Calvin R. Langford v. Employees Retirement System of Texas

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-01-00081-CV

Calvin R. Langford, Appellant

v.

Employees Retirement System of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 345TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. GN002512, HONORABLE MARGARET A. COOPER, JUDGE PRESIDING

This case raises similar issues and is controlled by our recent decision in Flores v.

Employees Retirement System , No. 03-01-00074-CV, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 2721 ( Austin Apr. 18,

2002, no pet. h.) . Where appropriate, we will rely on our reasoning and holdings in that opinion.

Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

Appellant Calvin Langford appeals the district court's judgment affirming a final

order by the Board of the Employees Retirement System of Texas (hereinafter "the Board") denying

his application for occupational disability benefits. (1) Mr. Langford raises the same issues that were

raised in Flores : whether the Board acted arbitrarily and capriciously or abused its discretion by

applying a new policy in the course of his contested case without affording him notice of its intent

to do so, and whether the Board erroneously interpreted the statutory definition of occupational

disability. Additionally, he complains about the trial judge's ruling denying his request to

supplement the administrative record. As we sustain two of Mr. Langford's issues, we will reverse

the judgment of the trial court.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Calvin Langford was employed by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a

food service manager at one of its correctional facilities. Mr. Langford's position required him to

supervise food service workers, including inmates and employees, in the preparation and storage of

food and in the inspection and maintenance of the kitchen facility in a sanitary and safe manner.

Departmental policy required the kitchen floor to be cleaned at least once each day. As he

approached an inmate who was mopping the floor to tell him to put a "Wet Floor" sign out, Mr.

Langford slipped and fell on the wet kitchen floor. The inmate had failed to use the appropriate

cleaner, using instead a highly concentrated dishwashing detergent which, when applied to the floor,

made it extremely slick. Mr. Langford testified that even though he was wearing skid-resistant

shoes, he fell, catching his leg on a cooking grill and landing in an awkward position. Mr. Langford

sustained serious injury to his back and is permanently disabled. He was dismissed from his job

several months after the accident.

After his dismissal, Mr. Langford applied for disability retirement benefits from the

Employees Retirement System ("ERS"), (2) which was created by the legislature for the purpose of

providing a retirement system for "aged and incapacitated state employees." Act of 1947, 50th Leg.,

R.S., ch. 352, 1947 Gen. Laws 697, 697 (statement of purpose). Mr. Langford applied for

occupational disability retirement benefits (3) and was certified by the Medical Board as permanently

incapacitated from the further performance of his duties. His application was denied, however,

because the Board found that his disability did not meet the statutory criteria for occupational

disability retirement benefits.

The criteria are found in section 811.001(12) of the Government Code, which defines

occupational disability to mean a disability "from an injury or disease that directly results from a

specific act or occurrence determinable by a definite time and place, and directly results from a risk

or a hazard peculiar to and inherent in a duty that arises from and in the course of state employment."

Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 811.001 (12) (West Supp. 2002). (4) ERS denied Mr. Langford's claim,

finding that his disability failed to satisfy either statutory prong of the definition. He appealed, and

after an administrative hearing, the administrative law judge (ALJ) found that Mr. Langford's

application satisfied both requirements and recommended in his proposal for decision (PFD) that

occupational disability benefits be awarded. The Board rejected the ALJ's findings of fact and

conclusions of law (5) as to both statutory prongs and denied benefits. The Board's interpretation of

the statutory definition for disability benefits in this appeal is identical to the definitions it adopted

in the Flores appeal. We have held that the Board erroneously interpreted both prongs of the statute.

Flores , No. 03-01-00074-CV, slip op. at 33, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 2721 , at *54-55 . Mr. Langford

has also challenged the manner in which the Board decided his appeal, contending that the Board

violated his substantial rights by failing to provide him with a meaningful hearing as required by the

Administrative Procedure Act (APA). For the same reasons that we explained in Flores , we hold

that the Board's decision-making process was arbitrary and capricious and an abuse of discretion.

