explaining that “country reports . . . may weigh against [the] conclusion” that it was not more likely than not that the petitioner would be tortured upon return to Honduras, but “they do not compel the opposite conclusion.”
How later courts described this case
- explaining that “country reports . . . may weigh against [the] conclusion” that it was not more likely than not that the petitioner would be tortured upon return to Honduras, but “they do not compel the opposite conclusion.”
- finding “no persecution on account of family status where, inter alia, other members of petitioner’s family, who have remained in her native country, have not faced persecution on the basis of their membership in the family” (internal quotations and alteration omitted)
- finding that persecution was not on account of family membership where there was no reason to suppose that the demand for information about the applicant’s brother was based on “hatred for [the] family”
- concluding that BIA reasonably denied CAT relief based, in part, on the finding that petitioner’s family members were not tortured, despite remaining in Honduras after petitioner’s brother was murdered
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Case: 14-60546 Document: 00513123078 Page: 1 Date Filed: 07/21/2015
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
July 21, 2015
No. 14-60546 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
FANY JACKELINE RAMIREZ-MEJIA, also known as Fany Ramirez, also
known as Fany Ramirez de Quinteros,
Petitioner
v.
LORETTA LYNCH, U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent
Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Before WIENER, SOUTHWICK, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
LESLIE H. SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judge:
Fany Jackeline Ramirez-Mejia’s removal order was reinstated following
her illegal reentry into the United States. The Board of Immigration Appeals
ruled she may not apply for asylum and is ineligible for withholding of removal
or protection under the Convention Against Torture. We agree and DENY the
petition for review.
In March 2006, Ramirez-Mejia, a native and citizen of Honduras, was
apprehended while illegally entering the United States. She was subsequently
removed from the country. She returned to the United States the next month.
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In January 2012, Ramirez-Mejia was arrested for theft. Her removal
order was reinstated the following day. When questioned by an immigration
officer, she expressed a fear of returning to Honduras. In an interview with an
asylum officer, she explained that she feared she would be killed by the same
individuals who killed her brother. Based on this testimony, the asylum officer
referred her case to an immigration judge (“IJ”) for a hearing. At the hearing,
Ramirez-Mejia testified that her brother had been murdered in May 2003. She
asserted that her family attempted to file a police report, but that the police
told them to “leave things the way they are . . . .” She also alleged that, in
November 2005, she began receiving anonymous notes demanding that she
disclose information her brother had supposedly revealed to her. Ramirez-
Mejia claimed that her failure to respond led the individuals responsible for
the murder to open fire on her father’s business while she was present in
February 2006. The police subsequently captured one of the assailants. While
in custody, the assailant allegedly threatened Ramirez-Mejia and questioned
her about her brother when she went to the police station to file a report.
Ramirez-Mejia maintained that she fled Honduras in response to these
events. She also asserted that the individuals sought extortion money from
her father after her departure and renewed their anonymous threats when she
returned to Honduras in March 2006 following her removal from the United
States.
The IJ noted that Ramirez-Mejia’s testimony did not “seem plausible”
but accepted it as credible. Nevertheless, the IJ concluded that Ramirez-Mejia
was ineligible for withholding of removal or protection under the Convention
Against Torture (“CAT”). The IJ noted that she had not demonstrated
persecution based on membership in a protected group and rejected her
argument that her nuclear family constituted a protected group. The IJ also
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concluded that Ramirez-Mejia failed to show that the Honduran government
would allow her to be tortured. In January 2013, the Board of Immigration
Appeals (“BIA”) dismissed Ramirez-Mejia’s appeal. In February, she was
removed to Honduras.
In March, Ramirez-Mejia moved to reopen her case based on the
discovery of previously unavailable evidence. This evidence included: (1) an
affidavit in which the wife of her brother stated that he had been a gang
member and was killed by a rival gang, and that she had received threatening
notes following his murder; (2) her brother’s death certificate; (3) affidavits in
which her parents described their extortion at the hands of the gang; (4) a
criminal complaint from February 2006 describing the robbery of her father’s
business and subsequent capture of one of the perpetrators (no mention of
gunfire is made); (5) a psychological report for Ramirez-Mejia; (6) a declaration
from an expert on Central American gangs; (7) a statement in which a witness
to the 2006 robbery stated that the perpetrator captured by police threatened
to kill Ramirez-Mejia; (8) articles about gang violence in Honduras; (9)
anonymous threatening notes; and (10) a notarized statement in which
Ramirez-Mejia asserted that the Honduran public ministry advised her to
return to the United States after she filed a complaint about the notes.
