Estate of Morgan v. Ohio Dept. of Transp.

[Cite as Estate of Morgan v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., 2010-Ohio-1532.]

Court of Claims of Ohio

The Ohio Judicial Center

65 South Front Street, Third Floor

Columbus, OH 43215

614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263

www.cco.state.oh.us

THE ESTATE OF SHANE MORGAN

Plaintiff

v.

OHIO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Defendant

Case No. 2006-03991

Judge Joseph T. Clark

DECISION

{¶ 1} Plaintiff brought this action against defendant, Ohio Department of

Transportation (ODOT), alleging negligence. The issues of liability and damages were

bifurcated and the case proceeded to trial on the issue of liability.

{¶ 2} At approximately 7:00 p.m. on June 10, 2005, Shane Morgan arrived at

the home of his ex-wife, Angela, to pick up his 19-month-old daughter Marlee Grace for

a scheduled visitation. Shane was driving a Toyota Corolla with both his mother,

Roberta Morgan, and his father, Gary Morgan, as passengers. Marlee Grace was

secured in a child’s car seat located in the rear of the vehicle. Roberta was seated next

to Marlee Grace and Gary was seated in the front passenger’s seat.

{¶ 3} The Morgans left Angela’s home, in a moderate rain, and headed to

Shane’s home in Manchester, Ohio, which was Gary’s destination. After Gary exited

the vehicle in Manchester, Roberta remained in the back seat next to Marlee Grace for

the trip to Roberta’s home in Aberdeen, Ohio.

{¶ 4} Three to four miles away from Roberta’s home, southbound State Route

(SR) 41 approaches an intersection with Ripley Pike Road. Just beyond the

intersection, a creek flows through a culvert directly under SR 41 and then continues

west, parallel to Ripley Pike Road. SR 41 curves slightly to the left as it crosses over

the culvert.

{¶ 5} It had rained heavily earlier in the day and the creek had become swollen

with rainwater which then began to flow quite rapidly through the culvert. As Shane

proceeded south on SR 41 toward Ripley Pike Road, his vehicle crested a small hill and

then headed down a slope toward the intersection. Shane suddenly lost control of the

vehicle. The Corolla left the roadway and skidded approximately 35 feet in the grass

where it crashed through a fence as it slid toward the swollen creek. According to an

eyewitness, the Corolla teetered briefly on the north bank of the creek before

overturning and sliding into the water.

{¶ 6} The Corolla was swept a short distance downstream by the force of the

current where it became wedged in the culvert, just below the roadway. Roberta

testified that she was swept out of the vehicle and into the flooded creek before she was

able to free Marlee Grace from her car seat. Roberta was able to stay afloat long

enough to pass through the culvert and then latch on to some debris lodged in the bank

of the creek, where she was later found and rescued.

{¶ 7} Rescue personnel arrived at the scene only minutes after the Corolla

plunged into the creek. Marlee Grace’s lifeless body was found in the vehicle still

strapped into her car seat. Efforts to revive her were unsuccessful. Shane’s body was

found two to three miles downstream.1

{¶ 8} In order for plaintiff to prevail under a theory of negligence, plaintiff must

establish that ODOT owed the decedent a duty of care, that ODOT breached that duty,

and that plaintiff suffered damages as a proximate result thereof. Strother v.

Hutchinson (1981), 67 Ohio St.2d 282. ODOT has a general duty to maintain its

highways in a reasonably safe condition for the traveling public. Knickel v. Dept. of

Transportation (1976), 49 Ohio App.2d 335. However, ODOT is not an insurer of the

1

The Estate of Marlee Grace Morgan filed a companion case against ODOT on June 1, 2006,

Case No. 2006-03869. By entry dated April 9, 2007, the two cases were combined for trial. A separate

decision has been issued in Case No. 2006-03869.

safety of its highway. See Rhodus v. Ohio Dept. of Transp. (1990), 67 Ohio App.3d

723.