As a preliminary matter, we turn first to an issue raised by Mr. Langford regarding additional

evidence.

ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE

Mr. Langford argues in his first issue that the trial court erred by refusing to admit

into evidence a resolution that the Board adopted after the ALJ submitted his PFD and before the

Board issued its order rejecting the ALJ's decision and denying the application for benefits. Mr.

Langford cites section 2001.175(c) of the Government Code in support of his argument that the trial

court should have admitted the resolution, despite the fact that it was not part of the administrative

record. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2001.175 (c) (West 2000). The provision reads:

A party may apply to the court to present additional evidence. If the court is satisfied

that the additional evidence is material and that there were good reasons for the

failure to present it in the proceeding before the state agency, the court may order that

the additional evidence be taken before the agency on conditions determined by the

court. The agency may change its findings and decision by reason of the additional

evidence and shall file the additional evidence and any changes, new findings, or

decisions with the reviewing court.

Id.

We review the district court's decision to grant or deny a remand request under an

abuse of discretion standard. Gulf States Utils. Co. v. Coalition of Cities for Affordable Util. Rates ,

883 S.W.2d 739, 747-48 (Tex. App.--Austin 1994, no writ). Section 2001.175(c) enables the

district court to remand the case to the agency for the admission of the additional evidence. Texas

Oil & Gas Corp. v. Railroad Comm'n , 575 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex. Civ. App.--Austin 1978, no writ)

(discussing virtually identical predecessor version of section 2001.175(c)). Mr. Langford, however,

argues that the district court erred by not admitting the evidence for consideration in connection with

the district-court case. Mr. Langford misunderstands the purpose of section 2001.175(c), which is

to give a party the opportunity to present additional evidence to the agency for its consideration; it

is not intended to enable a party to present evidence before a reviewing court. We also note that the

resolution does not constitute "additional evidence" as contemplated by section 2001.175(c); if

anything, the resolution may constitute evidence of "procedural irregularities alleged to have

occurred before the agency that are not reflected in the record." See Tex. Gov't Code Ann.

§ 2001.175 (e). Mr. Langford does not rely on section 2001.175(e), however, and in any event, the

resolution is already before us and is included in the record; additionally, a large portion of the

resolution is quoted verbatim in the Board's conclusions of law. Therefore, we overrule Mr.

Langford's first issue. We now turn to his argument that the Board acted arbitrarily and capriciously

in denying his appeal.

ARBITRARY & CAPRICIOUS

In his second issue, Mr. Langford raises the same issues regarding the Board's manner

of decision-making as were raised in Flores and asserts that the Board's action was arbitrary and

capricious or constituted an abuse of discretion under section 2001.174(2)(F) of the APA. See Tex.

Gov't Code Ann. § 2001.174 (2)(F) (West 2000). (6) As in Flores , the manner in which the Board

decided this appeal raises serious concerns as to whether the Board respected Mr. Langford's due-

process rights. A brief recitation of the facts highlights these concerns. After hearing all of the

evidence at the contested-case hearing on September 30, 1999 , the ALJ decided in Mr. Langford's

favor on October 28. The Board adopted new policies in a resolution on December 8. This same

resolution limited the viability of some of the Board's previous decisions on which Mr. Langford

had relied at the hearing. The Board met to consider Mr. Langford's appeal on April 19, 2000. The

minutes of that meeting , of which we take judicial notice, reflect that immediately after hearing from

both sides and without any deliberation, the Board declined to adopt the ALJ's recommendation and

denied Mr. Langford's appeal. After announcing its decision, the Board also ordered its general

counsel to make new findings of fact and conclusions of law. The revised findings of fact and

conclusions of law, which were later adopted by the Board, relied on the new policies announced in

the post-hearing resolution.

