Jamie Lynne Mosby Williams v. State

Opinion issued February 12, 2009

In The

Court of Appeals

For The

First District of Texas

NO. 01-07-00296-CR

NO. 01-07-00297-CR

JAMIE LYNNE MOSBY WILLIAMS, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 204th District Court

Fort Bend County, Texas

Trial Court Cause Nos. 42828 and 42888

O P I N I O N

A jury found appellant, Jamie Lynne Mosby Williams , guilty of capital murder

and guilty of serious bodily injury to a child by omission. Punishment for both

offenses was assessed at life imprisonment.

On appeal, appellant challenges her conviction for capital murder by arguing

that (1) the evidence presented at trial was legally and factually insufficient to support

her conviction for that offense, and (2) the trial court erred by not including an

instruction to the jury on the lesser-included offense of serious bodily injury to a

child. Appellant challenges her conviction for serious bodily injury to a child by

omission by arguing that (1) the evidence presented at trial was legally and factually

insufficient to support her conviction for that offense and (2) her right to be free from

double jeopardy was violated when she was tried for both capital murder and serious

bodily injury to a child by omission, because she argues that the latter is a lesser-

included offense of the former. Appellant challenges both convictions by arguing

that the trial court erred in admitting autopsy photographs and in excluding her

expert’s testimony during the guilt/innocence stage.

We affirm.

Background

Appellant and her husband, DeMario Williams, lived with appellant’s two-year

old son, Joivonni Viverette ,

in Missouri City, Texas. On August 6th, 2005,

appellant’s neighbor, Christian Harris, saw Joivonni playing in appellant’s front yard

while appellant and DeMario were preparing to cut the grass. At approximately

10:00 p.m., appellant and DeMario brought Joivonni to Christian’s garage, where

Christian and several friends were listening to music. Witnesses testified that

Joivonni appeared to be unconscious, and at least one witness testified that the child

was not breathing. Several people at Christian’s house told appellant that Joivonni

needed medical attention and offered to call an ambulance or drive them to the

hospital. Appellant declined the offer, explaining that they would call the ambulance

themselves, and took Joivonni back to their house.

At around eleven o’clock the next morning, paramedic Terry White arrived at

appellant’s house after receiving a call that a two-year-old child had suffered cardiac

arrest. White testified that when he found Joivonni, the child was not breathing, had

no pulse, and exhibited rigor mortis, indicating that he had been dead for 12 hours.

White also stated that the child was covered in cuts, bruises, and puncture wounds at

different stages of healing. White testified that DeMario told him that the child had

fallen in the tub and down the stairs, and had been unconscious at one point, but

emergency help was not sought because the child appeared to be “okay” after CPR

was performed. White believed that abuse was involved and contacted the police.

Police initially questioned appellant and DeMario concerning Joivonni’s

injuries. Both reiterated that Joivonni had fallen in the bathtub. However, appellant

and DeMario were interviewed a second time after autopsy results showed that

Joivonni had multiple new and old injuries and severe head injuries. After the second

interviews did not produce a more plausible explanation for the child’s injuries,

police contacted the district attorney’s office. Appellant was indicted by a grand jury

for capital murder for intentionally and knowingly causing Joivonni’s death by use

of a deadly weapon. Appellant was also charged in a separate indictment for serious

bodily injury to a child by omission. Police went to appellant’s house with an arrest

warrant and eventually found appellant and DeMario hiding in the attic.

At trial, appellant moved to require the State to elect between the indictments

for capital murder and serious bodily injury by omission. She also requested a jury

instruction on injury to a child as a lesser-included offense of capital murder. The

trial court denied appellant’s requests and the jury convicted appellant as charged in

both indictments. Because the State did not seek the death penalty, punishment for

capital murder was automatically assessed at life imprisonment . Punishment for

injury to a child was also assessed at life imprisonment.

Double Jeopardy

As part of her appeal of her conviction for serious bodily injury to a child by

omission, appellant contends that the trial court erred by allowing both the indictment

for serious bodily injury to a child by omission and the indictment for capital murder

to proceed to trial at the same time. Appellant argues that serious bodily injury to a

child by omission is a lesser-included offense of capital murder, and that her

constitutional right against double jeopardy was violated by the trial court’s failure

to require the State to elect between the indictments.

The Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution provides that no

person shall be subjected to twice having life or limb in jeopardy for the same

offense. U.S. Const. amend. V. Generally, this clause protects against (1) a second

prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, (2) a second prosecution for the same

offense after conviction, and (3) multiple punishments for the same offense. Brown

v. Ohio , 432 U.S. 161, 165 , 97 S. Ct. 2221, 2225 (1977); Ex parte Herron , 790

S.W.2d 623, 624 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh’g).

To determine whether both offenses are the same, we must examine the

elements of the applicable statutes to determine whether each statute “requires proof

of an additional fact which the other does not.” Blockburger v. United States , 284

U.S. 299, 304 , 52 S. Ct. 180, 182 (1932); see United States v. Dixon , 509 U.S. 688,

696 , 113 S. Ct. 2849, 2856 (1993); Parrish v. State , 869 S.W.2d 352 , 353–55 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1994). Greater- and lesser-included offenses are the same offense for

double jeopardy purposes. Parrish , 869 S.W.2d at 354 .

Injury to a child by omission is not a lesser-included offense of capital murder

because the two offenses have different elemental requirements. See, e.g., Johnson

v. State , 234 S.W.3d 43, 54 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2007, no pet.). For example, capital

murder requires no special relationship with the victim, while injury to a child by

omission requires the actor to have a legal or statutory duty to act or to have care,

custody, or control of the victim. Compare Tex. Pen. Code Ann . § 19.03(a)(8)

(Vernon 2005) ( capital murder defined as intentionally or knowingly causing the

death of an individual under six years of age ) with § 22.04(b)(1), (b)(2) (Vernon

2005) ( serious bodily injury to a child by omission defined as causing, by omission,

serious bodily injury to a child of whom a person has assumed care, custody or

control, or if the person has a legal or statutory duty to act ). Similarly , capital murder

requires the death of the child, while injury to a child by omission does not. Id.

Accordingly, the trial court’s decision to allow both indictments to proceed to trial

at the same time did not violate appellant’s constitutional right against double

jeopardy.

Charge Error

Appellant challenges her conviction for capital murder by arguing that the trial

court erred by not charging the jury on the offense of injury to a child by intentional,

knowing, or reckless act.

We use a two-pronged test to determine whether a defendant is entitled to an

instruction on a lesser-included offense. See Guzman v. State , 188 S.W.3d 185, 188

(Tex. Crim. App. 2006). The first step is to determine whether an offense is a lesser-included offense of the alleged offense. Hall v. State , 225 S.W.3d 524, 535 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007). The determination of whether the offense for which an instruction

was requested is a lesser-included offense of the alleged offense is a question of law

and does not depend on the evidence to be produced at the trial. Id. at 535. The

second step is to determine if there is some evidence that would permit a rational jury

to find that the defendant is guilty of the lesser offense but not guilty of the greater.

Id. at 536 ; Rousseau v. State , 855 S.W.2d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). If more

than a scintilla of evidence from any source raises the issue that the defendant is

guilty only of the lesser included offense, the instruction must be submitted. Forest

v. State , 989 S.W.2d 365, 367 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

An appellant must satisfy both prongs to be entitled to a lesser-included offense

instruction. Bignall v. State , 887 S.W.2d 21, 23 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) . If there is

no evidence that appellant is guilty only of the lesser offense, it is unnecessary to

determine whether the lesser offense is a lesser-included offense.

In reviewing the evidence, we first note the Court of Criminal Appeals’

admonition that, “if a defendant either presents evidence that he committed no offense

or presents no evidence, and there is no evidence otherwise showing that he is guilty

only of a lesser-included offense, then a charge on a lesser-included offense is not

required.” Bignall , 887 S.W.2d at 24 . There must be affirmative evidence in the

record raising the lesser offense before an instruction is warranted. Id .

Here, there were no witnesses to the alleged offense and appellant repeatedly

denied committing any act that harmed Joivonni, and denied any knowledge of

DeMario harming the child. Instead, both appellant and DeMario gave police and

emergency personnel various accounts of how Joivonni might have sustained his

injuries—including slipping in the bathtub, falling from the ledge of the bathtub,

falling down the stairs and/or an unexplained accident while appellant and DeMario

were outside mowing the lawn. Appellant’s testimony that she did not commit any

offense cannot support a lesser-included offense instruction. See, e.g., Lofton v. State ,

45 S.W.3d 649, 652 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Martin v. State, 246 S.W3d 246, 267

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.). Appellant’s evidence, if believed

by the jurors, would have supported only an acquittal, not a conviction for the lesser

included offense of injury to a child.

