The opinion
Filed 11/21/14 Gregory v. County of Los Angeles CA2/4
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
DENEICE GREGORY, B251945
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BC495882)
v.
COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES,
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles Country, Barbara A.
Meiers, Judge. Affirmed.
Patricia J. Barry, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
John F. Krattli, County Counsel, Sharon A. Reichman, Assistant County Counsel,
and Diane C. Reagan, Principal Deputy County Counsel, for Defendant and Respondent.
______________________________
Appellant Deneice Gregory appeals from an order sustaining respondent County
1
of Los Angeles’ demurrer without leave to amend her first amended complaint, which
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alleged claims for defamation and violations of the Bane Act (Civ. Code, § 52.1) and
Unruh Civil Rights Act (§ 51).
We conclude the trial court properly sustained the demurrer and affirm the order.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
Appellant’s first amended complaint, the operative pleading, alleges the facts of
this case as follows: In July 2011, appellant visited the Carson animal shelter, a public
facility, as a volunteer to care for its rabbits. While grooming one of the rabbits,
appellant noticed it was very ill. She observed maggots and open sores on the rabbit, and
saw that its abdomen was red. According to appellant, the rabbit had not been given
veterinary care since it was checked into the shelter. Appellant wrapped the rabbit in a
towel and splashed it with water in an attempt to remove the maggots. She then spoke
with the veterinarian on duty, who stated that “someone dropped the ball.” The rabbit
eventually died in appellant’s arms. The veterinarian then notified Sergeant Moser, an
animal control officer, who accused appellant of “home doctoring” and causing the
rabbit’s death. He prohibited appellant from taking any pictures of the dead rabbit.
Moser then instructed appellant not to handle the rabbits until she became an official
volunteer, though appellant claimed she had been a volunteer since March 2011.
Appellant continued to visit the Carson animal shelter during the next month and
care for its rabbits, without incident. During this time, a cat volunteer informed appellant
that she had heard about the “dead bunny” from other volunteers. In August 2011,
1
The record does not contain a written order of dismissal. However, the order
sustaining the demurrer indicates dismissal of the case was “ordered at the hearing,” and
the notice of appeal indicates the appeal is taken from a judgment of dismissal after an
order sustaining a demurrer. Neither party has raised an issue concerning appealability
and the matter is fully briefed. In the interests of justice and judicial economy, we
construe the trial court’s order sustaining defendant’s demurrer to incorporate a judgment
(order) of dismissal. (Bellah v. Greenson (1978) 81 Cal.App.3d 614, 618, fn. 1.)
2
Subsequent statutory references are to the Civil Code, unless otherwise indicated.
2
appellant again visited the Carson animal shelter but was informed by a clerk that she
was barred from the shelter because she was responsible for a rabbit’s death. The clerk
identified Sergeant Moser as the official who ordered that appellant be barred from the
shelter.
In October 2011, appellant returned to the Carson animal shelter. While she was
caring for the rabbits, Sergeant Real, a shelter employee, asked appellant to step outside
so he could speak with her. He informed her that she was barred from the premises and
escorted her off of the property. He did not answer appellant’s question regarding who
issued the order and why she was not permitted to enter the shelter. Appellant then drove
to the Downey animal shelter and entered the rabbit housing area. Sergeant Torres, an
employee of the shelter, approached appellant and informed her that she was not on his
volunteer roster and prohibited her from taking care of the rabbits. He also stated that
Sergeant Moser did not want her at the Carson animal shelter because of something that
happened with a rabbit.
Appellant’s first amended complaint sought attorney’s fees and damages based on
defamation, violation of the Bane Act, and violation of the Unruh Civil Rights Act.
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Respondent filed a demurrer, which the court sustained, and the case was ordered
dismissed. This timely appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
I
A trial court’s order of dismissal following the sustaining of a demurrer is
reviewed de novo. (Tracfone Wireless, Inc. v. County of Los Angeles (2008)
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Appellant argues respondent’s reply to appellant’s opposition to the demurrer did
not comply with the California Rules of Court. Specifically, she claims the reply
exceeded the page limit because it contained two attachments totaling 14 pages, the first
summarizing the arguments supporting demurrer and the second providing a summary of
cases cited by both parties. Nothing in the record indicates this issue was preserved for
appeal. (See K.C. Multimedia, Inc. v. Bank of America Technology & Operations, Inc.