Moreover, the Board's findings of fact and conclusions of law made systematic and

widespread changes and additions to the ALJ's findings of fact and conclusions of law. The Board's

changes to particular facts suggest that the Board was acting as its own fact finder despite having

delegated that duty to the ALJ. See Montgomery Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Davis , 34 S.W.3d 559, 564

(Tex. 2000) ("[h]aving chosen to delegate the fact-finding role to the hearing examiner, a board

cannot then ignore those findings with which it disagrees and substitute its own additional

findings"); Flores , No. 03-01-00074-CV, slip op. at 7-8, at *8-9. In addition, in some instances, the

Board failed to comply with its statute and administrative rules, which authorize the Board to make

changes but also place limits on its ability to do so. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 815.511 (a) (West

Supp. 2002); 34 Tex. Admin. Code § 67.91 (b) (2001) (Rule 67.91(b). (7)

The manner by which the Board decided Mr. Langford's appeal raises serious due

process concerns, specifically in its (1) failing to put Mr. Langford on notice as to the grounds on

which the Board would rely for its decision; (2) arriving at a result on grounds other than those

presented at the hearing; (3) making its decision first and then making findings of fact to support that

new result; (4) failing to adequately explain its departure from prior decisions; and (5) failing to

comply with its statute and rule regarding changes to an ALJ's findings of fact and conclusions of

law. These issues have been discussed at length in Flores and we need not address each one

individually. We reiterate that an agency must respect the due process rights of applicants who

appear before it in contested cases. See Flores , No. 03-01-00074-CV, slip op. at 6, at *9. We

sustain Mr. Langford's second issue.

STATUTORY DEFINITION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISABILITY

In his third issue, Mr. Langford challenges the Board's statutory definition of

occupational disability. (8) We turn now to the first prong of that definition.

"Directly Results from a Specific Act or Occurrence "

At issue in this appeal, as in Flores , is the causal relationship that must be established

between the traumatic incident (a specific act or occurrence determinable by a definite time and

place) and resulting disability when the claimant also has preexisting conditions that contribute to

the disability. In Flores , we affirmed the Board's conclusion that the employee must prove that the

at-work injury is the primary cause of his disability. Flores , No. 03-01-00074-CV, slip op. at 26-7,

at *44-45 . But we disapproved the Board's additional rule that an employee must establish that an

occupational trauma is the direct cause of his disability " without regard to a preexisting mental or

physical condition ." We noted that a traumatic injury often interacts with other factors to produce

a disability and the plain language of the statute does not mandate that the disability claimant be free

from all preexisting conditions, including age-related back degeneration. It does mandate, however,

that when there are preexisting mental or physical conditions, the claimant must establish that the

traumatic incident is the primary cause of the disability. On the other hand, if the medical evidence

establishes that a preexisting condition is the primary cause of incapacity, the disability does not

directly result from a specific act or occurrence determinable by a definite time and place.

The Board rejected the ALJ's conclusion that Mr. Langford's disability resulted from

a specific occurrence determinable by a definite time and place, saying that the ALJ had

misinterpreted and failed to apply the policy of the Board regarding preexisting conditions. The

Board's explanation for rejecting the ALJ's conclusion stated that in accordance with its policy and

its interpretation of the statute, "a member has been required to present credible medical evidence

that a specific occupational trauma is the direct cause of the member's disability without regard to

a preexisting mental or physical condition. " (Employees Ret. Sys. of Tex., Appeal of Calvin

Langford's Application for Occupational Disability Benefits , Docket No. XXX-XX-XXXX (June 14,

2000) (order adopting proposed findings of fact and conclusion of law and denying application for

benefit) (emphasis added)). The Board further explained that the ALJ, by relying on the Board's

earlier decisions that an age-related preexisting condition would not disqualify an applicant,

impermissibly expanded the statutory definition of an occupational disability.

Under the definition announced in Flores , the Board could reject the ALJ's

conclusion that Mr. Langford's disability directly resulted from a specific act or occurrence

determinable by a definite time and place only if it concluded, and the evidence supported a

conclusion, that his disability was primarily caused by a preexisting condition.