{¶ 9} Pursuant to R.C. 5501.11(A), ODOT is responsible for establishing “state

highways on existing roads, streets, and new locations and [to] construct, reconstruct,

widen, resurface, maintain, and repair the state system of highways and the bridges and

culverts thereon.” (Emphasis added.) Plaintiff alleges that ODOT was negligent in

failing to maintain the roadway, bridge, and culvert in a reasonably safe condition for the

traveling public and that such failure proximately caused the death of Shane Morgan.

For the following reasons, the court finds that plaintiff has failed to prove negligence.

{¶ 10} Plaintiff first alleges that defendant breached its duty to maintain the

bridge and culvert in a reasonably safe condition for the traveling public by failing to

correct the high water problem that arose during periods of heavy rainfall. As a general

rule, ODOT is liable for damages caused by defects, or dangerous conditions on state

highways where it has notice of the condition, either actual or constructive. McClellan v.

Ohio Dept. of Transp. (1986), 34 Ohio App.3d 247, paragraph one of the syllabus.

{¶ 11} The weight of the evidence in this case shows that the culvert in question

had, on numerous occasions since it was first constructed, become clogged with debris

which, in periods of exceptional rainfall, caused water to flow out of the creek bed and

onto the roadway. The evidence at trial also permits the inference that ODOT either

knew or should have known of these prior occurrences. Plaintiff contends that ODOT’s

knowledge of the hazard created by the flooding of SR 41 gave rise to a duty on the part

of ODOT to reconstruct the bridge in such a manner as to prevent flood water from

spilling out onto SR 41. According to plaintiff, ODOT’s failure to do so establishes a

lack of due care.

{¶ 12} In McClellan, supra, plaintiff lost control of her vehicle when she

encountered high water that had collected in a slight swale adjacent to a roadside

culvert. She suffered personal injuries when her vehicle left the roadway and

overturned. The trial court granted ODOT’s motion for summary judgment due to

plaintiff’s failure to present any evidence that ODOT had either actual or constructive

notice of the hazard. The court of appeals affirmed the trial court. In so doing, the court

of appeals noted that, if ODOT had either actual or constructive notice of the hazard,

then ODOT would have had a duty “to do something about it, such as signs warning of

high water, increasing the size of the ditch or the culvert, or reducing the growth of

vegetation.” Id. at 249. Thus, while the court determined that ODOT’s maintenance

duties required it to address hazardous high water problems upon receiving notice of

such problems, the court was careful not to impose a duty upon ODOT to reconstruct

the highway in order to eliminate the problem.

{¶ 13} In this case, the evidence shows that ODOT had notice that, from time to

time during periods of heavy rain, high water flooded SR 41 in the area where the

accident occurred. The evidence also shows that Shane was familiar with this particular

stretch of SR 41 inasmuch as it was the most direct route between Angela’s home and

his mother’s home. Robert Osmon, ODOT’s Adams County manager, testified that a

“high water” warning sign was located on SR 41 in advance of the intersection but he

was not certain if the sign was erected prior to 2005. More significantly, undisputed

evidence regarding ODOT’s maintenance of the roadway established that ODOT

maintenance personnel had cleared the culvert of debris just hours before the accident.

Moreover, all of the witnesses who had the opportunity to observe the conditions of the

roadway at or near the time of the accident testified that the creek had swelled with

rainwater and that the current was moving rapidly, but that the creek was not flowing

over SR 41. Thus, the evidence at trial established that the creek had not breached the

culvert on the date of the accident.

{¶ 14} Plaintiff argues, in the alternative, that had ODOT elected to correct the

periodic high water problem on SR 41 by reconstructing the bridge, ODOT would have

also been legally required, in connection with such a project, to erect a guardrail at the

approach to the bridge. As will be discussed below, plaintiff contends that a guardrail

would have either prevented the accident altogether or, at a minimum, deflected the

Corolla away from the creek. However, having determined that ODOT’s knowledge of

the periodic high water problem did not give rise to a duty to reconstruct the roadway,

plaintiff’s legal argument lacks factual support. Consequently, if plaintiff is to recover

from defendant on a negligence theory, there must be proof of ODOT’s negligence with

regard to a hazardous condition that existed off the paved portion of the roadway.

