The opinion
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
NO. 13-0882
SERVICE EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION LOCAL 5,
DAN SCHLADEMAN, AND SUSAN STRUBBE, PETITIONERS,
v.
PROFESSIONAL JANITORIAL SERVICE OF HOUSTON, INC., RESPONDENT
ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIRST DISTRICT OF TEXAS
JUSTICE WILLETT, dissenting to the denial of the petition for review.
Life moves pretty fast. If you don’t stop and
look around once in a while, you could miss it.1
Of all the empowering, life-altering lessons Ferris Bueller taught us—for example, you
can’t erase telltale mileage off a 1961 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder by jacking up the car and
running it in reverse—his “life moves pretty fast” insight rings truest. It isn’t tired reel-life wisdom
but tried real-life wisdom, both for everyday Texans and for the courts that serve them. The modern
Internet age moves far faster than the pre-digital grind from which Ferris Bueller played hooky
almost thirty years ago. Life in 2014 moves blazingly fast, and nowhere faster than online, where
an increasing number of Americans consume news and political information.
* * *
Who qualifies as a member of the “electronic media” under Texas law? Given the
proliferation of Web and other digital publishing, it’s a vexing question. And a vital one, since
1
FERRIS BUELLER’S DAY OFF (Paramount Pictures 1986) (hereinafter BUELLER).
members of the “electronic or print media” can immediately appeal orders that burden their free-
speech or free-press rights.2
In this libel case about allegedly defamatory statements published on a website, the court
of appeals applied a narrow, multi-factor test and held that because the website owner’s “primary
business” is not “reporting the news,” it did not qualify as “electronic media” and couldn’t bring a
free-speech interlocutory appeal.3 Petitioners contend the statute aims to protect those “engaged in
disseminating news to a mass audience via electronic means,” and is not focused on whether that’s
their primary or profit-driven purpose: “it is the marketplace of ideas that is protected and not the
marketplace of commerce.” Petitioners also say the “primary business” test arbitrarily favors those
who report/inform the news while disfavoring those who generate/influence it, an artificial
distinction Petitioners say is “like hinging vital Free Speech rights upon the determination of
whether Miller Light primarily ‘tastes great’ or is ‘less filling.’” Several amici curiae (various legal
and political bloggers and websites)4 have also weighed in, echoing Petitioners’ view that online
publishers qualify as “electronic media,” adding that the court of appeals’ “primary business” test
discriminates in favor of institutional corporate media enterprises.
The Legislature did not define “media” in the interlocutory-appeal statute, but it did define
“medium” in the related journalist-privilege statute. And it did so broadly, saying “news medium”
includes, among other things, “a newspaper, magazine or periodical . . . that disseminates news or
2
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014(a)(6). This statute allows a person to appeal an interlocutory court order
that “denies a motion for summary judgment that is based in whole or in part upon a claim against or defense by a
member of the electronic or print media, acting in such capacity, or a person whose communication appears in or is
published by the electronic or print media . . . .”
3
415 S.W.3d 387, 402.
4
The amici curiae include SCOTUSblog Delaware, Inc. (SCOTUSblog), Don Cruse (Supreme Court of Texas Blog),
Howard J. Bashman (How Appealing), Glenn H. Reynolds (Instapundit), and Steven F. Hayward, John H. Hinderaker,
and Scott W. Johnson (Power Line).
2
information to the public by any means, including . . . electronic; and . . . other means, known or
unknown, that are accessible to the public.”5 Petitioners, while conceding that not “anyone with a
computer, a website or a blog” should be afforded interlocutory protection, say the Legislature’s
expansive definition of “medium” in the journalist-privilege statute should control how Texas
courts interpret “media” in the interlocutory-appeal statute. If so, then websites and other digital
publications are likely included, regardless of whether the online publication was the “primary
business” of the authors who contributed analysis and information.
The American media landscape has shifted rapidly and radically in recent years. And many
authors who write for the nation’s most visited and prominent blogs and websites do so as a
sideline. They publish, but their “primary business” is not publishing. The amici bloggers and
writers, for example, distribute information and opinions, but their principal business is law
practice, university teaching, or policy analysis, not “professional” journalism.6 Their online
contributions are things they do on the side. The amici argue that the court of appeals’ definition
“would exclude a broad range of publications, past and present, including advocacy-group and
religious-group magazines.” Indeed, as Judge-blogger Richard Posner notes, Internet-based
publishers, including bloggers, who are not “commercially constrained” can pursue stories with
more doggedness “than the conventional media dare to.”7 The focus, amici argue, should be less
on organizational format and more on individual function. That is, courts should look more to what
5
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 22.021(3).
6
This partiality in favor of institutional media is pervasive. Exhibit A is the rejection earlier this year of
SCOTUSblog’s press credential by the U.S. Senate Press Gallery (and the revocation of an earlier-granted credential).
The ruling from the Gallery’s Standing Committee of Correspondents (an organization made up of traditional
journalists) effectively denies press credentials to nontraditional media outlets that don’t do what Committee members
do, the way Committee members do it. SCOTUSblog has appealed the Committee’s ruling to the Senate Rules
Committee.
7
Richard Posner, Bad News, N.Y. TIMES, July 31, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/31/books/
review/31POSNER.html?
3
journalists, “traditional” or not, actually do—provide news and analysis about vital issues—and
look less to mainstream organizational structures and revenue models. The old-school news
industry confronts urgent economic challenges (to put it mildly), spurring media outlets to innovate
with alternative business models and creating space for professionals who, while not full-time
“journalists,” undoubtedly serve a journalistic function, and serve it well. One example: the
emergence of specialized publications led by subject-matter experts who wear multiple hats.