Despite her denials that she committed any act that caused Joivonni’s injuries,

appellant now argues on appeal that the medical evidence presented at trial by the

State is sufficient to allow a jury to find that if appellant were guilty, “she was guilty

only of acting recklessly” with the intent to cause serious injury. We disagree. In

this case, the medical testimony regarding the extensive nature of Joivonni’s injuries

and the manner in which they were inflicted does not constitute more than a scintilla

of evidence that Appellant was merely reckless and that she only intended to cause

serious injury and not death to Joivonni.

The medical examiner who performed the autopsy on Joivonni’s body opined

that the fatal head injuries Joivonni sustained could only have occurred by a

“shaking-impact injury,” where the two-year-old child’s head was shaken back and

forth with such incredible energy that parts of the brain were moving in different

directions and the eyes were hemorrhaging, and then his head was hit with or against

something. The medical examiner specifically stated that the type of brain injuries

Joivanni sustained were not from a simple fall from a bathtub or even down stairs, but

were instead the type sustained when a child is shaken very hard and then thrown into

an object such as a wall or a bathtub at a high speed. Additionally, the medical

examiner testified that the person who inflicted these injuries must have intended to

cause the injuries. Because appellant denied harming Joivonni in any way and the

medical evidence shows conduct that could only have been done intentionally or

knowingly, nothing in the record would support a jury finding of reckless serious

bodily injury.

Similarly, appellant contends on appeal that the medical evidence presented at

trial by the State is sufficient to allow a jury to find that if appellant were guilty, she

was guilty only of intentionally or knowingly causing serious bodily injury, as

opposed to capital murder. As shown above, the medical evidence shows only that

appellant acted intentionally or knowingly to cause the death of the child, and thus

the only question remaining is whether there is any evidence that appellant

intentionally or knowingly intended to cause serious bodily injury but not death. Our

review of the record shows that the medical examiner testified that the injuries to the

child satisfy the definition of serious bodily injury and also that appellant caused the

death of the child. The definition of serious bodily injury includes death . Tex. Pen.

Code Ann . § 1.07(a)(46) (Vernon 2003) . However, to be entitled to an instruction

on the lesser offense, the evidence must show guilt for only the lesser included

offense. See Bignall , 887 S.W.2d at 23 . Although death is included in the definition

of serious bodily injury, no evidence shows that appellant was guilty of the lesser

offense of acting with intent to cause only serious bodily injury and not death. In

other words, proof that appellant intentionally or knowingly intended to cause the

death of the child will as a matter of law always establish that appellant intentionally

or knowingly intended to cause serious bodily injury to the child, and therefore a

lesser included offense instruction should not be given under these circumstances.

See id .

We conclude that there is not more than a scintilla of evidence that appellant

was guilty only of the lesser offense of injury to a child and not the greater offense

of capital murder. Accordingly, we hold that appellant was not entitled to an

instruction on the lesser-included offense of serious bodily injury to a child by

intentional, knowing or reckless act, and the trial court did not err in rejecting

appellant’s request for this instruction.

Legal and Factual Sufficiency

Appellant also contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient

to prove that she is guilty of either capital murder or serious bodily injury to a child

by omission.

In our legal- sufficiency review, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict and ask whether any rational trier of fact could have found

the crime’s essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt. Johnson v. State , 23

S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). In our factual-sufficiency review, we view all

of the evidence in a neutral light. Cain v. State , 958 S.W.2d 404, 408 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1997). We will set aside the verdict only if (1) the evidence is so weak that the

verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or (2) the proof of guilt is against the

great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Johnson , 23 S.W.3d at 11 . Under

the first prong of Johnson , we cannot conclude that a conviction is “ clearly wrong ”

or “ manifestly unjust ” simply because, on the quantum of evidence admitted, we

would have voted to acquit had we been on the jury. Watson v. State , 204 S.W.3d

404 , 414–15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Under the second prong of Johnson , we also

cannot declare that a conflict in the evidence justifies a new trial simply because we

disagree with the jury’s resolution of that conflict. Id. at 415, 417. Before finding

that evidence is factually insufficient to support a verdict under the second prong of

Johnson , we must be able to say, with some objective basis in the record, that the

great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury’s verdict. Id. In

our factual-sufficiency review, we must also discuss the evidence that, according to

the appellant, most undermines the jury’s verdict. Sims v. State , 99 S.W.3d 600, 603

(Tex. Crim. App. 2003).