{¶ 15} In that regard, plaintiff contends that ODOT had a duty to erect a guardrail

at the approach to the bridge at Ripley Pike Road and SR 41 in order to ensure that

vehicles leaving the roadway would not plummet into the creek. Defendant argues that

Ohio law does not impose such a duty upon ODOT under the circumstances of this

case. The court agrees.

{¶ 16} “The existence of a duty is fundamental to establishing actionable

negligence, without which there is no legal liability.” Adelman v. Timman (1997), 117

Ohio App.3d 544, 549. Determination of whether a duty exists is a question of law for

the court to decide. Mussivand v. David (1989), 45 Ohio St.3d 314, 318. The standard

of care required of ODOT in guardrail cases is “that of the current written standards in

effect at the time of the planning, approval or construction of the site and that, absent

such written standards, the standard is that of a reasonable engineer using accepted

practices at the time of construction.” (Emphasis added.) Longfellow v. Ohio Dept. of

Transp. (Dec. 24, 1992), Franklin App. No. 92AP-549.

{¶ 17} The evidence shows that the stretch of SR 41 in question, including the

bridge and the culvert, was designed and constructed in 1939. The weight of the

evidence also establishes that the roadway met all applicable design and safety

standards in existence at that time. Safety and design standards have evolved

considerably since 1939 as evidenced by ODOT’s 1990 Location and Design Manual.

In fact, the parties agree that had this particular bridge been constructed in 2005,

ODOT’s Location and Design Manual would have required the erection of a steel beam

guardrail at the approach to Ripley Pike Road from southbound SR 41.

{¶ 18} Former ODOT District 9 Studies Engineer and current District 9 Planning

Director, Gregory Baird, testified that he administers ODOT’s bridge inspection

program. Baird testified that, pursuant to ODOT’s 2001 Bridge Inspection Manual,

every Ohio bridge must be inspected at least once every year. Baird stated that

inspectors grade bridges pursuant to current design and safety standards regardless of

when they were built. In fact, the preprinted ODOT bridge inspection forms upon which

ODOT inspectors report their findings contain a section for the inspector to provide a

number grade for every item on ODOT’s current inventory for the structure. Each of the

completed bridge inspection reports admitted into evidence for the bridge at SR 41 and

Ripley Pike Road contains a space in which the inspector is to enter a number grade for

“1 steel beam guardrail.”

{¶ 19} Plaintiff claims that ODOT had a duty to install such a guardrail inasmuch

as its own manual now requires such a safety device and because its own inspection

policies suggest that there should be a guardrail at the site. However, it is well-settled

that in the performance of road maintenance activities, ODOT has no duty to upgrade

the roadway in order to meet current design and safety standards. Rahman v. Ohio

Dept. of Transp., Franklin App. No. 05AP-439, 2006-Ohio-3013; Longfellow, supra;

Lunar v. Ohio Dept. of Trans. (1989), 61 Ohio App.3d 143, 147. Maintenance is said to

entail only the preservation of existing highway facilities, not the initiation of substantial

improvements. Rahman, supra, at ¶21 (reducing road width to permit better drainage is

road “maintenance” not a substantial improvement).

{¶ 20} Plaintiff was unable to present any evidence that would permit the court to

conclude that a substantial improvement had been made to the bridge or the roadway at

any time prior to the 2005 accident. Absent such proof, the court must conclude that

ODOT was under no legal obligation to install a guardrail at the site.

{¶ 21} Much of the evidence at trial concerned ODOT’s decision to forego

installation of a guardrail when the safety of the bridge was first questioned in 2000. On

September 25, 2000, there were two fatalities at the intersection when a vehicle

plunged into the creek at roughly the same location and under very similar

circumstances to the accident that claimed the lives of Shane and Marlee Grace.