The Medical Evidence

Mr. Langford's treating physician, Dr. Jerjis J. Denno, diagnosed him as having a

lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus (9) with lumbar spinal stenosis. (10) Mr. Langford had preexisting

degenerative conditions in his spine caused by the aging process, but these were mild to moderate

in nature. In response to a deposition question inquiring as to any and all preexisting conditions, Dr.

Denno indicated that Mr. Langford had "lumbar spondylosis with bulging discs," "ligamentum

hypertrophy, facet hypertrophy," and "spinal stenosis" and that the spondylosis and spinal stenosis

at the L4-5 vertebrae could make the herniated disc at L4-5 more symptomatic. Dr. Denno also

noted that such degenerative conditions were normal for a man of Mr. Langford's age (he was fifty-one at the time of his fall) and were part of a "normal progressive condition (wear and tear of the

spine)." Dr. Denno further wrote in his notes after an office visit by Mr. Langford:

I explained to Mr. Langford that degeneration in the spine was a preexisting

condition. I do feel that the herniated disc in his lumbar spine at L4-5 was a direct

result of the work-related injury of August 17, 1998. Degeneration of lumbar discs

is a fairly common finding in the adult population. It is usually asymptomatic and

does not necessarily lead to a herniation. It was Mr. Langford's fall at work that led

to the herniation of the disc in his lumbar spine.

(Emphasis added.)

Similarly, in his response to a deposition question that asked whether Mr. Langford's

preexisting conditions caused his injuries following the slip-and-fall, Dr. Denno answered: "No, the

preexisting condition was aggravated by the work injury. " Dr. Denno also stated that these

preexisting conditions would not have prevented Mr. Langford from performing the normal duties

of his job prior to the accident. Moreover, Dr. Denno found that the workplace accident would

probably have been sufficient to permanently disable Mr. Langford even in the absence of the

preexisting condition. Had the accident not occurred, Dr. Denno expected that Mr. Langford

probably would have been able to continue in his job until he reached sixty-five years of age.

While the ERS staff disputed the causal relationship between Mr. Langford's accident

and his disability, it failed to present any evidence that would have controverted the evidence offered

by Mr. Langford. The staff presented the statement by the Medical Board in its certification of Mr.

Langford's disability that Mr. Langford's injury probably would not have been permanently disabling

in the absence of the preexisting conditions. The Medical Board did not refer to the evidence on

which it was basing its conclusion, nor do we find any evidence in the record that supports such a

conclusion. The ALJ found that Mr Langford's spinal degeneration contributed to his permanent

incapacity in that it made the traumatic injury more symptomatic and less treatable; the ALJ also

found that the degeneration was caused only by the natural-aging process. Moreover, there is no

finding that Mr. Langford's preexisting condition primarily caused his disability. Indeed, the

medical evidence in the record indicates that Mr. Langford's preexisting spinal condition was mild

to moderate.

The ERS staff also pointed to the opinion of the Medical Board that Mr. Langford's

obesity played a role in causing his disability. Although the Medical Board included "morbid

obesity" among the causes of Mr. Langford's incapacity, it did not refer to any specific evidence

supporting the causal relationship between his weight and his disability. Moreover, in response to

a specific question on the certification form inquiring as to whether the traumatic incident aggravated

a preexisting condition, the Medical Board referred only to the degenerative disc condition. While

there is a reference to Mr. Langford's obesity in his medical records, there is no indication that Mr.

Langford's weight was a factor in causing his incapacity. Mr. Langford's weight, then, could not

have been the "primary cause" of his disability.

The ALJ weighed the evidence presented by Mr. Langford, which included the

testimony of his treating physician, against the conclusory statements offered by the agency. The

ALJ specifically took note of this disparity in the evidence in his proposed decision:

The ERS Medical Board found that Mr. Langford's incapacity was caused by

"herniated lumbar disc, spinal stenosis, morbid obesity" and that "disc injury" and

spinal "degenerative disease" were preexisting at the time of Mr. Langford's slip and

fall. The nature and extent of analysis performed by the board in reaching these

conclusions (which were set out in the [medical] board's formal certification on Mr.

