The opinion
Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing Mar 13 2014, 7:05 am
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:
NICHOLAS T. OTIS MICHAEL C. HARRIS
MARTIN W. KUS JULIE A. PAULSON
Newby Lewis Kaminski & Jones, LLP Harris Welsh & Lukmann
La Porte, Indiana Chesterton, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
CITY OF VALPARAISO, INDIANA )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 64A03-1307-PL-239
)
RICHARD and JANET BROWN, )
)
Appellees-Plaintiffs. )
APPEAL FROM THE PORTER SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Roger V. Bradford, Judge
Cause No. 64D01-0911-PL-11902
March 13, 2014
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
FRIEDLANDER, Judge
Richard and Janet Brown filed a three-count complaint against the City of Valparaiso
(the City) seeking damages for flooding of their property and home, contending that the
flooding was caused by the City. In their complaint, the Browns claimed inverse
condemnation, a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil action for deprivation of rights, and negligence. The
trial court initially denied the City’s motion for summary judgment as to the Browns’ inverse
condemnation and negligence claims, but entered judgment in favor of the City on the § 1983
claim. After holding an evidentiary hearing, the trial court entered an order denying the
Browns’ inverse condemnation claim on the merits. The City appeals from the trial court’s
order denying its motion for summary judgment as to the Browns’ negligence claim, and
denying its motion to strike certain exhibits designated and relied upon by the Browns to
defend against the City’s motion for summary judgment.
We affirm.
Sometime around 1973, Clarence Brown, Richard Brown’s grandfather, parceled out
of his farmland what is now the Browns’ property, with Clarence retaining ownership of
nearly 120 adjoining acres of farmland. The Browns live on the east side of Silhavy Road in
Valparaiso, Indiana, and their property borders what is known as the Hotter Detention
Facility, a water retention/detention facility run by the City. The Browns built an
approximately 2000-square-foot, brick, ranch-style home with a 900-square-foot attached
garage in the 1970s. In the late 1970s or early 1980s, the Browns finished the lower level of
their home, completing an additional 2000 square feet of living area, with the lower level
walking out onto a 20’ by 40’ concrete patio. Except for certain parts, the farmland would
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eventually become the site of the Hotter Detention Facility, which lies immediately to the
east of the Browns’ property.
Also in the 1970s, the City developed a project in conjunction with a county project
known as the Smith-Koselki-Crooked Creek Drain. Storm drainage from the Smith Ditch, a
city drain, would be connected with the Koselki Ditch, which connected with and drained
into the Kankakee River. A part of the plan was to improve an approximately ten-mile
stretch of ditches, by widening, improving, and developing them through the course of the
project.
Nearly contemporaneously with the drainage project, the City began developing a
traffic-control project at the five-point intersection of Calumet Avenue, Roosevelt Avenue,
and Vale Park Road. During the course of the project, storm water problems developed and
the City received money from the federal government to reconstruct the intersection to
address the storm water issues. As a result of the storm water concerns, the City acquired the
Hotter Lagoon property and developed it by installing a levee to retain the storm water. The
City received approval from the Indiana Department of Natural Resources on March 24,
1977. Under the plan, water would be brought into the Hotter Lagoon at an elevation of
790.8 feet above sea level and would flow in a southeasterly direction into a ditch with a
control structure of 3, 24-inch corrugated metal pipes with an invert of 788.4 feet and a crest
of 791 feet above sea level. The project was completed in the 1970s.
In the early 1980s, the City experienced three major storms within a period of years.
The City commissioned an engineering study to plan and develop a city-wide storm water
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plan because of the flooding and storm water problems experienced by the City. The City
hired Donahue and Associates, design engineers and consultants, to assist the City Engineer,
John Hardwick, in the design of the water-detention facility. Donahue was to study the storm
water problems and to design and develop a larger storm water facility at the location of the
current Hotter Facility, and to provide advice to the City by identifying problem areas,
providing solutions to the problems, and providing cost estimates of the proposed
improvements. In adopting the completed plan recommended by Donahue, the City, by its
engineering and mayor’s offices, weighed competing priorities and budgetary considerations.
The Hotter Lagoon was expanded for the construction of the Hotter Detention Facility.
The Hotter Detention Facility was designed and developed to withstand a one-
hundred-year storm1 based on the City’s previous experience with severe storms and the
balancing of costs to develop and maintain a facility capable of handling larger storms. At
the time the Hotter Detention Facility was being developed, what is now known as the
Indiana Department of Transportation was planning and engineering the Indiana State
Highway 49 bypass. The Department of Transportation was in need of dirt and soil to build
bridge embankments on Highway 49 and the City needed to remove dirt and soil in the
development of the Hotter Lagoon project.