The fact-finder alone determines the weight to be given contradictory

testimonial evidence because that determination depends on the fact-finder’s

evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Cain , 958 S.W.2d at 408–09. As the

determiner of the credibility of the witnesses, the fact-finder may choose to believe

all, some, or none of the testimony presented. Id. at 407 n.5; see also Lancon v. State ,

253 S.W.3d 699, 707 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) .

Capital Murder

As charged, to prove that appellant committed the offense of capital murder,

the State had the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant

intentionally or knowingly caused the death of an individual u nder six years of age .

See Tex. Pen. Code Ann . §§ 19.02(b)(1); 19.03(a)(8) . The jury charge indicated that

the jury could convict appellant if it found she either acted by her own conduct or as

a party to DeMario or both.

Appellant argues that the evidence against her is “entirely circumstantial”

because no one actually saw her harm the child, and because she was not the only

person with access to Joivonni at the time he was injured. Appellant points to the

medical examiner’s statements that brain injuries may sometimes result from falls and

his admission that he could not identify the object or objects which might have been

used to injure Joivonni . Accordingly, appellant contends that the evidence is legally

and factually insufficient to sustain her conviction for capital murder . We disagree.

Legal and factual sufficiency do not require that each fact point directly and

independently to the defendant’s guilt; rather, the verdict will withstand a sufficiency

challenge as long as the combined and cumulative force of all the circumstances

permits the conclusion that the jury was rationally justified in finding the defendant

guilty of each element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Johnson v. State , 871

S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); see also Sonnier v. State, 913 S.W.2d

511,514-16 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) . Further, circumstantial evidence can be

sufficient to prove culpable mental state; i n these types of injury to a child cases,

there is rarely direct evidence of exactly how the child’s injuries occurred, which is

why the culpable mental state may be inferred from circumstantial evidence. See

Ledesma v. State , 677 S.W.2d 529, 531 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).

Here, the medical examiner’s testimony shows that the head injuries which

caused Joivonni’s death were extensive, that they could not have been inflicted in any

of the several ways appellant offered as explanation, and that they instead must have

been sustained during an episode of violent shaking and physical abuse by an adult.

The evidence also shows that appellant admitted being alone with Joivonni at several

periods during the time the medical examiner testified that Joivonni sustained the

injuries that caused his death. Finally, the medical examiner testified that the person

who inflicted these injuries would have known that they were seriously harming

Joivonni and must have intended to do so. Accordingly, we conclude that, viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of capital murder beyond a reasonable doubt.

Johnson , 23 S.W.3d at 11 . Similarly, the evidence, viewed in a neutral light, is not

so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust and is, thus, factually

sufficient to sustain the jury’s finding of guilt on the charge of capital murder. Id. Serious Bodily Injury to a Child by Omission

As charged, to prove that appellant committed the offense of serious bodily

injury to a child by omission, the State had the burden of proving beyond a reasonable

doubt that appellant, by her omission, knowingly caused serious bodily injury to

Joivonni by failing to seek and provide timely and necessary medical attention to

Joivonni, and that appellant had a legal duty to act. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann . §

22.04(a), (b)(1). The jury charge indicated that the jury could convict appellant if it

found she either acted by her own conduct or as a party to DeMario or both.

Injury to a child by omission is a “ result of conduct ” offense. Alvarado v.

State , 704 S.W.2d 36, 39 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). This means that the culpable

mental state relates not to the nature or circumstances surrounding the charged

conduct, but to the result of that conduct. Thompson v. State , 227 S.W.3d 153, 159

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d) . In other words, the accused must

have acted with the requisite culpable mental state to effect the result. Id.