Langford's application) is [sic] not indicated in the record.

On the other hand, Mr. Langford's treating physician, Jerjis J. Denno, M.D., an

orthopedic surgeon, testified by written deposition that the immediate cause of Mr.

Langford's disability -- i.e. , a herniated disc at the L4-5 level -- resulted directly from

the incident on August 17, 1998, and would have occurred even in the absence of

preexisting conditions . Dr. Denno acknowledged that his patient exhibited

degenerative conditions that predated the accident-including lumbar spondylosis with

bulging discs, ligamentum hypertrophy, and facet hypertrophy at L2-3, L3-4, L4-5,

and L5-S1 levels. However, while these preexisting conditions made Mr. Langford's

herniated disc at L4-5 more symptomatic and difficult to treat than would otherwise

have been the case, they did not directly cause the patient's disabling injury and, by

themselves, would not have prevented him from undertaking his normal job activities.

(Emphasis added.)

On appeal, the Board found that the ALJ's conclusion that Mr. Langford's disability

directly resulted from a specific act or occurrence determinable by a definite time and place

"erroneously expands the definition of occupational disability to include a disability that is primarily

caused by degeneration that is the result of the natural-aging process." (11) We are unable to find the

evidence that would support this conclusion. In fact, the only evidence in the record reflects that Mr.

Langford was fully capable of performing his job duties prior to the traumatic slip-and-fall injury but

was disabled after the injury.

The Board rejected the ALJ's conclusion of law that Mr. Langford's injury directly

resulted from a specific act or occurrence determinable by a definite time and place. We hold that

in rejecting this conclusion the Board erred first, because it erroneously applied its without-regard-to-preexisting-conditions rule that disqualified Mr. Langford because he had an asymptomatic back

condition that was aggravated by his fall, and second, because it substituted its conclusion that Mr.

Langford's disability was primarily caused by his degenerative back disease, when the evidence does

not support such a conclusion. We hold that the Board applied an erroneous interpretation of the

statute in rejecting the ALJ's conclusion that Mr. Langford's disability directly resulted from a

specific act or occurrence determinable by a definite time and place.

"RISK OR HAZARD PECULIAR TO A DUTY"

The Board rejected the ALJ's conclusion that Mr. Langford's disability directly

resulted from a risk or hazard peculiar to his duties of state employment on the ground that it was

"based on a misunderstanding or misinterpretation of Board policy, specifically, that the risk of

slipping and falling is a common risk not peculiar to duties that arise from and in the course of state

employment." (12) We have held that the Board's interpretation of this prong of the statute is

inconsistent both with the statute and with our decision in Bond v. Employees Retirement System ,

825 S.W.2d 804 (Tex. App.--Austin 1992, writ denied). See Flores , No. 03-01-00074-CV, slip op.

at 32, at *52. In Flores , we rejected the Board's position that for a risk or hazard to be peculiar to

a duty of state employment, the duty must impose a risk or hazard that is somehow different from

the risk assumed by other persons engaged in the same activity. Id. at 31, at *52. We clarified that

a risk or hazard is peculiar to a duty if that duty imposes a risk or hazard different from the normal

or usual risks encountered by a person not engaged in that duty. Id. at 31-2, at *52. Under the

standard announced in Flores , the Board erred by rejecting the ALJ's conclusion that Mr. Langford's

disability directly resulted from a risk or a hazard peculiar to his duties.

