The opinion
[Cite as Liu v. Ohio Univ., 2010-Ohio-4581.]
Court of Claims of Ohio
The Ohio Judicial Center
65 South Front Street, Third Floor
Columbus, OH 43215
614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
www.cco.state.oh.us
XI LIU
Plaintiff
v.
OHIO UNIVERSITY
Defendant
Case No. 2009-08829-AD
Deputy Clerk Daniel R. Borchert
MEMORANDUM DECISION
{¶ 1} Plaintiff, Xi Liu, filed this action against defendant, Ohio University (OU),
alleging the windshield on her Pontiac Sunfire was broken as a proximate cause of
negligence on the part of OU in maintaining a hazardous condition on its premises.
Plaintiff described the specific damage incident noting, “I just stopped my car in Lot 143
of Ohio University then a field hockey ball flied out of the field hockey field (No. 138 on
campus map) and cracked my windshield.” Plaintiff recalled the particular damage
incident occurred on October 22, 2009 at approximately 3:00 p.m. Plaintiff seeks
recovery of damages in the amount of $197.00, the stated cost of a replacement
windshield. The $25.00 filing fee was paid and plaintiff requested reimbursement of that
cost along with her damage claim.
{¶ 2} Defendant confirmed the windshield on plaintiff’s vehicle was damaged
when an errant ball from the OU field hockey site left the playing field and struck
plaintiff’s car parked in Lot 143. However, defendant advised plaintiff mistakenly
claimed the errant ball came from field 138 “which is across Shafer Street from Parking
Lot 143.” Defendant explained parking lot 143 is located adjacent to Howard Park, a
site used for field hockey and the ball that struck plaintiff’s car actually came from field
106 where field hockey is played. Defendant related, “Lot 143, is directly adjacent to
the north of this facility (Field 106).” According to information contained in a police
report, (copy submitted) filed incident to plaintiff’s damage occurrence, plaintiff was
sitting in her parked car at the time the field hockey ball struck her windshield.
{¶ 3} Defendant denied liability in this matter based on the contention that
plaintiff assumed the risk of harm when she knowingly parked her car in a lot adjacent
to an athletic field when a field hockey game or practice was in progress. Defendant
stated, “[f]ield hockey is a vibrant sport involving, at times, a rapidly moving ball which
can do damage.” Defendant argued, “[a] reasonable person who decides to park a
vehicle near a field in which this sport (field hockey) is taking place assumes the risk
associated with this decision.” Defendant further argued plaintiff was well aware of the
risks involved in parking her car adjacent to a field where athletic activity involving balls
struck with sticks was in progress. Seemingly, defendant asserted plaintiff had a duty to
protect her property from the known dangers associated with parking her vehicle next to
an athletic site where it was common knowledge that balls could at any time be
propelled from the field of play onto Lot 143.
{¶ 4} Primary assumption of the risk is a defense generally applied in cases
where there is a lack of duty owed by the defendant to plaintiff and is a complete bar to
recovery. Anderson v. Ceccardi (1983), 6 Ohio St. 3d 110, 114, 6 OBR 170, 45 N.E. 2d
780. “In that form, while there is a knowledge of the danger and acquiescence in it on
the part of the plaintiff, there is no duty owed by defendant to plaintiff.” Willoughby v.
Harrison Radiator, Div. of General Motors Corp. (May 11, 1989), Montgomery App. No.
11225. This type of assumption of the risk is typified by the baseball cases where a
plaintiff is injured when a baseball is hit into the stands. Anderson, at 114, citing
Cincinnati Baseball Club Co. v. Eno (1925), 112 Ohio St. 175, 147 N.E. 86.
{¶ 5} Also, it has been determined, under the doctrine of primary assumption of
the risk, that an individual injured while engaged in a recreational activity is generally
barred from recovery because she is presumed to have assumed the ordinary risks of
that activity unless it can be proved another individual acted recklessly or intentionally in
causing the injury claimed. Marchetti v. Kalish (1990), 53 Ohio St. 3d 95, 559 N.E. 2d
699; Gentry v. Craycraft, 101 Ohio St. 3d 141, 2004-Ohio-379. The doctrine of primary
assumption of the risk serves to remove liability for mere negligence under
circumstances involving recreational activity injuries. The trial court applied a three-part
test for primary assumption of the risk set forth in Gallagher v. Cleveland Browns
Football Co. Inc. (1994), 93 Ohio App. 3d 449, 638 N.E. 2d 1082, reversed on other
grounds, 74 Ohio St. 3d 427, 1996-Ohio-320, 659 N.E. 2d 1232. The test requires that:
1) the danger is ordinary to the game; 2) it is common knowledge that the danger exists;
and 3) the injury occurs as a result of the danger during the course of the game.