Texas appellate courts are split on how to interpret “electronic media.” The court below
adopted the “primary business” test, but an earlier court did not require that the Internet publication
be its author’s primary business. In that case, Kaufman v. Islamic Society of Arlington, the court
listed six factors and held section 51.014(a)(6) applies:
when [a] person’s communication, under circumstances relating to [1] the character
and text of the communication itself, [2] its editorial process, [3] its volume of
dissemination, [4] the communicator’s extrinsic notoriety unconnected to the
communication, [5] the communicator’s compensation for or professional
relationship to making the communication, and [6] other relevant circumstances as
the facts may dictate, would otherwise qualify as a communication covered by that
section through more traditional electronic or print media.8
This approach, while different from the “primary business” test, also features several extra-
statutory factors arguably too vague to render clear, workable guidance. A more recent court of
appeals went a different route altogether. In that case, Hotze v. Miller, the court did not elaborate
a standard for “media defendant” but simply held that the defendant, a physician sued for radio
statements and for editorials he published in traditional newspapers and on the Internet, was a
media defendant who had an established presence online and was not merely a “self-promoting”
physician.9
8
291 S.W.3d 130, 142 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied).
9
361 S.W.3d 707, 711 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2012, pet. denied).
4
One might argue the three cases are not contradictory, but complementary, but as the court
of appeals in this case noted, while it considered many of the same facts as the Kaufman court did,
it did so “as dispositive of a single issue—the defendant’s primary business.”10 Divining the
“primary business” was the bottom-line inquiry, the court underscored: “we do not treat them as
‘factors’ or balance them but, instead, consider them in toto in determining the defendant’s primary
business.”11 Texas courts have adopted varying approaches, and there’s enough daylight between
them that the State’s highest court should articulate uniform criteria.
Does denying prompt appellate resolution to those who publish as a sideline to their
principal job, or as complementary to their chief ideological mission, withhold protection from
those who most need it—speakers most likely to lack funds and libel insurance? Does that in turn
chill speech, as speakers are less apt to publish unflattering-yet-important pieces that, while likely
to be vindicated as non-defamatory down the road, invite expensive, time-consuming, soul-
sapping litigation? Is the court of appeals’ multi-factor “primary business” test too gauzy and
unpredictable to be practically useful?12 Are the individual factors themselves unduly vague and
10
415 S.W.3d at 399 n.11.
11
Id.
12
The court of appeals acknowledged “it may be difficult to ascertain a person’s or entity’s primary business,”
concluding it must be based on a multi-factor balancing test:
the goods and services offered by the Internet author and the sources of the Internet author’s revenue;
the Internet author’s journalistic background, experience, and independence (inquiring whether the author is
a journalist by trade, education, or experience; whether the author is a member of various journalistic
organizations; and whether the author is reporting information on which he or she has a business, as opposed
to news-reporting, interest);
the extent to which the Internet author has an established presence or reputation in traditional media;
the character and content of the Internet author’s communications and range of reporting (inquiring about the
primary purpose of the [I]nternet communication; whether the communication involves matters of public
concern; and the breadth of its coverage);
5
substantively imprudent? Should courts focus on who does the publishing or on what and why and
to whom it’s published? More fundamentally, do “professional” journalists—and only professional
journalists—have preferred status when it comes to informing the public? Do other engaged
citizens—lawyers, professors, activists, etc.—have no fruitful analysis, information, or
commentary to add to the public debate, at least none worth protecting with up-front judicial
attention to safeguard the free, unchilled exchange of ideas? These vital questions, and many
others, deserve 21st-century attention.13
I doubt the Framers intended that First Amendment protections were meant solely for the
institutional press and “professional” journalists. But that doesn’t mean interlocutory appeals must
belong to anyone with an Internet connection. Blogs and other digital news outlets—including
those who don’t publish for profit—are increasingly indispensable to how engaged citizens
consume news and information. Given the warp-speed evolution of digital news-gathering and
dissemination, we should insist on clear rules, clearly defined and clearly applied. We should not
countenance vague and varying approaches that invite inconsistency and thus unpredictability—
not when free-speech and free-press rights are implicated.
* * *
the editorial process (inquiring whether journalists select the stories to be researched and published on the
website, whether the selection of stories was driven by their newsworthiness or other factors; and whether
journalists supervise the research and act as the primary authors or editors of the website content); and
the size, nature, and diversity of the readership and whether the readership relies on the author to obtain news.
Id. at 398–99 (footnotes omitted).
13
And of course, the ongoing discussion of similar questions is at least as old as the First Amendment itself, which
separately protects “freedom of speech” and “freedom of . . . the press.” U.S. CONST. amend. I.
6
Ferris Bueller is chock-full of practical life lessons, including this gem: “The question isn’t
what are we going to do. The question is what aren’t we going to do.”14 Today we aren’t bringing
clarity and uniformity to an important, fast-changing area of law—an area where (1) Texas courts
apply different tests, and (2) as the U.S. Supreme Court recognizes, “the line between the media
and others who wish to comment on political and social issues becomes far more blurred.”15
This case merits Supreme Court attention.
Justice Bueller . . . ?
Justice Bueller . . . ?
Justice Bueller . . . ?
____________________________________
Don R. Willett
Justice
OPINION DELIVERED: December 19, 2014
14
BUELLER, supra note 1.
15
Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 558 U.S. 310, 352 (2010). Chief Justice Burger noted this difficulty way
back during the Carter Administration: “The very task of including some entities within the ‘institutional press’ while
excluding others, whether undertaken by legislature, court, or administrative agency, is reminiscent of the abhorred
licensing system of Tudor and Stuart England—a system the First Amendment was intended to ban from this country.”
First Nat’l Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765, 801 (1978) (Burger, C.J., concurring).
7