In May, the BIA granted the motion to reopen and remanded the case so
that an IJ could determine Ramirez-Mejia’s eligibility for withholding of
removal and CAT protection in light of the new evidence. In June, Ramirez-
Mejia applied for parole so that she could be present for the presentation of her
case. The Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) granted the request, and
Ramirez-Mejia was paroled into the United States in December 2013.
In February 2014, Ramirez-Mejia presented her case. She testified
about her brother’s murder, the incident at her father’s business, and the
3
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No. 14-60546
threats. Additionally, an expert on Central American gangs testified about
gang violence in Honduras and the government’s inability to control their
actions. He stated that Ramirez-Mejia would face a high risk of harm or death
upon returning to the country. Finally, Ramirez-Mejia’s husband testified that
when he visited her in Honduras after her most recent removal they rarely
ventured outside due to fear.
The IJ denied withholding of removal and CAT protection. The IJ
assumed the credibility of Ramirez-Mejia and her witnesses, but held that her
family did not constitute a protected group, and that she had not been targeted
on the basis of her familial status. The IJ also held that Ramirez-Mejia had
not demonstrated that she would be tortured by the gang with the
government’s acquiescence. Finally, the IJ declined to consider Ramirez-
Mejia’s eligibility for asylum because her removal order had been reinstated.
See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5); 8 C.F.R. § 241.8(a).
The BIA dismissed Ramirez-Mejia’s appeal. She timely filed a petition
for review with this court.
DISCUSSION
This court has jurisdiction to review the lawfulness of a reinstatement
order but not the underlying removal order. See Ojeda-Terrazas v. Ashcroft,
290 F.3d 292, 295 (5th Cir. 2002). We consider the BIA’s order and any findings
or conclusions it adopted from the IJ. Hakim v. Holder, 628 F.3d 151, 153 (5th
Cir. 2010). We review questions of law de novo and findings of fact for
substantial evidence. Id. Under the substantial-evidence standard, reversal
requires the applicant to demonstrate “that the evidence is so compelling that
no reasonable factfinder could reach a contrary conclusion.” Chen v. Gonzalez,
470 F.3d 1131, 1134 (5th Cir. 2006).
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Ramirez-Mejia claims that she is eligible for asylum, and that the BIA
erred by ruling that she could not apply for asylum due to the reinstatement
of her removal order. Alternatively, she claims that her parole into the country
following the reopening of her case rendered the reinstatement statute
inapplicable to her. She also argues that she is eligible for withholding of
removal and CAT protection.
I. Effects of Ramirez-Mejia’s Reinstatement Order
An alien who illegally reenters the country after removal “is not eligible
and may not apply for any relief under this chapter” and “shall be removed
under the prior order at any time after the reentry.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5). The
alien is not entitled to a hearing prior to reinstatement but may make a
statement before an immigration officer. 8 C.F.R. §§ 241.8(a), (b). If the alien
expresses a fear of persecution or torture upon return to the country of
removal, the alien is referred to an asylum officer. § 241.8(e). The involvement
of asylum officers is not because of eligibility for asylum but for another
purpose, i.e., consideration for “withholding of removal only” once an asylum
officer determines that the fear is reasonable. Id.; § 208.31(e).
Ramirez-Mejia argues that the BIA erred by concluding that Section
1231(a)(5) and its accompanying regulations precluded her from applying for
asylum following the reinstatement of her removal order because asylum is not
a form of “relief” under the statute. Thus, since she is physically present in the
United States and none of the limiting exceptions or conditions governing
asylum apply to her, she maintains that she must be allowed to apply for
asylum. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(a), (b)(2).
The immigration statutes do not define the word “relief.” Nevertheless,
“its familiar meaning encompasses any ‘redress or benefit’ provided by a court.”
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United States v. Denedo, 556 U.S. 904, 909 (2009) (quoting BLACK’S LAW
DICTIONARY 1317 (8th ed. 2004)). Asylum is a form of redress from removal
because, if granted, it prevents the removal from going forward. Courts
routinely refer to asylum as a form of relief from removal and frequently
employ the phrase “asylum relief.” See, e.g., Jama v. ICE, 543 U.S. 335, 337
(2005); Wang v. Holder, 569 F.3d 531, 540 (5th Cir. 2009); Morales-Izquierdo
v. Gonzales, 486 F.3d 484, 491 (9th Cir. 2007). On the other hand, we agree
with the government’s statement at oral argument that withholding of removal
and application of the CAT are often referred to as forms of protection, not
relief. See, e.g., Wang, 569 F.3d at 535.