As with her conviction for capital murder, Appellant claims that the evidence

is legally insufficient to support her conviction for serious bodily injury by omission

because the evidence against her is entirely circumstantial, no witnesses saw her

shake or strike Joivonni, and she did not have sole access to the child at the time his

injuries were sustained. She also asserts that the record shows that she made

consistent statements regarding the cause of Joivonni’s injuries. Therefore, she

claims that no rational jury could have found the elements of serious bodily injury to

child by omission beyond a reasonable doubt. We disagree.

Here, the medical examiner testified that—immediately after Joivonni

sustained his injuries—he would not have been acting normally and he would have

“immediately [had] symptoms and signs that anyone could notice that something’s

wrong with the kid.” The medical examiner also testified that, without medical

treatment, Joivonni was certain to die from his injuries. Witnesses testified that

appellant brought an unconscious Joivonni to Christian’s house and was told that the

child needed medical treatment, but instead she returned with the child to her house.

The paramedic testified that he found Joivonni’s bruised body, which exhibited rigor

mortis, on the floor of appellant’s house the following day; appellant was in the

house. The paramedic also testified that he was told the child had slipped in the tub

and/or fallen down the stairs, and had even lost consciousness at one point the prior

evening, but that no medical treatment had been sought.

We conclude that, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

verdict, a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of serious

bodily injury to a child by omission beyond a reasonable doubt. Johnson , 23 S.W.3d

at 11 . Therefore, there is legally sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict that

appellant caused serious bodily injury to Joivonni by omission.

Similarly, we conclude that the evidence is factually sufficient to support the

jury’s conviction. Appellant apparently relies on Christian’s testimony that he saw

Joivonni playing normally on the day of the incident and that Joivonni only had a

small bruise on his arm when he was brought to Christian’s house as evidence that

negated whether appellant knew that Joivonni needed medical attention, and,

therefore, knowingly caused his death by omission. However, Christian also stated

that when Joivonni was brought to his house that evening, he was unconscious. The

medical examiner testified that it would be reasonable to assume that any period when

Joivonni was acting normally would have occurred before he sustained his head

injury. Additionally, another witness testified that Joivonni was covered in bruises

when brought to Christian’s house and not breathing, and that appellant was urged

to call 911 or take Joivonni to the emergency room. Any conflict in the testimony

concerning the severity, extent, and cause of Joivonni’s injuries when brought to

Christian’s house was for the jury to resolve. See Cain , 958 S.W.2d at 408–09 .

We hold that the evidence, viewed in a neutral light, is not so weak that the

verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust and is, thus, factually sufficient to

sustain the jury’s finding of guilt on the charge of serious bodily injury to a child by

omission.

Admission of Autopsy Photograph

In her fourth point of error, appellant complains that the trial court erred in

admitting an autopsy photograph. Appellant contends that the photograph was

irrelevant, cumulative, and unfairly prejudicial. At trial, appellant only objected that

State’s exhibit 2TT was irrelevant and cumulative; therefore, we only consider her

trial challenge to exhibit 2TT, and do not consider her argument that the photograph

is unfairly prejudicial. See Wilson v. State , 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App.

2002) (point of error on appeal must comport with objection made at trial) .

We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse

of discretion standard. Torres v. State , 71 S.W.3d 758, 760 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

A trial court’s ruling will not be reversed unless it falls outside the zone of reasonable

disagreement. Id.

Relevant evidence is evidence having any tendency to make the existence of

a fact that is of consequence to the outcome of the case more or less probable than it

would be without the evidence. Tex. R. Evid . 401. In other words, evidence must

satisfy two requirements in order to be relevant—materiality and probativeness. Cruz

v. State , 122 S.W.3d 309, 312 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.).

Relevant evidence is generally admissible under Texas Rule of Evidence 402;

however, the admission of potentially prejudicial evidence is governed by Rule 403.

Tex. R. Evid . 402, 403. In determining whether potentially prejudicial evidence was

properly admitted, the appropriate inquiry is not whether the evidence was more

prejudicial than probative, but rather, whether the probative value was substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice or needless presentation of cumulative

evidence. Resendiz v. State , 112 S.W.3d 541, 545 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). In the

balancing analysis, however, there is a presumption favoring probative value over

unfair prejudice or cumulative effect. See Goldberg v. State , 95 S.W.3d 345, 366

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d).