The City and the Department of Transportation entered into an agreement under which
the City would prepare plans and preliminary special provisions for a storm detention pond,
outlet structures, and emergency spillway. The City was to acquire all rights-of-way needed
1
In any given year, a one-hundred year storm has a one-percent chance of occurring.
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for construction of the Hotter Detention Facility. The cost to prepare the plans and acquire
the rights-of-way was the City’s obligation. The cost of the construction was to be the
State’s obligation with the City’s consent. As consideration for construction of the Hotter
Detention Facility, the State and its contractors were allowed to remove, at no charge, any
and all material excavated during the construction to use on the Highway 49 Bypass Project.
The City was to provide all maintenance to the Hotter Detention Facility after its
construction.
Hardwick had information in his office indicating that a topographical survey prepared
on May 27, 1977 showed the 100 Year Flood Stage at an elevation of 792.12 feet above sea
level. The engineering drawing additionally showed the elevation at the border shared by the
Browns’ and the City’s Property was at an elevation of 792.5 feet above sea level, and that
portions of the Browns’ backyard was at an elevation of 792.8 feet above sea level. The
Browns’ property, although higher than the 100 Year Flood standard, was more than 3 feet
lower than the wall of the Hotter Detention Facility and more than 2 feet lower than the
Hotter Detention Facility’s spillway.
Over the weekend beginning September 13, 2008, Valparaiso, Indiana experienced
significant rain storms, which led to flooding of some property, and which qualified the City
of Valparaiso for federal disaster relief as a result of the storms and flooding. Water entered
the northeast portion of the Browns’ property where it adjoined the Hotter Detention Facility.
Sandbagging efforts by the Browns proved unsuccessful and approximately eighteen or more
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inches of water entered the lower level of their home, damaging the carpeting, drywall,
furniture, electrical outlets, appliances, and the furnace.
After unsuccessfully attempting to obtain relief from the City, the Browns complied
with all tort-claim notice requirements and ultimately filed their complaint against the City to
recover for their losses. At issue in this appeal is the trial court’s denial of the City’s motion
for summary judgment with respect to the Browns’ negligence claim, and the denial of the
City’s motion to strike certain evidence designated by the Browns. Additional facts will be
supplied as necessary.
This is an appeal from the denial of a motion for summary judgment. In an Indiana
summary judgment proceeding, “the party seeking summary judgment must demonstrate the
absence of any genuine issue of fact as to a determinative issue, and only then is the non-
movant required to come forward with contrary evidence.” Jarboe v. Landmark Cmty.
Newspapers of Ind., Inc., 644 N.E.2d 118, 123 (Ind. 1994). T.R. 56(C) provides in pertinent
part:
At the time of filing [a] motion [for summary judgment] or response, a party
shall designate to the court all parts of pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, admissions, matters of judicial notice, and any other matters on
which it relies for purposes of the motion. A party opposing the motion shall
also designate to the court each material issue of fact which that party asserts
precludes entry of summary judgment and the evidence relevant thereto. The
judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the designated evidentiary
matter shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
Summary judgment should not be entered where material facts conflict or where conflicting
inferences are possible. Miller v. Monsanto Co., 626 N.E.2d 538 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993).
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When we review the grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment our standard of
review is the same as that used by the trial court. J.C. Spence & Assocs., Inc. v. Geary, 712
N.E.2d 1099 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). We must determine whether there is a genuine issue of
material fact and whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. In
resolving those inquiries, we consider only the evidence that has been specifically designated
to the trial court. Id. The party appealing the trial court’s ruling has the burden of
persuading this court that the trial court’s decision was erroneous. Id. A summary judgment
determination shall be made from any theory or basis found in the designated materials. Id.
“We give careful scrutiny to the pleadings and designated materials, construing them in a
light most favorable to the non-movant.” Id. at 1102 (quoting Diversified Fin. Sys., Inc. v.
Miner, 713 N.E.2d 293, 297 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999)).
At issue is the Browns’ remaining negligence claim against the City. The three
elements of negligence are a duty owed to the plaintiff by the defendant, a breach of that duty
by the defendant, and injury to the plaintiff proximately caused by that breach. Kincade v.
MAC Corp., 773 N.E.2d 909 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). “Negligence will not be inferred; rather,
all of the elements of a negligence action must be supported by specific facts designated to
the trial court or reasonable inferences that might be drawn from those facts.” Id. at 911. An
inference resting on no more than speculation on or conjecture is not a reasonable inference.