Mr. Langford was injured while performing his duties in the food service area of the

Department of Criminal Justice where he was employed. The Department's training manual

addresses the need for sanitation in this institutional dining area: the floors are to be scrubbed with

soap or other chemicals as often as necessary, at least daily. (13) Recognizing that frequent cleaning

would enhance the hazard of slippery floors, the Department's manual specifically instructs

employees regarding the prevention of "slips, trips, and falls": "Avoid excessive water when

cleaning floors; [b]e very careful when walking in the Food Service department, floors may be wet

and slippery; [c]lean up spills immediately; [k]eep walkways clean, clear and free of debris; [w]alk

safely." The manual also requires that "wet floor" signs be posted immediately after cleaning and

recommends that both employees and inmates working in the food service area wear non-skid shoes,

such as rubber boots.

All employee and inmate workers in the facility had to be careful to avoid the frequent

risk posed by wet floors. As a manager who supervised compliance with sanitation and safety

requirements, however, Mr. Langford routinely had to put himself in harm's way by walking into

wet areas to perform his duties. (14) At the hearing, he testified that he had developed a way of walking

through the kitchen and dining facility by taking cautious "half-steps" to protect himself. When he

slipped and fell, Mr. Langford was wearing skid-resistant shoes and walking with this half-step gait

toward the inmate on duty to tell him to post a "wet floor" sign. Thus, Mr. Langford's accident was

precisely related to his unique duties as a food-service manager in the facility. We hold that there

is abundant evidence in the record that the risk of falling on slippery floors was peculiar to Mr.

Langford's employment duties. The risk of falling imposed by his duties as a food service manager

working on constantly wet floors is different from the normal or usual risk of slipping and falling.

The ALJ so found in his findings of facts and in his PFD. We hold that the Board applied an

erroneous interpretation of the statute in reversing the ALJ's conclusion of law that Mr. Langford's

injury directly resulted from an inherent risk or hazard peculiar to a duty arising from his state

employment.

We sustain the third issue on appeal and hold that the Board applied an erroneous

interpretation of both prongs of the statute in deciding Mr. Langford's appeal.

CONCLUSION

We hold that the Board acted arbitrarily and capriciously for the same reasons

outlined in Flores , most notably by its disregard for the ALJ's determination of the adjudicative

facts. For the reasons set out in our opinion in Flores , we hold that the Board applied an erroneous

interpretation of the statute in rejecting the ALJ's conclusions of law as to both prongs of the

definition of occupational disability. Therefore, we reverse the district court's judgment and the

Board's order and remand this cause to the Board for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

Bea Ann Smith, Justice

Before Chief Justice Aboussie, Justices B. A. Smith and Puryear

Reversed and Remanded

Filed: April 25, 2002

Publish

1. We will refer to several entities throughout this appeal. The "Board" refers to the agency's

board of trustees, which hears appeals of contested cases. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 815.511

(West Supp. 2002). The "Medical Board" refers to the agency's medical board, which certifies

occupational disability retirement claimants as disabled. See id. § 814.203 (West 1994) ( providing

that the medical board shall issue a certification of disability if it "finds that the member is mentally

or physically incapacitated for the further performance of duty, that the incapacity is likely to be

permanent, and that the member should be retired"). "ERS staff" refers to the agency's

representatives at the administrative hearing before the State Office of Administrative Hearings.

2. The Employees Retirement System's (ERS's) governing statute, which is subtitled

"Employees Retirement System of Texas"

is found at sections 811.001-815.512 of the Government

Code. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §§ 811.001-815.512 (West 1994 & Supp. 2002).

3.

ERS provides four types of benefits for eligible state employees: service retirement,

occupational disability retirement, nonoccupational disability retirement, and death benefits. Tex.

Gov't Code Ann. § 814.001 (West 1994).

4. As in Flores v. Employees Retirement System , No. 03-01-00074-CV, 2002 Tex. App.

LEXIS 2721 (

Austin Apr. 18, 2002, no pet. h.) , the current code is cited for convenience.

5. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann.