Under Section 1231(a)(5), an alien whose removal order is reinstated is
ineligible “for any relief under this chapter . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5)
(emphasis added). “Read naturally, the word ‘any’ has an expansive meaning
. . . .” United States v. Gonzales, 520 U.S. 1, 5 (1997). When the word is not
qualified by restrictive language, “there is no basis in the text for limiting” the
word or clause it modifies. Id. Thus, Section 1231(a)(5), read plainly, broadly
denies all forms of redress from removal, including asylum. This conclusion is
confirmed by the statute’s admonition that an alien who illegally reenters the
country “shall be removed under the prior order at any time after the reentry.”
8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5). Affording asylum relief to aliens whose removal orders
are reinstated would be inconsistent with this provision. Additionally, the
statute’s accompanying regulations, which reiterate its blanket denial of relief
and recognize an exception for withholding of removal but not asylum, also
support this conclusion. See 8 C.F.R. §§ 241.8(a), (e); see also § 208.31(e).
Ramirez-Mejia argues that this interpretation of Section 1231(a)(5)
conflicts with Section 1158, which outlines the general requirements and
procedures for asylum relief. According to her, Congress intended Section
6
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1158’s criteria and conditions to be the only limitations on asylum. We
disagree. Section 1158 does not “create any substantive or procedural right or
benefit,” and “[t]he Attorney General may provide by regulation for any . . .
conditions or limitations on the consideration of an application for asylum . . .
.” 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(d)(5)(B), (d)(7). The Supreme Court emphasized the
discretionary nature of asylum relief when it stated that the Attorney General
is not required to grant an alien asylum even when the eligibility criteria are
met. See INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 441, 444-45 (1987). These
interpretations of Section 1158 show that it was intended to be amenable to
limitation by regulation and by the exercise of discretion.
In addition, Section 1231(a)(5) imposes a statutory limit. It was designed
to “enlarge[] the class of illegal reentrants whose orders may be reinstated and
limit[] the possible relief from a removal order available to them.” Fernandez-
Vargas v. Gonzales, 548 U.S. 30, 33 (2006). Congress has many options in
revising statutory schemes. Adopting a clear limitation in one section without
amending another section specifically dealing with the same subject is one
such option. The judiciary’s role is not to question the method of an
amendment but only to interpret its effect. The clear language in Section
1231(a)(5) suffices to bar all relief from removal, even asylum.
This analysis is consistent with existing case law. At least one circuit
has recognized that “‘aliens subject to reinstatement of a previous removal
order under [Section 1231(a)(5)]’ are ‘ineligible for asylum.’” See Herrera-
Molina v. Holder, 597 F.3d 128, 139 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting Regulations
Concerning the Conventions Against Torture, 64 Fed. Reg. 8478, 8485 (Feb.
19, 1999)). Neither the Supreme Court nor this court has explicitly addressed
the issue, but both have held that aliens subject to reinstatement orders are
ineligible for adjustments of status under Section 1231(a)(5). See Fernandez-
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Vargas, 548 U.S. at 46-47; Silva Rosa v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 403, 410 (5th Cir.
2007). Those cases provide a useful analogy. Like Section 1158, the
adjustment-of-status provisions do not mention reinstatement orders. See 8
U.S.C. § 1255. Moreover, like asylum, adjustments of status are not
specifically listed as a type of relief under Section 1231(a)(5). Nevertheless,
the Supreme Court and this court both held that aliens were not eligible for an
adjustment of status under Section 1231(a)(5). See Fernandez-Vargas, 548
U.S. at 46-47; Silva Rosa, 490 F.3d at 410.
In summary, Section 1231(a)(5)’s plain language, relevant regulations,
and analogous case law all compel the conclusion that aliens whose removal
orders are reinstated may not apply for asylum. Accordingly, the BIA did not
err by declining to consider Ramirez-Mejia’s eligibility for asylum relief.
II. Ramirez-Mejia’s Parole Into the United States
Ramirez-Mejia also argues that Section 1231(a)(5) is inapplicable to her
because it only applies to aliens who reentered the United States illegally. She
last entered the country under a grant of parole pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §
1182(d)(5). Thus, she argues that the government, by paroling her into the
United States to determine whether she was eligible for “withholding of
removal only,” displaced her prior illegal reentry and rendered her eligible for
asylum. The argument is imaginative but errant.