Kincade v. MAC Corp., 773 N.E.2d 909.
Furthermore, we have held that a negligence action is generally not appropriate for
disposal by summary judgment. Id. A defendant in a negligence action, however, may
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obtain summary judgment in such an action when the undisputed facts negate at least one
element of the plaintiff’s claim. Id. “Immunity assumes negligence but denies liability.”
Peavler v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. Of Comm’rs., 528 N.E.2d 40, 46 (Ind. 1998). Thus, we first
address the issue of the City’s claim of immunity.
The City contends that the trial court erred by denying its motion for summary
judgment on the Browns’ negligence claim because the City is entitled to governmental
discretionary immunity under Ind. Code Ann. § 34-13-3-3(7) (West, Westlaw current through
2013 1st Reg. Sess. & 1st Reg. Technical Sess.), a provision of the Indiana Tort Claims Act
(the Act). That statutory provision reads as follows:
A governmental entity or an employee acting within the scope of the
employee’s employment is not liable if a loss results from the following:
....
(7) The performance of a discretionary function; . . . .
“Governmental entities, such as cities, are subject to liability for the torts committed by their
employees unless one of the exceptions in the Act applies.” Mullin v. Mun. City of South
Bend, 639 N.E.2d 278, 281 (Ind. 1994) (citing Peavler v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs., 528
N.E.2d 40 (Ind. 1988)). Because the Act is in derogation of the common law, we construe it
narrowly against the grant of immunity. Hinshaw v. Bd. of Comm’rs. of Jay County (1993),
Ind., 611 N.E.2d 637 (Ind. 1993). The party seeking immunity bears the burden of
establishing its conduct comes within the Act. Mullin v. Mun. City of South Bend, 639
N.E.2d 278 (citing Peavler v. Monroe Cnty Db. Of Comm’rs., 528 N.E.2d at 46)). If
immunity is applicable, it renders the issue of duty in this negligence claim moot. Peavler v.
8
Monroe County Bd. of Comm’rs., 528 N.E.2d 40.
In Beck v. City of Evansville, 842 N.E.2d 856 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), we acknowledged
that our Supreme Court, in Peavler v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs., adopted a
planning/operational test for the purpose of defining discretionary acts under the Act. The
use of the word “discretionary” in the Act “refers to the exercise of political power that is
held accountable only to the Constitution or the political process.” Beck v. City of Evansville,
842 N.E.2d at 861. Whether an act is discretionary and thus immune from liability is a
question of law. Id. The trial court must determine whether the act subject to challenge is
the type of function that the legislature intended to protect with immunity. Id. at 861-62.
The court in Peavler set forth a number of factors, which, under most
circumstances, point toward immunity:
1. The nature of the conduct—
a) Whether the conduct has a regulatory objective;
b) Whether the conduct involved the balancing of factors without reliance on a
readily ascertainable rule or standard;
c) Whether the conduct requires a judgment based on policy decisions;
d) Whether the decision involved adopting general principles or only applying
them;
e) Whether the conduct involved establishment of plans, specifications and
schedule; and
f) Whether the decision involved assessing priorities, weighing of budgetary
considerations or allocation of resources.
2. The effect on governmental operations—
a) Whether the decision affects the feasibility or practicability of a government
program; and
b) Whether liability will affect the effective administration of the function in
question.
3. The capacity of the court to evaluate the propriety of the government’s
action—Whether tort standards offer an insufficient evaluation of the
plaintiff’s claim.
In addition to these factors, it has been held that discretionary immunity is
provided to governmental units for undertaking a policy-oriented decision-
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making process. The decisionmakers can adopt a policy that recommends
action, recommends action to be phased in over time, recommends no action,
or recommends a combination of action and inaction. It does not matter what
the adopted policy calls for, only that a policy was adopted. In essence, the
government is exposed to liability only when no policy-oriented decision-
making process has been undertaken. In the event that a governmental unit did
engage in a policy-oriented decision-making process, the courts may not judge
the wisdom of its decisions. Rather, that judgment is left to the political
process.
Beck v. City of Evansville, 842 N.E.2d at 862 (internal citations omitted).
The Browns’ negligence claim against the City alleged that the City “negligently
designed, constructed, operated and/or maintained said retention pond and spillway such that
the level of the spillway of said retention pond is approximately two to three feet higher in
elevation than the [Browns’] adjacent property, so that the water flowing into the retention
pond will flood [onto the Browns’] property before it crests and flows over the dam[,]” and
that the City had actual or constructive knowledge of this because of land surveys that were
completed at the City’s request. Appellant’s Appendix at 17-18.