§ 815.511(a) (West Supp. 2002) (authorizing the Board to

change or delete findings of fact and conclusions of law contained in a proposal for decision

submitted by an administrative law judge or other hearing examiner and to make alternative findings

of fact and conclusions of law in contested cases, and requiring Board to state in writing its specific

reasons for doing so); 34 Tex. Admin. Code § 67.91 (b) (2001) (requiring written explanation for any

change and providing criteria for authorized changes) .

6. The section requires a reviewing court to reverse or remand a case "if substantial rights of

the appellant have been prejudiced because the administrative findings, inferences, conclusions, or

decisions are . . . arbitrary or capricious or characterized by abuse of discretion or clearly

unwarranted exercise of discretion." Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2001.174 (2)(F) (West 2000)

.

7.

The APA contains the minimum standards for administrative agencies. See Tex. Gov't

Code Ann. § 2001.001(1) (West 2000). The Board stated that it was substituting its findings of fact

and conclusions of law for those of the ALJ's pursuant to the authority of its own statute and rules,

specifically, section 815.511(a) of the Government Code and Rule 67.91 in the Administrative Code.

See Tex. Gov't Code § 815.511(a) (West Supp. 2002); 34 Tex. Admin. Code § 67.91 (2001). We

will therefore specifically analyze the Board's compliance under section 815.511(a) and Rule 67.91.

8. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2001.174 (A), (D) (West 2000) (providing that a reviewing

court shall reverse or remand the case

"if substantial rights of the appellant have been prejudiced

because the administrative findings, inferences, conclusions, or decisions" violate a statutory

provision or are affected by other error of law).

9. Cartilagenous discs separate the vertebrae of the spinal column. See Merck Manual Home

Edition online, "Chapter 69, Spinal Cord Disorders, Rupture Disk" (Apr. 18, 2002)

< http://www.merckhomeedition.com/home.htm .> "Each disk has a strong outer layer and a softer

inner part that acts as a shock absorber to cushion the vertebrae during movement. If the disk

degenerates, for example following an injury or with aging, the inner part of the disk can bulge or

rupture through the outer layer (herniated disk)." Id.

10. Spinal stenosis is a "narrowing of the spinal canal, causing pressure on the sciatic nerve

roots and occasionally on the cord." Merck Manual of Geriatrics online, "Chapter 50, Nonmetabolic

Bone Disease, Spinal Stenosis" (Apr. 18, 2002) <http://www.merck.com/pubs/mm geriatrics

/.>

11. Employees Ret. Sys. of Tex., Appeal of Calvin Langford's Application for Occupational

Disability Benefits , Docket No. XXX-XX-XXXX (June 14, 2000) (order adopting proposed findings of

fact and conclusion of law and denying application for benefit). The Board's statement appears in

its explanation immediately following its conclusion of law number four.

12. Id. The Board's statement appears in its explanation immediately following its conclusion

of law number five.

13. The manual did not come out until a month after Mr. Langford's accident; at the

administrative hearing, however, Mr. Langford testified as to specific policies that were in force at

the time of his injury and on which he had received training. These same policies were later

incorporated into the manual.

14. The ALJ eloquently described the inherent risk of slipping and falling on wet floors that

Mr. Langford faced on the job:

The requirements of Mr. Langford's roving supervisory position, however,

appear to have made him especially exposed to [the hazard of slippery floors].

In the process of monitoring the performance of food service workers

(including, specifically, their compliance with sanitation and safety

regulations), he was obliged to traverse frequently all parts of the large food

preparation area. With the mopping up of random spills and the prescribed

minimum daily scrubbing of all floors, Mr. Langford must have had to

negotiate a constantly changing geography of slippery surfaces. But his job

entailed not just the avoidance of these numerous and shifting wet areas; it

often required him to move deliberately into such areas, as he did when he was

injured, to assure that clean-ups were performed both effectively and with

proper precautions. The difficulty of this task was undoubtedly increased by

the inattentive, if not refractory, attitudes of some of the inmate workers-a

circumstance that clearly contributed to the accident on August 17, 1998.