The Immigration and Nationality Act gave the Attorney General
authority to exercise discretion in granting parole and to place “such conditions
as he may prescribe” on the parolee. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(5)(A). Even though
that statute remains unchanged, parole authority now resides with the DHS. 1
It seems agreed that authority over granting parole was transferred from the
1
Attorney General to the DHS in 2002 as a result of the Act that created the DHS; we need
8
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Additionally, parole does not create an entitlement to remain in the United
States: “when the purposes of such parole . . . have been served the alien shall
forthwith return or be returned to the custody from which he was paroled and
thereafter his case shall continue to be dealt with in the same manner as that
of any other applicant for admission to the United States.” Id. Regulations
provide further requirements and procedures for parole. See 8 C.F.R. § 212.5.
Ramirez-Mejia was granted parole for the purpose of pursuing
withholding of removal and CAT protection. Though her presence in the
country was with the permission of the DHS, we see no basis for concluding
that her authorized presence overrode the effect of her earlier illegal entry.
Nothing about the grant of temporary parole to pursue relief cancels the
relevance of her earlier illegal reentry after having been removed. She thus
remains subject to the provisions of Section 1231(a)(5).
We also see no relevance to the fact that, under certain circumstances, a
removal order may not be reinstated after a removed alien legally reenters the
country. For example, after the passage of a prescribed period of time, a prior
removal order will not prevent a removed alien from applying for or obtaining
admission to the country. See § 1182(a)(9); In re Torres-Garcia, 23 I. & N. Dec.
866, 871-72 (BIA 2006). Such circumstances are inapplicable in this case.
Ramirez-Mejia has not been admitted to the United States following her
removal, and her parole has no effect on her status under the law. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(d)(5)(A); Leng May Ma v. Barber, 357 U.S. 185, 188 (1958).
Ramirez-Mejia’s parole did not render Section 1231(a)(5) inoperative.
not trace the statutory route of the transfer here. See Matter of Castillo-Padilla, 25 I. & N.
Dec. 257, 261 & n.1 (BIA 2010). One reference to the authority of the DHS Secretary is in 6
U.S.C. § 202(4), which provides that the Secretary is to establish and administer rules
governing parole.
9
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III. Withholding of Removal
Withholding of removal is required when an alien is able to “establish
that his or her life or freedom would be threatened in the proposed country of
removal on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
social group, or political opinion.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b). If the alien shows
past persecution based on membership in a relevant group, the burden shifts
to the government to show that the threat of persecution no longer exists or
can be mitigated through relocation within the country of removal. §
1208.16(b)(1)(i)-(ii). Otherwise, the alien must show that he will “more likely
than not” suffer persecution. 2 § 1208(b)(1)(iii), (2). Unlike forms of relief from
removal, such as asylum, withholding of removal (as well as CAT protection)
prevents an alien from being returned to the place of danger; it does not
prevent removal if some other country will accept the alien. See § 1208.16(f).
The IJ concluded that Ramirez-Mejia’s family did not meet the
“particularity” and “social visibility” requirements of a “particular social
group.” See Orellana-Monson v. Holder, 685 F.3d 511, 520-21 (5th Cir. 2012).
It also concluded that she did not establish that she was persecuted “on account
of” her membership in her family. The BIA affirmed based on the latter
rationale and declined to address whether Ramirez-Mejia’s family constituted
a “particular social group.” 3 We agree with that conclusion and likewise do not
address whether her family was a particular social group.
2 This standard is more stringent than the “well-founded fear” standard applicable to
asylum. See INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 430-32 (1987).
3 Contrary to Ramirez-Mejia’s contention, the BIA did not concede that her family
constituted a particular social group. Rather, it found as follows: “However the proposed
social group may be defined, the applicant has not established that gang members targeted
her to punish her for or to overcome her group membership.”
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Ramirez-Mejia argues that she was persecuted, at least in part, on the
basis of her family membership because the gang referred to and sought
information about her brother in the anonymous notes, sought extortion money
from her parents, and referred to her brother in the note sent to her brother’s
wife. She also cites testimony in which her expert witness stated that a gang’s
animosity toward an individual may come to extend to the family as a whole.
She concludes that “[w]ithout her relationship to her brother, the gang would
not have asked her about any hypothetical ‘information.’”
These arguments are unpersuasive. The primary purpose of the threats
was to obtain information Ramirez-Mejia’s brother had supposedly given her.
Ramirez-Mejia emphasizes that the gang members mentioned her and her
brother by name when issuing the threats. Referring to individuals by name
indicates little, and certainly does not, in and of itself, evince intent to
persecute on the basis of membership within a family. Accordingly, this
evidence does not undermine the IJ’s conclusion that Ramirez-Mejia’s “worth
to the persecutors is predicated on her knowledge of some supposed secret and
not based upon the fact of her familial relationship to her brother.”