Ultimately, a decision was made by certain ODOT personnel to forego installation of a

guardrail at that time. Plaintiff argues that had ODOT exercised better judgment and

erected the guardrail after the 2000 accident, Shane would still be alive today. Thus,

plaintiff contends that ODOT’s failure to erect the guardrail after the fatal crash of 2000

constitutes actionable negligence.

{¶ 22} In response, ODOT produced various traffic records and reports which

showed that there were only four motor vehicle accidents at this particular intersection

in the 13-year period immediately prior to 2005, which included the fatal accident of

September 25, 2000. The same records showed that the September 25, 2000 accident

resulted in the only fatalities in that 13-year period. Additionally, the records establish a

traffic count of up to 1,900 vehicles per day on this stretch of SR 41. Thus, the accident

rate for this particular intersection was relatively low.

{¶ 23} State Highway Patrol Trooper, Richard Gable, was on his way to another

call when he saw the Corolla floating upside down in the creek with its front end wedged

in the culvert. Gable testified that the creek was cresting one to two inches below the

top of the culvert and close to the top of its banks but that he had no difficulty seeing the

solid white line at the edge of the roadway even though it was still raining. Gable did

not consider the intersection to be a “high accident area” and he had knowledge of “only

a few minor accidents” at the site.

{¶ 24} Plaintiff called Randy Walters, Village of Manchester Police Chief and

local firefighter, to testify about the hazardous conditions he observed at the intersection

of Ripley Pike Road and SR 41. Walters had been part of the road clean-up crew

following the fatal accident on September 25, 2000, and he was one of the original

responders to the 2005 crash. According to Walters, he called ODOT after the 2000

accident to complain about the flood waters that poured out over the culvert and onto

the surface of SR 41 “five to ten times per year.” During that conversation, Walters also

suggested that a guardrail be installed. Walters testified that he could not recall whom

he spoke with in 2000, but that he was sure that he received no return call. Walters

called ODOT again after the 2005 accident because he felt “something needed to be

done.”

{¶ 25} Osman testified that he visited the intersection of Ripley Pike Road and

SR 41 on the Monday following the fatal accident that occurred on September 25, 2000.

His intention was to determine whether any maintenance issues existed at the site.

Although Osman determined that maintenance was not a problem, he did contact

Joseph Armstrong, an engineer who was employed by ODOT as District 9 Highway

Maintenance Supervisor, to discuss the possibility of installing a guardrail at the

approach to Ripley Pike Road from SR 41. At trial, Osman testified that he did not

recall receiving any response from Armstrong. In his deposition, however, Osman

stated that Armstrong informed him that the traffic count on SR 41 in the area of Ripley

Pike Road did not justify immediate installation of a guardrail but that one would be

installed in conjunction with any future roadway upgrade. Armstrong could not recall

having such a conversation with Osman in 2000. Vaughn Wilson, ODOT District 9

Highway Management Administrator, testified that he was unaware of the fatal crash

that occurred at SR 41 and Ripley Pike Road on September 25, 2000, until he was told

of the incident by Osman following the 2005 accident involving the Morgans.

{¶ 26} There is no dispute that, after the accident which claimed the lives of

Shane and Marlee Grace in 2005, Wilson authorized the installment of a steel beam

guardrail at the approach to SR 41 and Ripley Pike Road. According to Wilson, who is

now retired from his post at ODOT District 9, he made the decision to erect the guardrail

“in a very short time frame” following the 2005 accident. Osman had received

numerous complaints about the safety of the intersection and many requests for the

installation of a guardrail, which he had passed on to Wilson. Wilson testified that the

primary reason he gave the “green light” to the upgrade was the public outcry for a

guardrail that arose out of the deaths of Shane and Marlee Grace.