(2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 939, 948-949 [to preserve issue for appeal, party must raise
objection in trial court and cite to record “‘showing exactly where the objection was
made’”].) We regard the issue as forfeited.
3
163 Cal.App.4th 1359, 1363.) The allegations contained in the pleading must be liberally
construed, “with a view to substantial justice between the parties.” (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 452.) In examining the sufficiency of a complaint, we treat the demurrer as “admitting
all material facts properly pled and matters subject to judicial notice, but not deductions,
contentions, or conclusions of law or fact.” (Cadlo v. Owens-Illinois, Inc. (2004)
125 Cal.App.4th 513, 519.) “Further, we give the complaint a reasonable interpretation,
reading it as a whole and its parts in their context.” (Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d
311, 318.) When the trial court has sustained a demurrer, we must determine whether the
complaint sets forth facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. (Ibid.) If a demurrer
is sustained without leave to amend, we determine whether there is a “reasonable
possibility that the defect can be cured by amendment: if it can be, the trial court has
abused its discretion and we reverse; if not, there has been no abuse of discretion and we
affirm. [Citations.] The burden of proving such reasonable possibility is squarely on the
plaintiff.” (Ibid.)
II
Appellant’s complaint alleges that respondent defamed appellant by accusing her
of causing the death of the rabbit and informing others working or volunteering in
shelters that appellant had killed a rabbit. Defamation has two forms—libel and slander.
(§ 44) We find that appellant has failed to plead sufficient facts to support a cause of
action for either, and there is no reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by
amendment.
A. Libel
Libel is defined as “a false and unprivileged publication by writing, printing,
picture, effigy, or other fixed representation to the eye, which exposes any person to
hatred, contempt, ridicule, or obloquy, or which causes him to be shunned or avoided, or
which has a tendency to injure him in his occupation.” (§ 45.) Generally, “words
constituting an alleged libel must be specifically identified, if not pleaded verbatim.”
(Kahn v. Bower (1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 1599, 1612, fn. 5.)
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Here the complaint alleges, “[o]n information and belief, Sgt. Moser or others at
his direction libeled Gregory by putting in writing that she was the cause of the death of
the rabbit.” ~(CT 10)~ It does not identify the allegedly libelous statement nor specify
that the statement was transmitted, and if transmitted, how and to whom. Appellant
refers to the claim as a “possible libel” in her complaint, evidencing a lack of facts to
constitute a cause of action for libel. It is clear from her briefing that the defect cannot be
cured by amendment, as appellant does not suggest any additional facts to show a
libelous writing exists. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining the
demurrer against the libel claim.
B. Slander
Slander is “a false and unprivileged publication, orally uttered, and also
communications by radio or any mechanical or other means which: [¶] (1) Charges any
person with crime, or with having been indicted, convicted, or punished for crime . . .
[¶] . . . [¶] (3) Tends directly to injure him in respect to his office, profession, trade or
business, either by imputing to him general disqualification in those respects which the
office or other occupation peculiarly requires, or by imputing something with reference to
his office, profession, trade, or business that has a natural tendency to lessen its
profits . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . ; or (5) Which, by natural consequence, causes actual damage.”
(§ 46.) Compared to the definition of libel, “the limited nature of the tort of slander [is]
apparent. Only certain types of oral statements are presumed injurious; to recover for any
other utterances, actual damage must be pleaded and proved. [Citation.]” (5 Witkin,
Summary of Cal. Law (10th ed. 2005) Torts, § 551, p. 807.)
In her briefing, appellant contends she was accused of the crime of animal cruelty,
which would constitute slander per se under section 46, subdivision (1). But the
complaint does not allege that appellant was ever accused of animal cruelty, only that she
was stated to have caused the death of a rabbit, which is not necessarily a crime.