Ramirez-Mejia maintains that “[a]ny request for information by the gang
members was . . . inseparable from her relationship with her brother.” She
does not explain why that is so. Logically, there is no reason to suppose that
those who persecute to obtain information also do so out of hatred for a family,
or vice versa. As a result, the evidence that gang members sought information
from Ramirez-Mejia about her brother, without more, does not support her
claim that the gang intended to persecute her on account of her family. This
is particularly true in light of the fact that other members of her family, who
have remained in Honduras, have not faced persecution on the basis of their
membership in the family.
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Finally, the fact that the gang sought to extort Ramirez-Mejia’s family is
irrelevant for purposes of the persecution analysis, because this court “do[es]
not recognize economic extortion as a form of persecution under immigration
law . . . .” Castillo-Enriquez v. Holder, 690 F.3d 667, 668 (5th Cir. 2012)
(citations and quotations omitted).
Because Ramirez-Mejia has not demonstrated that no reasonable
factfinder could conclude that she was not persecuted on account of her family
membership, see Chen, 470 F.3d at 1134, we agree with the BIA’s conclusion
that Ramirez-Mejia does not qualify for withholding of removal.
IV. CAT Protection
To be eligible for CAT protection, an alien must “establish that it is more
likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed
country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). In assessing the likelihood of
torture, the factfinder may consider evidence of past torture, the alien’s ability
to relocate within the country of removal to avoid torture, and human rights
violations within the country of removal. § 1208.16(c)(3). “Torture is defined
as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is
intentionally inflicted on a person . . . by or at the instigation of or with the
consent or acquiescence of a public official . . . .” § 1208.18(a)(1). Willful
blindness to torture constitutes acquiescence. Ontunez-Tursios v. Ashcroft, 303
F.3d 341, 354 (5th Cir. 2002).
The BIA accepted the IJ’s finding that Ramirez-Mejia would not more
likely than not be tortured by or with the consent of the Honduran government
if she returned to Honduras. The IJ observed that Ramirez-Mejia, her family,
and her brother’s wife had not been tortured in the past; she did not show an
inability to relocate to a part of Honduras where her likelihood of harm would
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be diminished, as her brother’s wife had done; and she did not show
acquiescence to violence by the Honduran police, who in fact arrested a gang
member and requested that she give a statement after the robbery of her
father’s business in 2006.
Ramirez-Mejia does not specifically contest these findings. Instead, she
emphasizes the country reports discussing gang violence and police corruption
in Honduras. She also reiterates her allegations that the police recommended
against filing a report after her brother’s murder and responded with
indifference when she disclosed the arrested gang member’s threats in 2006
and the anonymous notes in 2013. This evidence, she claims, shows that it is
more probable than not that she will be tortured if removed to Honduras.
Ramirez-Mejia has not demonstrated that no reasonable factfinder could
conclude that she did not qualify for CAT protection. See Chen, 470 F.3d at
1134. First, she has not contested the finding that she was not tortured before
leaving Honduras or after returning following her first and second removal.
Nor has she contested the finding that her brother’s wife and family members
were not tortured, despite remaining in Honduras after her brother’s murder.
Finally, the fact that her brother’s wife has not been harmed since moving to
another part of Honduras suggests that any danger of harm could be mitigated
through relocation. Based on this evidence, a reasonable factfinder could have
found that Ramirez-Mejia would not more likely than not be tortured if
removed to Honduras. Although the country reports and alleged threats
emphasized by Ramirez-Mejia may weigh against this conclusion, they do not
compel the opposite conclusion. See id.
Second, Ramirez-Mejia has offered little evidence that the government
would acquiesce in gang members’ attempts to harm her. Although she alleged
that the police told her not to report her brother’s murder and “not to get
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involved with these people,” she did not allege that the police stated or
otherwise indicated that they would permit harm to befall her if she did file a
report. Additionally, she asserted that the police allowed her to be threatened
by a gang member after the robbery of her father’s business in 2006, but she
acknowledged that the police arrested the gang member and insisted that she
file a report against him. Finally, she alleged that officials advised her to leave
the country when she disclosed the anonymous notes she had received. Again,
however, she did not allege that the officials expressed any intent to acquiesce
in her torture if she did not leave. This evidence, as well as the country reports
and related testimony, does not compel the conclusion that the government
would acquiesce in Ramirez-Mejia’s torture if she returned to Honduras.
We agree with the BIA’s conclusion that Ramirez-Mejia does not qualify
for CAT protection.
Petition DENIED.
14