{¶ 27} Due to his perceived need for immediate action, Wilson subsequently

elected to circumvent customary ODOT procedures whereby he arranged for a local

contractor to install the guardrail. Wilson paid the costs of installation out of ODOT’s

“ding and dent fund.” Although Osman admitted that the fund was generally earmarked

for maintenance and repair work only, he admitted that, in the past, he had used the

fund to pay for the costs of a new guardrail when he felt that one was needed. Wilson

acknowledged that if he had employed proper channels in requesting a guardrail, it

likely would have taken six months for the process to be completed and he was not

convinced that the results of a required traffic study would have justified the immediate

construction of a guardrail at the location.

{¶ 28} Armstrong did recall discussing the need for a guardrail at the site with

Wilson and Osman shortly after the fatal crash of 2005. According to Armstrong,

neither he nor Wilson had the authority to approve a highway upgrade, such as the

installation of a new guardrail, without first consulting ODOT’s deputy director.

However, when he was questioned by counsel regarding Wilson’s subsequent decision

to approve the guardrail project without such consultation, he testified that he “thought it

was o.k.”

{¶ 29} Ultimately a “Guardrail Repair Work Order” was issued on June 17, 2005,

in the total amount of $8,490. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 14H.) The last page of said repair

order contains a “special note” stating “critical due to two fatalities @ Ripley Pike Rd.”

(Emphasis sic.) Plaintiff concedes that the installation of the guardrail after the 2005

accident does not constitute an admission of negligence on the part of ODOT. Indeed,

the totality of the evidence fails to persuade the court that this particular stretch of SR

41 was unreasonably dangerous. Nevertheless, even if the court were to conclude, with

the benefit of hindsight, that ODOT failed to exercise due care when it decided to forgo

installation of a guardrail after the fatal accident that occurred in 2000, the doctrine of

discretionary immunity shields ODOT from liability for that decision.

{¶ 30} “The language of R.C. 2743.02 that ‘the state’ shall ‘have its liability

determined * * * in accordance with the same rules of law applicable to suits between

private parties * * *’ means that the state cannot be sued for its legislative or judicial

functions or the exercise of an executive or planning function involving the making of a

basic policy decision which is characterized by the exercise of a high degree of official

judgment or discretion. However, once the decision has been made to engage in a

certain activity or function, the state may be held liable, in the same manner as private

parties, for the negligence of the actions of its employees and agents in the

performance of such activities.” (Emphasis added.) Reynolds v. State (1984), 14 Ohio

St.3d 68, 70. The doctrine of discretionary immunity “has been applied to immunize the

state from liability for discretionary decisions such as whether or not to install a traffic

signal at an intersection, [and] what type of traffic signal to install.” (Citations omitted.)

Young v. Univ. of Akron, Franklin App. No. 06AP-1022, 2007-Ohio-4663, ¶14.

{¶ 31} As stated above, following the fatal accident in 2000, ODOT gave some

preliminary consideration to the installation of a guardrail at the site but decided to forgo

installation until such time as the site was scheduled for an upgrade. Defendant’s

expert, Duane Ferguson, testified that the decision whether to install a guardrail at a

particular site is a matter of engineering judgment inasmuch as an improperly positioned

or installed guardrail can be a roadside hazard in and of itself. Even plaintiff’s own

expert, Lester Auble, P.E., admitted that the decision to install a guardrail around a

particular roadside hazard requires a determination whether the risk of harm arising

from vehicles striking the guardrail is less than the risk of harm arising from vehicles

contacting the hazard.

{¶ 32} The court finds that such a decision was clearly an exercise of an

executive or planning function that involved the making of a basic policy decision which

was characterized by the exercise of a high degree of official judgment or discretion.

Consequently, ODOT cannot be held liable to plaintiff for any harm arising from such

exercise of its decision-making authority.