Appellant also claims the statements injured her business under section 46,
subdivision (3). But she does not cite to any authority holding that occasional volunteer
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work constitutes a “business” within the meaning of section 46, subdivision (3). No
authority has been cited, nor have we found any that supports this argument.
Finally, appellant contends she suffered actual damages because she suffered “loss
of reputation in the volunteer community and in the County shelters,” “humiliation,
mental anguish, and emotional and physical distress,” and injury to her “mind, body, and
spirit.” These, however, are not actual damages under the meaning of section 46. (See 5
Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (10th ed. 2005) Torts, § 551, pp. 806-807 [listing
discharge from employment, loss of employment opportunity, and loss of business
customers or clients as examples of actual damages].)
There is no reasonable possibility that this defect could be cured by amendment, as
nothing in the record suggests appellant suffered actual damages; the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in sustaining the demurrer against appellant’s slander claim.
III
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Appellant’s second cause of action claims a violation of the Bane Act. (§ 52.1).
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The Bane Act states in part: “(a) If a person or persons, whether or not acting
under color of law, interferes by threats, intimidation, or coercion, or attempts to interfere
by threats, intimidation, or coercion, with the exercise or enjoyment by any individual or
individuals of rights secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or of the
rights secured by the Constitution or laws of this state, the Attorney General, or any
district attorney or city attorney may bring a civil action for injunctive and other
appropriate equitable relief in the name of the people of the State of California, in order
to protect the peaceable exercise or enjoyment of the right or rights secured. An action
brought by the Attorney General, any district attorney, or any city attorney may also seek
a civil penalty of twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000). If this civil penalty is requested,
it shall be assessed individually against each person who is determined to have violated
this section and the penalty shall be awarded to each individual whose rights under this
section are determined to have been violated. [¶] (b) Any individual whose exercise or
enjoyment of rights secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or of rights
secured by the Constitution or laws of this state, has been interfered with, or attempted to
be interfered with, as described in subdivision (a), may institute and prosecute in his or
her own name and on his or her own behalf a civil action for damages, including, but not
limited to, damages under Section 52, injunctive relief, and other appropriate equitable
relief to protect the peaceable exercise or enjoyment of the right or rights secured.”
(§ 52.1.)
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We do not find sufficient facts to support a showing that a Bane Act violation occurred.
As applied to this case, a Bane Act violation requires allegations that the shelter
employees interfered with appellant’s rights by means of “threats, intimidation, or
coercion” or attempts to do so. (§ 52.1, subd. (a).) The complaint, however, focuses
mainly on the defamation of plaintiff as “retaliation” for her attempts to exercise her
constitutional rights. Defamation alone cannot sustain a Bane Act violation. Subdivision
(j) of the act states: “Speech alone is not sufficient to support an action brought pursuant
to subdivision (a) or (b), except upon a showing that the speech itself threatens violence
against a specific person . . . ; and the person . . . against whom the threat is directed
reasonably fears that, because of the speech, violence will be committed against them or
their property and that the person threatening violence had the apparent ability to carry
out the threat.” (§ 52.1, subd. (j), italics added.) The complaint does not plead any facts
showing respondent or its employees published defamatory material threatening violence
against appellant.
Appellant also alleges that shelter employees coerced and intimidated her by
means other than speech, “namely, barring her from the shelters.” She points to one
incident involving Sergeant Real, who asked her to step outside where he informed her
she was barred from the property. She contends this was an act of intimidation because
the request was made in front of third parties and made appellant look as though she “was
in trouble.” She states in her briefing that she would have been arrested for trespassing
had she not left. But the complaint does not allege that Sergeant Real threatened her with
arrest if she did not leave the premises. It merely states he “came in and asked
[appellant] to step outside and informed her that she was not allowed on the property. He
would not give her a reason or who issued this order. He further stated that he did not
know what was going on.” We do not need to decide whether a Bane Act violation exists
on hypothetical facts. Based on the facts alleged, we do not find any “threats,
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5
intimidation, or coercion” in Sergeant Real’s actions. As appellant presented no facts or
argument to indicate the defects in the complaint could be cured by amendment, we
conclude the demurrer to the Bane Act cause of action was properly sustained without
6
leave to amend.