The City asserts that it is entitled to immunity because it designated evidence of the
history of the formation of its basic stormwater policy over the course of many years and the
creation of a stormwater management board, which worked in conjunction with the City’s
engineering department staff, and the board’s subsequent merger with the Valparaiso City
Utilities Board of Directors. The Browns’ claim, however, relates to negligence in the
execution or implementation of the stormwater policy. The City contends that by adopting
the plan presented to it by Donahue, the City consciously balanced benefits and risks. The
Browns correctly observe that the City did not designate evidence to suggest that there was a
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policy consideration regarding the height of the Hotter Detention Facility in relation to the
Brown property, nor did the City designate evidence that it made a policy consideration to
risk the potential flooding of the Browns’ property. The Browns do not challenge the City’s
decision to build a stormwater detention facility, but instead challenge the way it was
constructed, with particular emphasis on the height of the facility.
In Greathouse v. Armstrong, 616 N.E.2d 364, 368 (Ind. 1993), our Supreme Court
observed the following when considering a claim of immunity under the Act:
If policy formulation included every act which involves any element of choice,
judgment or ability to make responsible decisions, every act would then fall
within the discretionary function exception. There is no such broad legislative
purpose. The immunity provided the performance of discretionary functions in
I.C. § 34-4-16.5-3(6) does not shield the Sheriff’s Department from liability
for conduct associated with implementation of its established policies.
Here, the decision to build the Hotter Detention Facility at a height such that water would
flood onto the Browns’ property instead of exiting via the spillway, while having an element
of choice or judgment, involves implementation and is operational; therefore the City is not
shielded from liability under discretionary-function immunity.
In City of Valparaiso v. Defler, 694 N.E.2d 1177 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), we considered
the City’s claim of tort claim immunity under the discretionary-function provision.
Addressing sewer line problems, the City contracted for and sought advice for a solution to
the problems, ultimately choosing to install a sewer lift station on an easement adjacent to the
Deflers’ property. In the course of building the lift station, ground water had to be pumped
from the site to maintain a water level below the excavation. The Deflers claimed that the
continuous dewatering removed a substantial amount of ground water from their property
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which caused their land to subside. The Deflers sought compensation for the alleged
damages.
We observed that “[p]lanning functions involve the formulation of basic policy
characterized by official judgment, discretion, weighing of alternatives, and public policy
choices. . . . Operational functions are characterized by the execution or implementation of
previously formulated policy.” City of Valparaiso v. Defler, 694 N.E.2d at 1182 (internal
citation omitted). Quoting from Peavler, we restated the following, which reinforces that the
City is not entitled to immunity here:
The distinction between planning and operational functions is a standard,
rather than a precise rule. The focus must remain on the policy underlying
governmental immunity. If the act is one committed to coordinate branches of
the government involving policy decisions not reviewable under traditional tort
standards of reasonableness, the government is immune from liability even if
the act was performed negligently.
Id. at 1182-83 (quoting Peavler v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 528 N.E.2d at 45. We
concluded that “[t]his decision, although it required the City and its contractors to exercise
professional judgment, is one which may be evaluated under traditional tort standards of
reasonableness.” City of Valparaiso v. Defler, 694 N.E.2d at 1183.
Here, the act of deciding how to prioritize the locations most in need, and by what
method to resolve the stormwater issues in the City of Valparaiso, fall within those acts not
reviewable under traditional tort standards of reasonableness. The construction of the Hotter
Detention Facility in light of the survey information regarding elevations above sea level,
however, more appropriately falls under review utilizing traditional tort standards of
reasonableness. The trial court did not err by concluding that there was a genuine issue of
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material fact precluding summary judgment in favor of the City on the Browns’ negligence
claim.
Having resolved the issue, we now address the City’s assertion that the trial court
erred by denying its motion to strike materials designated and relied upon by the Browns in
defending against the City’s motion for summary judgment. “A trial court has broad
discretion in granting or denying a motion to strike.” City of Mishawaka v. Kvale, 810
N.E.2d 1129, 1133 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). “We will not reverse the trial court’s decision
unless prejudicial error is clearly shown.” Id.