{¶ 33} Defendant argues, in the alternative, that even if it had erected a guardrail

as plaintiff suggests, the speed of the Corolla as it left the roadway near Ripley Pike

Road was so excessive in light of the road conditions that a guardrail would not have

prevented the vehicle from entering the creek. Defendant’s expert opined that the

Corolla was traveling at 70 miles per hour (mph) when it left the roadway and that, at

such a speed, the Corolla would have traveled over the guardrail and still landed in the

creek. The parties agree that the posted speed limit for this particular stretch of SR 41

is 55 mph. Conversely, plaintiff contends that the vehicle was traveling at only 45 mph

when it left the paved portion of the roadway and only 19 mph when it reached the

grassy area between the roadway and the creek. According to plaintiff’s expert, the

presence of a properly installed guardrail would have prevented the Corolla from

reaching the creek.

{¶ 34} The court received a sufficient quantity of evidence which, if believed,

would have supported either of the conflicting expert opinions regarding the speed of

the Corolla. However, having determined that ODOT had no duty to erect a guardrail or

to otherwise reconstruct the site prior to the fatal accident, and having further

determined that ODOT was immune from liability for its decision to forgo the installation

of a guardrail in 2000, a specific determination of vehicle speed is unnecessary.

Similarly, the court need not address defendant’s contention that, had it breached a duty

to Shane, his own contributory negligence barred recovery inasmuch as such

negligence was greater than defendant’s negligence. See R.C. 2315.33. Indeed,

having determined that defendant did not owe a duty to plaintiff’s decedent either to

redesign the roadway in order to correct the periodic high water problem or to install a

guardrail to prevent his vehicle from reaching the creek once it left the roadway, the

issues of contributory and comparative negligence do not arise.

{¶ 35} As an alternative theory of liability, plaintiff alleges that, at the time of the

accident, the intersection of SR 41 and Ripley Pike Road was a qualified nuisance and

that ODOT breached a duty it owed to plaintiff when it failed to abate the nuisance. A

qualified nuisance is “anything lawfully but so negligently or carelessly done or

permitted as to create a potential and unreasonable risk of harm which, in due course,

results in injury to another.” Taylor v. Cincinnati (1944), 143 Ohio St. 426, at 445. “[A]

civil action based upon the maintenance of a qualified nuisance is essentially an action

in tort for the negligent maintenance of a condition, which, of itself, creates an

unreasonable risk of harm, ultimately resulting in injury. The dangerous condition

constitutes the nuisance. The action for damages is predicated upon carelessly or

negligently allowing such condition to exist.” Rothfuss v. Hamilton Masonic Temple Co.

(1973), 34 Ohio St.2d 176, 180. Under a claim of qualified nuisance, the allegations of

nuisance and negligence merge to become a negligence action. Allen Freight Lines,

Inc. v. Consol. Rail Corp. (1992), 64 Ohio St.3d 274.

{¶ 36} Given the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding ODOT’s

liability to plaintiff under a negligence theory, any further discussion of the liability issue

in the context of qualified nuisance is unnecessary.

{¶ 37} For the foregoing reasons, the court finds that plaintiff has failed to prove

negligence by the preponderance of the evidence and, accordingly, judgment shall be

rendered in favor of ODOT.

Court of Claims of Ohio

The Ohio Judicial Center

65 South Front Street, Third Floor

Columbus, OH 43215

614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263

www.cco.state.oh.us

THE ESTATE OF SHANE MORGAN

Plaintiff

v.

OHIO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Defendant

Case No. 2006-03991

Judge Joseph T. Clark

JUDGMENT ENTRY

This case was tried to the court on the issue of liability. The court has

considered the evidence and, for the reasons set forth in the decision filed concurrently

herewith, judgment is rendered in favor of defendant. Court costs are assessed against

plaintiff. The clerk shall serve upon all parties notice of this judgment and its date of

entry upon the journal.

_____________________________________

JOSEPH T. CLARK

Judge

cc:

David E. Grimes Peter E. DeMarco

231 North Cross Street Assistant Attorney General

West Union, Ohio 45693 150 East Gay Street, 18th Floor

Columbus, Ohio 43215-3130

LP/cmd

Filed March 22, 2010

To S.C. reporter April 5, 2010