C.L. assaulted Horton by kicking him. Garcia ,

57 S.W.3d at 441 ; Harmond , 960 S.W.2d at 407 . We cannot say that the evidence is so weak as to

render the juvenile court's finding that M.C.L. kicked Horton clearly wrong or manifestly unjust, or

that the finding is so contrary to the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly

wrong.

We do not reach the same conclusion, however, with regard to the element of injury.

Bodily injury is defined as physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition. Tex. Pen.

Code Ann. § 1.07 (a)(8) (West 2003). The definition is broad and encompasses even relatively minor

physical contacts as long as they constitute more than mere offensive touching. Lane v. State , 763

S.W.2d 785, 786 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). But even applying this broad definition, the record is

devoid of evidence that Horton suffered bodily injury as a result of M.C.L. kicking him. Neyens was

the only witness who testified that Horton sustained injuries on his hands, but even she was uncertain

as to whether the cuts were inflicted by the kicking or by the broken glass. Horton, on the other

hand, testified that he did not suffer any injuries during the struggle to get M.C.L. back in the car

before he kicked out the windows. His only testimony regarding bodily injury was that his hands

were cut "with shards of glass." Thus, we cannot say that the evidence is factually sufficient to

support the finding that Horton suffered bodily injury as a result of M.C.L's kicking him. The State

must prove each and every element of the offense in order to sustain an adjudication of delinquency.

Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 2.01 (West 2003); Narvaiz v. State , 840 S.W.2d 415, 423 (Tex. Crim. App.

1992). We therefore sustain M.C.L.'s fifth issue and reverse the portion of the juvenile court's

judgment finding that M.C.L. assaulted a public servant by kicking Horton and causing bodily injury;

we remand for further proceedings.

CONCLUSION

M.C.L. was adjudicated delinquent based on the juvenile court's finding that he

committed four offenses: criminal mischief, two counts of assault on a public servant, and resisting

arrest. M.C.L. did not challenge on appeal one of the allegations of assault on a public servant. That

portion of the juvenile court's adjudication judgment is affirmed as to the assault of Horton that

caused bodily injury by cutting him with glass. With regard to the criminal mischief allegation, we

conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the juvenile court's finding that M.C.L.

committed the offense of criminal mischief, causing pecuniary loss in an amount more than $500

but less than $1,500. The evidence is legally and factually sufficient, however, to support a finding

that M.C.L. committed criminal mischief resulting in a pecuniary loss of at least $50 but less than

$500. We further hold that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the juvenile court's finding

that M.C.L. committed the offense of resisting arrest, as the arrest was already completed by the time

M.C.L. began to struggle. Finally, we conclude that the evidence is factually insufficient to support

the remaining assault on a public servant charge, as the evidence of bodily injury to Horton by

kicking is so weak as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust and the juvenile court's finding of

bodily injury is so contrary to the weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly wrong.

Accordingly, we reverse the juvenile court's judgment of adjudication and its disposition order on

this charge and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Bea Ann Smith, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Puryear

Reversed and Remanded

Filed: June 19, 2003

1. Because we are reversing based on legal insufficiency, we need not reach M.C.L.'s factual

sufficiency complaint.

2. Because we hold that the evidence is not legally sufficient to support the resisting arrest

allegation, we need not reach M.C.L.'s fourth issue regarding the factual sufficiency of the evidence.

3. M.C.L. was initially charged with four counts of assault on a public servant: (1) by cutting

Miller with broken glass, (2) by kicking Miller, (3) by cutting Horton with broken glass, and (4) by

kicking Horton. After the State presented its case in chief, the juvenile court rendered an

adjudication of not true as a matter of law on the charge of assault on a public servant by cutting

Miller with glass. At the conclusion of the trial, the juvenile court reduced the assault on a public

servant by kicking Miller allegation to resisting arrest, but we have held that the evidence is legally

insufficient to support the resisting arrest finding. M.C.L. does not challenge on appeal the juvenile

court's finding that he assaulted a public servant by cutting Horton with glass, and that part of the

juvenile court's judgment remains undisturbed. Under M.C.L.'s fifth issue, he challenges only the

court's finding that he assaulted Horton by kicking him.