Appellant first argues that exhibit 2TT

is irrelevant because it is not probative

of the manner in which Joivonni incurred his fatal injuries. Exhibit 2TT depicts

various injuries to Joivonni’s neck and the side of his head. The medical examiner

who performed the autopsy on Joivonni’s body stated that photographs of Joivonni’s

body before and during the autopsy would assist him in describing his findings to the

jury. Generally, a photograph is admissible if verbal testimony as to matters depicted

in the photographs is also admissible. Gallo v. State , 239 S.W.3d 757, 762 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007) . In other words, if verbal testimony is relevant, photographs of the

same are also relevant. Id. The medical examiner’s testimony was material to the

State’s serious bodily injury to child by omission case because it is probative of the

child’s condition at the time appellant brought the child to Christian’s house. The

medical examiner’s testimony was material to the State’s capital murder case because

it demonstrated the scope and extent of the child’s injuries and the cause of death.

We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the

photograph was relevant. See Tex. R. Evid . 401.

Next, appellant asserts that the probative value of exhibit 2TT is outweighed

by the needless presentation of cumulative evidence. See Tex. R. Evid . 403. She

appears to assert that the photograph was cumulative of State’s exhibits 2RR and 2SS.

However, exhibit 2TT is not cumulative of these exhibits, because exhibit 2TT shows

injuries to Joivonni’s neck and head from a side view, whereas exhibits 2RR and 2SS

show injuries from a frontal view. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in deciding that the photograph’s probative value was not

substantially outweighed by the needless presentation of cumulative evidence. Exclusion of Expert Testimony

In her final point of error, appellant contends that the trial court reversibly

erred in excluding the psychiatric testimony of Dr. Ernest Kendrick during the

guilt/innocence stage of trial. Appellant contends that she offered Dr. Kendrick’s

testimony to explain her decision-making process at the time of the offense . At trial,

appellant argued that Dr. Kendrick’s testimony is relevant because it went to her state

of mind at the time the child needed medical attention at Christian’s house. Appellant

explained that she hired Dr. Kendrick to analyze the evidence and determine whether

“the perception of the omission of treatment was a legitimate perception on

[appellant’s] part.” She further expressed, “I’m offering it for the state of mind of

[appellant] at the time to determine based upon the explanation[s] that she gave and

the testimony of the other witnesses. Was it or is it a rational belief that medical care

was necessary at that time?” From the context of the questioning, it appears that

appellant was attempting to rebut the charge of serious bodily injury by omission by

offering the testimony as evidence of whether she perceived that Joivonni needed

medical attention when she brought him to Christian’s house . Appellant does not

explain how Dr. Kendrick’s testimony would have been relevant to the capital murder

case against her.

Even if the the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to admit Dr.

Kendrick’s testimony, we conclude that such error would have been harmless. Any

error in excluding evidence in this case would be non-constitutional error under Rule

44.2(b). Accordingly, we must disregard the error and affirm if the error did not

affect appellant’s substantial rights. Tex. R. App. P 44.2(b); King v. State , 953

S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). “ A substantial right is affected when the

error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s

verdict. ” King, 953 S.W.2d at 271 . “ A criminal conviction should not be overturned

for non-constitutional error if the appellate court, after examining the record as a

whole, has fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight

effect. ” Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App.1998).

Examining the record as a whole, the evidence shows that, when appellant

brought Joivonni to Christian’s house, the child was unconscious—possibly not

breathing or breathing with difficulty—and appellant was crying and screaming

“ [T]he baby wouldn’t wake up.” Bystanders told appellant that the child needed

medical attention and even offered to take appellant and the child to the hospital.

Appellant declined; one witness testified that appellant responded that she already

had someone coming and another witness testified that appellant stated that she was

going to go home and call 911. Given the weight of the testimony showing that

appellant knew that Joivonni needed immediate medical attention, we hold that any

error the trial court’s committed in not admitting Dr. Kendrick’s testimony was

harmless and did not affect appellant’s substantial rights.

Conclusion

We affirm appellant’s convictions for capital murder and serious bodily injury

to a child by omission.

George C. Hanks, Jr.

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Alcala, Hanks and Nuchia .

Publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.2( b )