IV
Appellant also asserts a cause of action for violation of the Unruh Civil Rights
Act. (§ 51.) This statute provides that, “All persons within the jurisdiction of this state
are free and equal, and . . . are entitled to the full and equal accommodations, advantages,
facilities, privileges, or services in all business establishments of every kind whatsoever.”
(§ 51, subd. (b).) The trial court sustained respondent’s demurrer on the ground that the
County of Los Angeles is not a “business establishment” within the meaning of section
51. The same is true of county animal shelters.
Appellant points to federal district court decisions holding that public schools are
business establishments under the act. (See, e.g., Nicole M. v. Martinez Unified Sch.
Dist. (N.D. Cal. 1997) 964 F.Supp. 1369, 1388.) By analogy, she asks us to hold that
county animal shelters also are business establishments because “[s]helters are far closer
to a business model than are schools and school districts, public or private.” ~(AOB 50)~
However, appellant does not cite to any state authority in support, and we are not bound
by federal district court decisions, especially on issues of state law. (See Qualified
Patients Assn. v. City of Anaheim (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 734, 764.)
5
In support of her position, appellant relies on Cole v. Doe (N.D. Cal. 2005) 387
F.Supp.2d 1084, which holds that, if an officer lacks probable cause to effectuate a stop,
using his authority to detain a motorist with handcuffs and searching the motorist’s
vehicle constitutes an interference by threat, intimidation, or coercion. Cole does not aid
appellant, as she was not detained with handcuffs and subject to an illegal search as the
plaintiff in Cole was; in fact, Sergeant Real never threatened appellant with arrest.
6
Because there is no claim that respondent and its employees were using threats,
intimidation, or coercion against appellant, we do not address whether appellant was
engaging in the exercise of her First Amendment rights by trying to take pictures of the
rabbit or whether she was entitled to a hearing under the Fourteenth Amendment for
being denied entry to the shelters.
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The legislative history of the Unruh Civil Rights Act suggests the opposite result:
local entities mainly engaged in providing public services are not within the purview of
the act. The legislative history of the act, as described by Justice Mosk in his dissent in
Isbister v. Boys’ Club of Santa Cruz, Inc. (1985) 40 Cal.3d 72 is instructive. “The
original version of the measure that ultimately came to be known as the Unruh Act was
expansive. It extended to ‘all public or private groups, organizations, associations,
business establishments, schools and public facilities . . . .’ [Citation.] By means of
amendment, however, all groups other than ‘business establishments’ were eliminated.”
(Id. at p. 94 (dis. opn. of Mosk, J.).) The Legislature also included expansive language
(“‘of every kind whatsoever’”), but only to modify the category of businesses. (Id. at
p. 79 (maj. opn. of Grodin, J.).) If it wished to include local entities, it would have done
so. As desirable as it might be to include public facilities within the purview of the
Unruh Civil Rights Act, the power to do so lies with the Legislature, not the courts.
California courts interpreting this provision have focused on whether the
organization at issue has sufficient businesslike attributes to qualify as a business
establishment when it “appears to have been operating in a capacity that is the functional
equivalent of a commercial enterprise.” (Warfield v. Peninsula Golf & Country Club
(1995) 10 Cal.4th 594, 622.) County animal shelters are not functionally equivalent to a
commercial enterprise; they are local, governmental entities that serve a social purpose
and are largely funded by the county. Their function is more analogous to a “public
servant” rather than a commercial enterprise. (See Carter v. City of Los Angeles (2014)
224 Cal.App.4th 808, 825 [“We think a public entity providing sidewalks and curbs to its
citizens does so as a public servant, not a commercial enterprise”].)
We hold that county animal shelters are not business establishments under the
Unruh Civil Rights Act. Since there is no reasonable possibility that the defect can be
9
cured by amendment, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining the demurrer
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without leave to amend.
DISPOSITION
The order is affirmed. Respondent is entitled to its costs on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
EPSTEIN, P. J.
We concur:
WILLHITE, J.
COLLINS, J.
7
In light of our foregoing discussion, we do not reach the affirmative defense of
statutory immunity raised by respondent.
10