Alisha Kalee Parker v. State

Opinion issued April 6, 2006

In The

Court of Appeals

For The

First District of Texas

NO. 01–05–00453–CR

ALISHA KALEE PARKER, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 228th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 996252

O P I N I O N

Alisha Kalee Parker, appellant, was charged with possession of 200 grams or

more but less than 400 grams of a controlled substance with the intent to deliver.

Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.112 (Vernon 2003). Appellant pleaded

not guilty, and the jury returned a verdict of guilty. The trial court assessed

punishment at 17 years in prison.

In three points of error, appellant argues that (1) the evidence was legally and

factually insufficient to support her conviction; (2) the trial court erred by not

including an instruction on article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure in

the jury charge; and (3) the trial court erred in overruling appellant’s hearsay

objection.

We affirm.

Background

Officer Timmy Walker is an undercover officer for the Houston Police

Department. Prior to August 2, 2004, Officer Walker received information from a

confidential informant that a woman by the name of Alisha would be arriving at a

specified apartment in Houston, Texas, and that she would be carrying a large

quantity of cocaine. Based on this information, Officer Walker set up surveillance

on the apartment complex. As he waited for the woman to show up, he received

information from the confidential informant that the woman’s car had broken down

and that she would not arrive that day. After Officer Walker left, he passed by a red

Toyota automobile that had broken down nearby.

The next day Officer Walker again set up surveillance on the apartment

complex. During that time, appellant arrived at the apartment complex in the same

red Toyota that Officer Walker had seen the day before. Officer Walker watched her

enter the specified apartment. Shortly after, appellant came out, got something out

of the back seat and put it in the trunk. Appellant went back inside and eventually

came out with two women, Shanita Vital and Shamichael Ester, along with Vital’s

two children. The five got into appellant’s car, and appellant drove away. Officer

Walker followed them and notified Officers Steve Hooper and Jeff Marcus. Officers

Hooper and Marcus were dressed in police uniforms and were in a police car. Once

they identified appellant on the road, they pulled up behind appellant. The officers

testified that they saw Vital’s son standing in the back seat. The officers pulled

appellant over because the child was not properly restrained.

Once the officers turned on the lights on their car, appellant drove into an

apartment complex and parked. During their search of the car, Officer Marcus found

a purse in the trunk of the car. Officer Marcus opened the purse and saw 352 grams

of cocaine in a press and seal sandwich bag and a small scale in the purse. Appellant

acknowledged that both the car and the purse were hers, but denied having any

knowledge of the cocaine. Appellant told the officers that her brother had driven the

car a little over a month ago and that he must have placed the cocaine in the purse,

which she said had been in the trunk the entire time.

Legal and Factual Sufficiency

In her first point of error, appellant argues that the evidence is legally and

factually insufficient to support her conviction.

A. Standard of Review

A legal-sufficiency challenge requires us to determine whether, after viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Johnson

v. State , 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Howley v. State , 943 S.W.2d 152,

155 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no pet.). Although our analysis considers

all of the evidence presented at trial, we may not re-weigh the evidence and substitute

our judgment for that of the fact finder. King v. State , 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2000).

In a factual-sufficiency review, we view all of the evidence in a neutral light,

and we will set the verdict aside only if the evidence is so weak that the verdict is

clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, or the contrary evidence is so strong that the

standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt could not have been met. Escamilla v.

State , 143 S.W.3d 814, 817 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (citing Zuniga v. State , 144

S.W.3d 477, 481 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)). Our evaluation may not intrude upon the

fact-finder’s role as the sole judge of the weight and credibility accorded any

witness’s testimony. Cain v. State , 958 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

The fact-finder alone determines what weight to place on contradictory testimonial

evidence, as it depends on the fact-finder’s evaluation of credibility and demeanor.

Id. at 408 . In conducting a factual-sufficiency review, we must discuss the evidence

that, according to appellant, most undermines the jury’s verdict. See Sims v. State ,

99 S.W.3d 600, 603 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).

B. Analysis

In a possession with intent to deliver case, the State must prove that the

defendant: (1) exercised care, custody, control, or management over the controlled

substance; (2) intended to deliver the controlled substance to another; and (3) knew

that the substance in his possession was a controlled substance. Tex. Health &

Safety Code Ann. §§ 481.002(38) (Vernon Supp. 2005), 481.112(a) (Vernon 2003);

Nehm v. State , 129 S.W.3d 696, 699 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.).

Intent to deliver may be inferred from the quantity of drugs possessed and from

the manner in which they are packaged. Guy v. State , 160 S.W.3d 606, 613 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2005, pet. ref’d); Reece v. State , 878 S.W.2d 320, 325 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, no pet.). The police recovered 352 grams of cocaine

powder along with a scale in a purse that was in the trunk of appellant’s car. Officer

Jones, who had worked for 18 years in the narcotics division of the Houston Police

Department, testified that the quantity of the cocaine along with the presence of a

scale indicated that the cocaine would be distributed. No evidence was presented to

controvert this. We hold that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to

establish an intent to deliver.

When a defendant is not in exclusive possession of the place where the

controlled substance is found, the State must prove additional independent facts and

circumstances that affirmatively link the defendant to the contraband in such a way

that it can be concluded that the defendant had knowledge of the contraband and

exercised control over it. Nehm , 129 S.W.3d at 699 . Affirmative links are

established when the evidence, direct or indirect, establishes “that the accused’s

connection with the drug was more than just fortuitous.” Poindexter v. State , 153

S.W.3d 402 , 405–06 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (quoting Brown v. State , 911 S.W.2d

744, 747 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)). Courts have identified a number of factors that

may help to show an affirmative link to controlled substances. See, e.g. , Nehm , 129

S.W.3d 699 n.1 ; Gilbert v. State , 874 S.W.2d 290, 298 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 1994, pet. ref’d). It is not the number of factors present that is important, but

rather the “logical force” that they create to prove that the defendant knowingly

possessed the controlled substance. Nehm , 129 S.W.3d at 699–700.