{¶ 6} It is well settled that spectators attending baseball games who are injured
by batted balls flying into the stands are denied recovery based on the primary
assumption of the risk doctrine. The following standard was enunciated in Cincinnati
Baseball Club Co., 112 Ohio St. 175, 147 N.E. 86, in regard to the spectators
assumption of the risk at a baseball game. “The consensus of *** opinions is to the
effect that it is common knowledge that in baseball games hard balls are thrown and
batted with great swiftness, that they are liable to be thrown or batted outside the limits
of the diamond, and that spectators in positions which may be reached by such balls
assume the risk thereof” at 180-181. Furthermore, in Borchers v. Winzler Excavating
Co. (1992), 83 Ohio App. 3d 268, 273, 614 N.E. 2d 1065, the court stated: “In baseball
games, management performs its duty towards spectators when it provides screened
seats in the grandstand and gives spectators the opportunity of occupying them.
Cincinnati Baseball Club (cite omitted).”
{¶ 7} “The nature of the sporting activity is highly relevant in defining the duty of
care owed by a particular defendant: ‘What constitutes an unreasonable risk under the
circumstances of a sporting event must be delineated with reference to the way the
particular game is played, i.e. the rules and customs that shape the participant’s ideas
of foreseeable conduct in the course of a game.’” Bundschu v. Naffah, 147 Ohio App
3d 105, 2002-Ohio-607, ¶36. Any analysis of primary assumption of the risk turns on
whether or not the injured spectator was subjected to risk or hazards that a reasonable
participant would or would not expect to encounter in the particular sporting activity.
{¶ 8} Despite the fact plaintiff was not a spectator at the field hockey event on
October 22, 2009 and the representative injury occurred in a parking lot removed from
the playing field, defendant argued the doctrine of primary assumption of the risk with
the consequential no duty rule should apply to the outcome of the instant claim.
Furthermore, defendant seemingly contended the doctrine of assumption of the risk is
applicable to injuries resulting from errant balls leaving the playing area in field hockey
contests as well as more commonly accepted venues such as baseball games. This
court has previously held the doctrine of primary assumption of the risk was applicable
to a property damage situation resulting from a baseball leaving the playing field and
damaging the car of a non-spectator parked in an adjacent parking lot. See Cheney v.
Cleveland State Univ. (2006), 2006-04113-AD. In the instant claim, the court concludes
the primary assumption of the risk doctrine is applicable to situations where non-
spectator plaintiffs have suffered damage to property from errant balls leaving the field
of play at a field hockey area. Consequently, plaintiff assumed the risk of damage to
her property from field hockey play and because the risk was foreseeable, no duty of
care was owed to plaintiff by defendant. Therefore, this claim is denied.
Court of Claims of Ohio
The Ohio Judicial Center
65 South Front Street, Third Floor
Columbus, OH 43215
614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
www.cco.state.oh.us
XI LIU
Plaintiff
v.
OHIO UNIVERSITY
Defendant
Case No. 2009-08829-AD
Deputy Clerk Daniel R. Borchert
ENTRY OF ADMINISTRATIVE DETERMINATION
Having considered all the evidence in the claim file and, for the reasons set forth
in the memorandum decision filed concurrently herewith, judgment is rendered in favor
of defendant. Court costs are assessed against plaintiff.
________________________________
DANIEL R. BORCHERT
Deputy Clerk
Entry cc:
Xi Liu George T. Wendt, Risk Manager
300 W. State Street Ohio University
Apt. J4 160 Union Street
Athens, Ohio 45701 HDL Center 166H
Athens, Ohio 45701
RDK/laa
Filed 5/14/10
Sent to S.C. reporter 9/17/10