The City filed a motion to strike seven exhibits and various paragraphs of the affidavit
of the Browns’ expert, David McCormick, and Richard Brown’s affidavit. The exhibits were
1) Exhibit 4, the Hotter Detention Facility Grading Plan prepared for the City by Donahue, 2)
Exhibit 5, the Hotter Detention Facility Embankment Sections and Details prepared by
Donahue, 3) Exhibit 6, the Hotter Detention Facility cross-section, 4) Exhibit 7, the colored
flyover of the Hotter Detention Facility and immediate neighborhood, 5) Exhibit 8, a
topographic survey of the Brown property with the 100 Year Flood Stage elevation
designation, 6) Exhibit 9, a survey prepared by S. Price outlining various parcels of property
acquired by the City, and 7) Exhibit 10, various photographs. The basis for the City’s motion
to strike the various paragraphs of the two affidavits was that the testimony lacked
foundation and was based upon inadmissible hearsay evidence, i.e., the exhibits subject to the
motion to strike, and the lack of professional background with regard to Richard Brown’s
affidavit.
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First, with respect to all of the exhibits except Exhibit 10, each were produced by the
City in response to the Browns’ request for production of documents. The City, however,
claims that the exhibits should have been excluded from the trial court’s consideration
because they contained inadmissible hearsay and were not properly authenticated by the
Browns.
In Smith v. City of South Bend, 399 N.E.2d 846 (Ind. Ct. App. 1980), we were faced
with a similar assertion. The City of South Bend was presented with a request for production
of the job classification manual of the fire department by retired firefighters and policemen
seeking to recover additional pension benefits to which they claimed they were entitled. In
response to the request for production, the City of South Bend produced a copy of the
original manual. When the firefighters and policemen attempted to introduce the copy of the
manual as an exhibit, the City of South Bend objected to the admission of the exhibit because
it was not the best evidence and was not properly authenticated. The trial court excluded the
exhibit and the firemen and policemen appealed the trial court’s decision.
We stated the following in our review of the trial court’s ruling:
Where a party in control of an original document produces a copy it would be
manifestly unfair to sustain its objection to the admission of the copy on the
grounds that it is not the best evidence or properly authenticated. TR. 34(D)
provides:
“When a party or witness in control of a writing or document
subject to examination under this rule or Rule 9.2(E) refuses or
is unable to produce it, evidence thereof shall be allowed by
other parties without compliance with the rule of evidence
requiring production of the original document or writing as best
evidence.”
This rule contemplates that when documents are requested the originals will be
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produced or else any best evidence objections to the admission of the copy
produced are waived. Similarly any objections on the grounds of improper
authentication are waived since the production of a document that is not
genuine would be contrary to the notions of fair play and substantial justice
which the discovery rules are designed to further.
Smith v. City of South Bend, 399 N.E.2d at 851.
The City correctly notes that Smith cites to T.R. 34(D), which explicitly provides an
exception to the best evidence rule with respect to the production of documents. The
holding in Smith, however, applies to both challenges presented in that appeal and in this
appeal, i.e., best evidence and authentication. The holding of Smith with respect to
authentication is an equitable extension of the exception to the best evidence rule. Further,
the trial rule does not require that a party or witness in control of the document is the party
who prepared the document. Consequently, we conclude that the trial court correctly denied
the motion to strike those exhibits. To the extent that the City moved to strike portions of the
affidavits because they relied upon the challenged exhibits, we conclude that the trial court
likewise did not abuse its discretion by denying the motion to strike.
Exhibit 10 consisted of several photographs. The City argued that there was no
foundation laid regarding who took the photographs, when they were taken, and what they
depicted. Ind. Evidence R. 901 provides the method for authenticating or identifying
evidence. Generally speaking, the rule requires the proponent of the evidence to produce
evidence sufficient to support a finding that the item of evidence is what the proponent
claims it is. With respect to photographic evidence, we have held that “[i]n authenticating a
photograph, a witness must establish that the photograph is a true and accurate representation
15
of what it is meant to portray.” Troutwine Estates Dev. Co., LLC v. Comsub Design and
Eng’g, Inc., 854 N.E.2d 890, 903 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). We can find no evidence to support a
finding that the photographs are true and accurate representations of what they claim. In that
regard, the trial court abused its discretion in denying the City’s motion to strike these
photographs. This error, however, is harmless because the photographs did not bear on the
ultimate question before the trial court, namely, whether the City was entitled to immunity
under the discretionary-function provision of the Act.
Similarly, assuming for the sake of argument that the trial court abused its discretion
by failing to exclude portions of Richard Brown’s affidavit on the basis that he lacked the
professional expertise to make the challenged statements, that error is harmless. The
challenged testimony had no bearing on whether the City was immune from suit.
Judgment affirmed.
KIRSCH, J., and BAILEY, J., concur.
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