Officer Walker received a tip from a confidential informant that a woman

named Alisha would be in possession of a large quantity of cocaine and would be

arriving at a specified apartment in Houston. Officer Walker and other officers set

up surveillance around the identified apartment complex. After receiving word that

Alisha’s car had broken down, Officer Walker left. While driving, he passed a red

Toyota that was broken down. The next day, he set up surveillance again and saw

appellant arrive at the apartment complex in the same red Toyota. Officer Walker

saw appellant take something out of the back seat and put it in the trunk.

After appellant was stopped, she acknowledged that both the car and the purse

containing the cocaine were hers. Although she was not the only person in the car,

she was the only one who accessed the trunk during the time in question. Appellant

acknowledged that she was the only person who had driven the car for the last few

weeks. The purse was found on the top of other items in the trunk. The cocaine was

found in the main section of the purse on top of the other items.

We hold that the evidence was legally sufficient to affirmatively link appellant

to the cocaine.

To challenge the factual sufficiency of the evidence, appellant argues that no

one saw her with the purse or saw her put the purse in the trunk and that her

fingerprints were not found on the bag and scales. This does not render the evidence

in support of the verdict so weak and manifestly unjust that it shocks the

consciousness of the court. We hold that the evidence is factually sufficient to

support appellant’s conviction.

We overrule appellant’s first point of error.

Jury Charge

In her second point of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred by not

including an instruction on article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure in

the jury charge.

In analyzing a jury-charge issue, we first review the record for error. Ngo v.

State , 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). If we find error, we then review

the record for harm. Id. We do not review the record for preservation of error until

we assess harm. Id.

Officers Hooper and Marcus testified that they saw the young boy in the car

standing up, indicating that he was not secured by a seatbelt. The officers pulled

appellant over because the child was not properly restrained. However, Vital and

Ester testified that the boy was sitting in Ester’s lap, and that both of them were

secured by a seatbelt. Based on this, appellant filed a motion to suppress with the

trial court. After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion.

On appeal, appellant complains that the trial court failed to include an

instruction on article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See Tex. Code

Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a) (Vernon 2005). Article 38.23(a) provides as follows:

No evidence obtained by an officer or other person in violation of any

provisions of the Constitution or laws of the State of Texas, or of the

Constitution or laws of the United States of America, shall be admitted in

evidence against the accused on the trial of any criminal case.

In any case where the legal evidence raises an issue hereunder, the jury shall

be instructed that if it believes, or has a reasonable doubt, that the evidence

was obtained in violation of the provisions of this Article, then and in such

event, the jury shall disregard any such evidence so obtained.

The evidence shows, however, that appellant never requested that an article

38.23 instruction be included in the jury charge. In fact, after appellant had reviewed

the proposed charge and the trial court asked appellant’s counsel whether they had

any objection to the charge, her counsel responded by saying they had no objections.

An allegation of illegally obtained evidence is a defensive issue. Ramirez v.

State , 76 S.W.3d 121, 128 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d). When

the omission of a defensive charge has not been objected to, there is no error. See

Posey v. State , 966 S.W.2d 57 , 61–62 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (holding that defensive

charge must be requested); Barrera v. State , 982 S.W.2d 415, 416 (Tex. Crim. App.

1998) (holding there is no error if defensive charge is not requested).

We overrule appellant’s second point of error.

Hearsay

In her third point of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in

overruling her hearsay objection.

A. Standard of Review

A trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed under an

abuse of discretion standard. Torres v. State , 71 S.W.3d 758, 760 (Tex. Crim. App.

2002). An appellate court will not reverse a trial court’s ruling unless that ruling falls

outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.

B. Analysis

Officer Walker repeatedly testified about how he had received various

information from a confidential informant. This information, which lead to the

eventual arrest of appellant, included (1) a woman named Alisha would arrive at a

certain apartment complex carrying substantial amounts of cocaine and (2) the

woman would not show up on the day expected because her car had broken down.

At each point that Officer Walker discussed what the confidential informant had said,

appellant objected on hearsay grounds and the trial court overruled the objections.

Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying

at trial, that is offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Tex. R. Evid. 801(d).

An extrajudicial statement or writing which is offered for the purpose of showing

what was said rather than for proving the truth of the matter asserted does not

constitute hearsay. Dinkins v. State , 894 S.W.2d 330, 347 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995);

Ellis v. State , 99 S.W.3d 783, 788 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d).

An officer is permitted to testify to information upon which he acted. Schaffer

v. State , 777 S.W.2d 111, 114 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). However, the officer “should

not be permitted to relate historical aspects of the case, replete with hearsay

statements in the form of complaints and reports on grounds that she was entitled to

tell the jury the information upon which she acted.” Id. at 114–15.

Testimony commonly has an impermissible hearsay aspect as well as a

permissible nonhearsay aspect. Id. at 114 . In this case, the nonhearsay aspect was

to inform the jury how appellant became a suspect, and what factors lead to

identifying appellant, pulling her car over, and searching the car. The hearsay aspect

suggested that appellant possessed cocaine. However, the evidence already showed

that appellant possessed cocaine. Furthermore, without the testimony of the

information Officer Walker had received, the jury would have been deprived of an

understanding of the events leading up to appellant’s arrest. We hold that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Officer Walker to testify about the

information he had received from the confidential informant.

We overrule appellant’s third point of error.

Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Laura Carter Higley

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Taft, Higley, and Bland.

Publish. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).